chp 3 human development

Contraception: male and female condoms, cervical cap, diaphragm, birth control pills, vaginal contraceptives, Depo Provera, IUD, Norplant subcutaneous inserts, sponge, vaginal contraceptive chemical barriers, rhythm method, male or female sterilization. Abortion

Birth Control Methods

Samples the hairlike projections of the membrane that surrounds the embryo during early pregnancy; provides an earlier and faster test than amniocentesis

Chorionic villus biopsy:

Upon fertilization, the 23_______ of the ovum are combined with the 23 _________ of the sperm.

Chromosomes

long, threadlike bodies containing hereditary materials found in the nuclei of all cells.

Chromosomes

Infertility and Assisted Reproductive Technology Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ARTs) In vitro fertilization (IVF) GIFT (gamete intrafallopian transfer) ZIFT (zygote intrafallopian transfer) ICSI (intracytoplasmic sperm injction)

Conceiving or Avoiding Conception

active biological substance in genes that programs the cells to manufacturevital protein substances

DNA

is the active substance of genes and stores inherited information that tells cells how to manufacture vital protein substances. The human genome has approximately 100,000 genes and 3 billion genetic subunits.

DNA

Average age of menarche now 11-12 years old. Average age of menopause is 50. Post-menopausal women can use donated ova. Men have no age limit to reproduction.

The Expanding Reproductive Years

Pair of ovaries Produce mature ova and estrogen and progesterone Uterus Vagina

The Female Reproductive System

Pair of testes lying in the scrotum Produce sperm and androgens Penis

The Male Reproductive System

Discuss different forms of birth control.

tubal ligation-surgery where the surgeon cuts and ties, also burn the fallopian tubes to prevent fertilization and conception permanently and vasectomy-surgically removing the ovaries to prevent production of eggs for conception and fertilization

Mental retardation Head and facial abnormalities Skeletal, heart and brain damage

alcohol

Amniotic fluid is analyzed for the presence of genetic and chromosomal defects.

amniocentesis

Where does fertilization takes place?

at the end of the fallopian tubes

male's sperm production (location,, amount, when produced).

below the scrotum

the modified blastula of a placental mammal

blastocyst

to diagnose diseases, and preferably sub-classify it regarding, for example, severity and treatability to confirm that a person is free from disease

blood test

the series of synchronized mitotic cell divisions of a fertilized egg that results in the formation of the blastomeres and changes the single-celled zygote into a multicellular embryo;

cleavage

Future Assisted Reproductive Technologies

cryopreservation, cytoplasm transfer, cloning

an assisted reproductive technology (ART), fertility technique whereby cytoplasm from a donor egg is injected into an egg with compromised mitochondria.

cytoplasm transfer

The______ by contrast, are similar in females but dissimilar in males

twenty-third pair (the sex chromosomes)

Women have______ ; men, an_______

two X chromosomes (XX); X and a Y chromosome (XY)

Sound waves bounced off the fetus enable physicians to trace the size and shape of a fetus and determine malformations.

ultrasonography

occurs in 1 out of every 800 live births in which an extra chomosome alters course of development and cause physical characteristics

down syndrome

2-8 weeks, rapid growth,plancental relationship with mother

embronic period

the organism from time the blastocyst implants itself in the uterine wall until the organism develop itself into a recognizable human fetus

embryo

second to eight week;rapid growth;placental relationship with mother,appearance of organs,recognizable human body

embryonic period

the mucous membrane lining the uterus that is composed of three layers stratum, basale, stratum

endometrium

males sperm locomotion

epididymis,urethra,seminal vesicles,prostate gland,penis

Name and identify the function of the two female sex hormones.

estrogen and progesterone

these hormones are responsible for the development of female secondary sexual characteristics like breast, body hair, and hip development

estrogen and progesterone

female's ova production location

located in the womans ovaries

Affects neurological development Low birth weight and size Respiratory problems Increased risk for SIDS

marijuana

environmental influences of birth defects

maternal stress,nutrition,age,RH factor

In _______ there are two cell divisions, during which the number of chromosomes is halved.

meiosis

In reproduction a new individual arises from the fusion of two cells through the process of_____

meiosis

two cell divisions where the chromosomes are reduced by half of their original number

meiosis

organism is naturally expelled from uterus before it is viable

miscarriage

In the formation of most of the cells of the body, a cell division termed _________occurs.

mitosis

a process that takes place in the nucleus of a dividing cell, involves typically a series of steps consisting of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, and results in the formation of two new nuclei each having the same number of chromosomes as the parent nucleus

mitosis

chromosomes split lengthwise to form a new pair

mitosis

Increases fetal activity Associated with low birth weight

nicotine

Birth defects of the heart, limbs, anus, esophagus, vertebral column or central nervous system

oral contraceptives

ectoderm cell wall mass of the blastocyst

outter layer-nervous system,skin,rectum

almond shaped structures that lie in the pelvis

ovaries

females ova locomotion-

ovum to fallopian tube to meet the sperm

maternal infectious and noninfectious diseases

rubella,syphilis,genital herpes,HIV.AIDS,diabetes

Most_______ defects occur in men because men have only one_______

sex-linked genetic; X chromosome

genes linked or appear on the same chromosomes are inherited together;aka sex-linked traits

sex-linked inherited characteristics

what are teratogens

smoking,marijuana,hard drugs,alcohol,oral contraceptives,toxins in environment and workplace

pear shaped hollow thick-walled muscular organ that can house and nourish an embryo

uterus

muscular passage way that is capable of considerable dilation

vagina

How does conception occur?

