C+I Quizlet 2

Pedigree (family tree)

A diagram that shows the occurrence of a genetic trait in several generations of a family.

Birth control & Nazi racial hygiene

Birth control was not outlawed but introduced by law, for people considered to be of "inferior value"

if women passed IQ tests they moved on ot

EQ tests

Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD)

In assisted reproductive technology, the determination of genetic abnormalities in the embryo before it is transferred to the uterus

artificial insemination

Injecting semen into the uterus by artificial means selecting the sperm that will be fertilizing the egg + screening the sperm Screening of sperm, sex selection, etc. Donor eggs and sperm - advertising of donor traits

Laughlin + trump

Miller's vision of a body politic shorn of foreigners, nonwhites, and others determined to be "undesirable" mirrors Laughlin's From Laughlin's pulpit as the inaugural president of the Pioneer Fund, which bankrolled fair, Laughlin lit the xenophobic torch that Miller brandished during the Trump administration, as he dreamed up and enacted policies that 1920s eugenicists would have applauded

Scientific motherhood

Scientific motherhood refers to the idea that child-rearing and motherhood should be guided by principles and knowledge from science and medicine. social uplift + was moralizing The idea was that mothers should rely on advice from doctors, nurses, and experts in child health and nutrition, rather than just following traditional practices or advice passed down through families. It included things like following specific schedules for feeding, using modern hygiene practices, and adhering to medical advice for child care, rather than relying on instinct or older, traditional methods.

division child mobile

The division's child hygiene mobile, associated with Dr. Ada E. Schweitzer's work, was essentially a specialized vehicle equipped with the necessary tools and equipment to promote and educate the public about infant and child hygiene in the early 20th century. This mobile unit was outfitted with a generator, which allowed it to project movies and lantern slides. These educational films and slides were likely focused on teaching scientific motherhood, child-rearing practices, and the importance of hygiene, aiming to reduce infant and maternal mortality rates. The use of this mobile unit enabled Schweitzer and her team to reach remote towns and villages that were otherwise isolated from such educational resources. By bringing this mobile educational resource directly to the people, the division could effectively spread important public health information to a wider audience, particularly targeting areas with limited access to healthcare facilities or information. This innovative approach reflected the progressive era's emphasis on public health education and preventive medicine as key strategies in improving overall societal health.

pedigree chart (family tree)

a diagram that shows the occurrence and appearance or phenotypes of a particular gene or organism and its ancestors from one generation to the next Diagrams inheritance of a trait or health condition through generations of a family ---Diseases, eye color, gender etc. Shows relationships among family members-at times indicates which individuals have a trait(s) of "interest" Can show which certain individuals have an absence of a trait, when it skips an individual hereditary traits of flies was trying to be dictated --- Task was found to be incredibly hard and tedious Made scientists lose hope in the idea that genetics can determine factors like human behavior when simple characterics of fly eye color cannot be predicted

Intelligence Testing

a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with others using numerical scores

Miscegenation

biological reproduction by partners of different racial categories cross-race sexual relations with "half-breeds," people of mixed racial descent or with so-called tri-racial iso-lates

Harry Haiselden

chicago surgeon, allowed deaths of at least 6 infants he diagnosed as 'defectives' --> seeked publicity -- displayed dying infants to journalists and wrote book-length series about them for the Hearst newspapers. a majority of those quoted in the press agreed + opposed preserving lives of the 'defectives' wrote + starred in the black stork Nature's instinctive guide to finding the fittest mate, a view both Wiggam and Haiselden sometimes explicitly endorsed Haiselden was only one doctor, but by gaining extensive media coverage of his dramatic acts, he was able to reshape the leadership's definition of eugenic methods. New York Times endorsed Haiselden's right to let infants die but denounced his use ofmedia publicity. "

Negative Selection of embryos

choosing which traits you do not want

Eugenic Field Studies

eugenic field studies, of which The Jukes and The Kallikak Family are perhaps the most widely known. remarkable for their singular focus on poor rural whites. The prevailing historical interpretations of eugenics in the UnitedStates have emphasized hostility toward urban immigrant populations asa major driving force in the movement,

"Khaki Fever"

intense admiration and romantic interest that civilian women showed towards men in military uniform. Stricken with "uniformitis," or "khaki fever," these girls ocked to camps for adventure and excitement. This "girl problem" was far greater than reformers or CTCA oY-cials expected, for it had spread into the middle classes.

Family subsidies

very publicized, largely tax-funded relief of family burdens which no longer conceived of family subsidies as poor relief but as independent state benefits. main objectives of loans : lower male marriage age + their need for prostitution. consisted not of "pronatalism and a cult of motherhood," but of antinatalism and a cult of fatherhood and masculinity. subsidies of Nazi regime differences: combination with sexism: they privileged fathers over mothers. fatherhood, not motherhood, that was glorified as "nature": tax rebates for the head of household brought most benefits, particularly high income husbands. The husband's tax exemption for children was less significant than that for his wife: he was paid by the state for her housework

women vs man sterilization

women sterilized more often then men, bigger stigmatization around women bc they cared more, women surgery was more invasive,

euthanasia

"mercy killing" prior to Dr. Haiselden's cases: favoring death for the unfit rarely won public endorsement from eugenic leaders--> Most advocated selective breeding --> everyone, being born, has the right to live" but not the right "to reproduce his kind" after Dr. Haiselden: defective babies should be allowed to die. urged doctors not to unduly restrict the operation of what is one of Nature's greatest racial blessings—death. many powerful figures in the film + journalism industries opposed public involvement in making these life-and-death decisions. should be "kept strictly within professional circles," free from "unenlightened sentimentality." create special medical committees, called "physicians' juries for defective babies." Mass culture thus played an important role in promoting the expansion of professional power. This growing support for professional power and secrecy combined with the growth of aesthetic objections to eugenic subjects drastically curtailed media coverage of Haiselden's activities

