Chp. 27 Test
As practiced in the 1930s, appeasement was
A British policy that aimed to give Hitler whatever he wanted in order to avoid war
The British policy toward Germany prior to the Second World War that aimed at granting Hitler whatever he wanted, including western Czechoslovakia, in order to avoid war.
Appeasement
Who were the kulaks in Stalin's Soviet Union?
Better-off peasants who were stripped of land and livestock and usually not allowed to join collective farms
Mussolini's private militia that destroyed socialist newspapers, union halls, and Socialist Party headquarters, eventually pushing Socialists out of the city governments of northern Italy.
Black Shirts
What characteristics did Communist and fascist dictatorships share?
Both engaged in state-controlled social engineering projects meant to replace individualism with a unified "people."
Why did Britain adopt a policy of appeasement in its relationship with Hitler?
British conservative leaders underestimated Hitler
How did German chancellor Heinrich Brüning try to cope with the Great Depression in the early 1930s?
By cutting government spending and squeezing wages and prices
An act pushed through the Reichstag by the Nazis that gave Hitler absolute dictatorial power for four years.
Enabling Act
A pseudoscientific doctrine that maintains that the selective breeding of human beings can improve the general characteristics of a national population, which helped inspire Nazi ideas about "race and space" and ultimately contributed to the Holocaust.
Eugenics
A movement characterized by extreme, often expansionist nationalism, antisocialism, a dynamic and violent leader, and glorification of war and the military.
Facism
A plan launched by Joseph Stalin in 1928 and termed the "revolution from above," aimed at modernizing the Soviet Union and creating a new Communist society with new attitudes, new loyalties, and a new socialist humanity.
Five-year plan
Which countries in August 1939 signed a nonaggression pact that led directly to war?
Germany and the Soviet Union
Why did Stalin call for the mass murder of the kulaks?
He believed that as landowners they would eventually embrace conservative capitalism and become great enemies of socialist progress.
How did Stalin use the murder of Sergei Kirov to his own advantage?
He blamed the murder on "fascist agents" within the Communist Party and launched a purge of the party itself that solidified his own control.
In the late 1920s, how did Adolf Hitler shape the Nazi Party's message to appeal to middle-class voters?
He deemphasized the anti-capitalist elements of National Socialism and vowed to fight communism.
How did Mussolini build support from big business in Italy?
He left big business to regulate itself and never purged it members.
Why was Mussolini expelled from the Italian Socialist Party?
He urged Italian entry into World War I
Why did Hitler have the leadership of the SA storm troopers, roughly one hundred individuals, killed in 1934?
He wanted to win the support of the traditional military, but the SA leaders had expected appointment to top positions in the army.
Which of the following social groups was part of the new elite class in the Stalinist state?
Highly regarded artists
The target of the first of two atomic bombs dropped on Japan in 1945 was
Hiroshima
What was the "Europe First" policy adopted by the Allied Powers during World War II?
Hitler would be defeated before the Allies mounted an all-out assault on Japan.
What was the effect of the 1935 Nuremberg Law?
It defined as Jewish anyone having three or more Jewish grandparents.
What was the effect of Lenin's 1921 New Economic Policy (NEP)?
It encouraged peasants to sell their surpluses in free markets and allowed private traders and small manufacturers to do business again.
What was the Nazi Party policy of "coordination"?
It forced German society to conform to National Socialist ideology.
The better-off peasants who were stripped of land and livestock under Stalin and were generally not permitted to join collective farms; many starved or were deported to forced-labor camps for "reeducation."
Kulaks
A 1929 agreement that recognized the Vatican as an independent state, with Benito Mussolini agreeing to give the church heavy financial support in return for public support from the pope.
Lateran Agreement
A movement and political party driven by extreme nationalism and racism and led by Adolf Hitler; its adherents ruled Germany from 1933 to 1945 and forced Europe into the Second World War.
National Socialism
Vladimir Lenin's 1921 policy to reestablish limited economic freedom in an attempt to rebuild agriculture and industry in the face of economic disintegration.
New Economic
Lenin's New Economic Policy was a political compromise with
Russian peasants
Why did the Soviet army stop its advance on Warsaw in August 1944?
So that the German army could destroy a Polish insurgence that intended to resist the Soviet army as well
Which battle was the decisive turning point in the clash between the Soviet Union and Germany?
Stalingrad
According to Hitler's New Order, which European race was considered subhuman along with the Jews?
The Slavic race
In the Lateran Agreement, how did Mussolini resolve the status of the Catholic Church in Italy?
The Vatican was recognized as an independent state that received heavy support from the Italian state.
Where did Nazi administrators initially gain experience in mass murder?
The murder of Germans with physical and mental disabilities prior to the war
What was the Holocaust?
The systematic effort of the Nazi state to exterminate all European Jews during the Second World War
How did the Nazi Party seek to promote the idea of the Volksgemeinschaft?
They created mass organizations such as the Hitler Youth and held mass rallies to spread Nazi ideology and enlist volunteers.
How did the Nazis manage the northern European states that they conquered?
They established puppet governments with collaborators willing to rule the states in accord with German needs.
How did the Nazis seek to legitimize their racial policies?
They established research institutes and academies that measured and defined racial differences in order to present prejudice in the guise of enlightened science.
Why did Stalin and his supporters sponsor the first five-year plan?
They feared a gradual restoration of capitalism and, more importantly, wanted to catch up with the West and overcome traditional Russian "backwardness."
What were the duties of the German Einsatzgruppen (Special Task Forces)?
They followed the German army into Central Europe, systematically murdering "undesirables" as they moved from town to town.
How did real wages for workers and peasants in the Soviet Union in 1937 compare with those in the Russian Empire in 1913?
They were lower
What problem was faced by most of the underground resistance groups who opposed the Nazis?
They were not well unified, for they had differing political goals.
What was the primary goal of the opponents of the Nazis in the Protestant and Catholic churches?
To preserve religious life in Germany
A radical dictatorship that exercises "total claims" over the beliefs and behavior of its citizens by taking control of the economic, social, intellectual, and cultural aspects of society.
Totalitarianism
The "cult of the Duce" (leader) promoted the image of Mussolini as
a powerful strongman embodying the best qualities of the Italian people.
Stalin's theory of socialism in one country
argued that the Soviet Union could build socialism on its own.
The forcible consolidation of individual peasant farms into large, state-controlled enterprises in the Soviet Union under Stalin.
collectivization of agriculture
In Stalin's Soviet Union, women
could enter the ranks of specialists in industry and science.
The Allies adopted the principle of the unconditional surrender of Germany and Japan in order to
further encourage mutual trust among the Allies
The parliamentary government in Italy was breaking down at the time of the Fascist march on Rome in October 1922, largely because of
the violence perpetrated by Mussolini's own black-shirted militants.
Britain and France finally confronted Hitler with the threat of war when he
used the pretext of German minorities in Danzig to threaten Poland.