when the sperm and ovum are met successfully

Name and identify the function of the two male androgens.

testosterone and androsterone

How does the uterus prepare for pregnancy?

with a blood rich linning that usually sheds if for 5 to seven days if no egg is fertilized

begins a 3 to 4 day journey down the fallopian tubes toward the uterus,moved along by walls and divides into 32 plus cells

zygote

Any agent that contributes to birth defects

Teratogen:

Field of study concerned with birth defects

Teratology:

the______ of the sex chromosome determines the babies____

23 pair;sex

production occurs when testes are at_____ degrees celcius

35

males sperm amount, when produced

400 MILLION/day, 300,000/min if a young man is healthy

females ova production amount, when produced

400,000 ovas produced that mature as the female grows

Of the____chromosomes that each human being normally possesses,________ are similar in size and shape in both men and women.

46; 22 pairs (the autosomes)

menstruation can begin at ages ___or___average age is ___or___

8,9;11,12

tests now available to parents with strong histories of genetic disease and to couples who, for whatever reason, wish to determine whether the fetus is normal.

Amniocentesis, ultrasonography, Chorionic villus biopsy:

Usually takes place in the upper end of the oviduct Sperm ascend the cervical canal and enter the uterus and oviducts in order to reach the ovum. Secretions of progesterone from the corpus luteum prepare the uterus for implantation of the zygote.

Fertilization (the union of a sperm and an ovum)

(GIFT)

Gamete intrafallopian transfer

is a tool of assisted reproductive technology against infertility. Eggs are removed from a woman's ovaries, and placed in one of the Fallopian tubes, along with the man's sperm.

Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)

small units of heredity located on chromosomes that transmit inherited characteristics from biological parents to children

Genes

Disorders associated with the presence of too few or too many chromosomes: Down's syndrome, Klinefelter's syndrome, and Turner's syndrome

Genetic and Chromosomal Abnormalities

We begin life as a single fertilized cell.

Heredity and Genetics

(ICSI)

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection

A test-tube fertilization procedure in which a sperm is injected directly into an egg to achieve fertilization. is done for male infertility.

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)

A mature ovum is produced about every 28 days

Menstrual Cycle

Environmental factors interact with genetic factors to produce traits.

Multifactorial Transmission

More than one ovum fertilized: dizygotic twins One fertilized ovum splits into two identical parts after conception: monozygotic twins

Multiple conception

Toward the middle of each monthly ovarian cycle (25-32 days), an ovum usually reaches maturity and passes into one of the oviducts.

Ovulation

Two kinds of cells are involved in human reproduction: the male gamete, or sperm, and the female gamete, or ovum. A male sperm fuses with a female ovum to form a zygote (fertilized egg).

Reproduction

The_______ carries a number of hereditary defects such as hemophilia, red-green color blindness, a type of muscular dystrophy, certain forms of night blindness, Hunter's disease, juvenile glaucoma, and male-pattern baldness.

X chromosome

Women are usually protected from a genetic defect in the with a dominant gene in the other .

X chromosome;X chromosome

(ZIFT)

Zygote intrafallopian transfer

A technique in which a woman's egg is fertilized outside the body, then implanted in one of her fallopian tubes.

Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT

Explain the journey of a mature ovum from where it is produced and the role of each body part through menstruation or fertilization (if that occurs).

fallopian tube,uterus,vagina, for fertilization the ovum will pass through fallopian tube to meet with the sperm then pass into the uterus where it becomes a fetus then after nine months it passes through the vagina (birth stage) for menstruation if the egg is unfertilized it will expell from body through the cervix out of the vagina.

tiny hairlike projections that propel the ovum along its course to womb or uterus

fallopian tubes

8wks-birth, true human appearance,skeletal structures, etc

fetal period

begins with nine week,ends at birth,fetus,organs continue to develop and assume their functions

fetal period

A small (3-4 mm) incision is made in the abdomen, and an endoscope is inserted through the abdominal wall and uterus into the amniotic cavity during pregnancy to allow access to the fetus, the amniotic cavity, the umbilical cord, and the fetal side of the placenta.

fetoscopy

Each chromosome contains a number of____ which, in turn, are made up of numerous molecules of ______

genes,deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA

helps parents find out risks of passing along a particular disorder or disease

genetic counseling and testing

The scientific study of biological inheritance

genetics

Explain the difference between genotype and phenotype.

genotype-making of an organism, phenotype-characteristics of an organism

conception to 2 weeks, growth of a zygote after fertilization,establishment of a linkage and mothers support system

germinal period

conception to second week;characterized by growth of a zygote and blastocyst plants itself in the uterus

germinal period

Name the three stages of the prenatal period

germinal,embryonic,fetal period

Premature birth size and weight Tremulous behavior Poor sucking or feeding ability Withdrawal symptoms

hard drugs

The zygote contains all the_______ material that bridges the generations

heredity

A genotype containing two different genes

heterozygous.

A genotype containing two similar genes

homozygous

map of the genetic that makes all the genes

human genome

fertilization out of the body in a test tube in a lab environment while the female is given hormone injections to stimulate ovaries to produce eggs

in-vitro fertilization