White extinction

"white extinction" narratives informed by census projections that the United States would tip to a nonwhite majority around 2050. Such harrowing racial forecasts were popular among the far-right and white power movements that emerged after World War II. 2010s this idea resurged, white nationalists purposefully resuscitated the work of early twentieth-century xenophobes, such as Madison Grant and Lothrop Stoddard, whose claims about "race suicide" and Nordic supremacy had fueled the hard-edged nativism of the 1920s. the prospect of "white extinction" is a defining feature of twenty-first-century "America first" nativism, which fuels xenophobia as it en-shrines European-descended settlers, rather than Indigenous peoples, as the authentic"natives" of the United States Whether on Twitter, Gab, or other platforms, a plethora of memes circulated among far-right influencers and users, conveying the conceit that Jews are responsible for "white extinction" and forthcoming demographic ruin. arc from "race suicide" to "white extinction" can be traced by exploring the career and afterlives of Harry H. Laughlin, who exemplified the eugenic and nativist zeitgeist of the 1920s 2017 to 2021, narratives of "white extinction"steered immigration policy, and many exclusionary measures were proposed, if not implemented. These included the deportation of "illegal aliens," the termination of welfare and benefits to noncitizens, and the retroactive repeal of birthright citizenship.

Richard Dougdale??

1. Inherited Criminality 2. Studied the Jukes family (6 prisoners in upstate NY prisons closely related --> hereditary cause of criminality+poverty?) --> compared family histories of prisoners 3. Ada Jukes, "mother of criminals" 4. Of the 1,000 descendants Dougdale found 280 paupers, 60 thieves, 7 murderers, 40 other criminals, 40 persons with venereal disease, and 50 prostitutes 5. Dougdale argued that they were transmitting a degenerate trait to the next generation 6. Later found the methodology was flawed and many conclusions were fabricated.

antinatalism leading to massacre

1. grew out of a mentality that saw sterilization as a "humane" alternative to killing for the sake of the Volkskörper, as an "elimination without massacre,〃 as a political substitute for ״nature״ which "naturally" (ie without modern charity and medicine) would have prevented ''unfit" people from surviving. 2. in sterilization policy that medical + psychiatric experts had already become used to dealing with bodily intervention and death, mostly that of women. 3, first victims of the massacre were 5k handicapped children <3 yrs old, w/ parents that could not be identified before birth, by means of the abortion and sterilization policy. 4. had been active in, or had advocated, the policy of compulsory sterilization, were also active in the massacre of the ill — mostly doctors and other medical personnel — and many of them also played an important role in the genocide of the Jews The Nazis saw these antinatalist actions as a "humane" alternative to outright killing, believing they were improving the German "Volkskörper" or national body by preventing the birth of people they deemed unfit. This twisted mentality led to the systematic murder of disabled children and others considered "unfit," with many of the perpetrators being medical professionals who had become desensitized to human suffering through their involvement in these sterilization policies.

Carrie Buck

18 yr old white women from Virginia -- mental age of 9 which was a "direct inheritance of her mother + maritally unworthy" 1st person to involuntarily be sterilized under Virginia's eugenic laws Seen as "feeble-minded" by foster parents Foster parents nephew raped + impregnated her Supreme court case Buck v. Bell Wrote 8 letters Dr. Bell and the nurse assistant, Roxie Berry She was on parole for 3 years Wrote to Colony doctor about mother's condition ---Not honest ---Found out from traveling to see her mom that she died and was buried in unmarked grave led a "life of immorality, prostitution, and untruthfulness" bearing "one illegitimate child, now six months old, now supposed to be a mental defective." she would have abt 30 yrs of strict custody and care, receive only her board and clothes; be denied outdoor life and liberty, and be a burden on the State ofVirginia of about $200 a year for thirty years OR STERILIZATION cruel and unusual punishment; and that it violated the FourteenthAmendment, denying Buck equal protection under the law. last hearing said If the Virginia Act of Assembly under consideration is held to be a valid enactment, then the limits of the power. of the state (which in the end is nothing more than the faction in control of the government) to rid itself of those citizens deemed undesirable according to its standards by meansof surgical sterilization have not been set real danger was not from the feebleminded, but from the professional doctors who would be empowered by the state to invent new categories and to target new social groups for control.

Buck vs. Bell

1924 eugenic case; forcible sterilization, securing public health is more important than the desires of a young woman Court ruled that a state statute permitting compulsory sterilization of the unfit, including the intellectually disabled, "for the protection and health of the state Debates over the appropriateness of using eugenics as' a guide for social policy played out and reached a climax in Buck v. Bell 1927 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that Virginia's law was constitutional and that Buck should be sterilized "Three generations of imbeciles are enough" - Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes The first sterilization of approximately 8,300 performed under state law between 1927 and 1972 Recently enacted involuntary sterilization statute Law allowed the state to sterilize anyone deemed incompetent due to feeblemindedness or other factors There was eugenic assumption such traits were hereditary and sexual sterilization could prevent their transmission They chose Buck believing that she had inherited her feeblemindedness from her mother and that her daughter showed signs of slow mental development as well

antinatalism (antinatalist policies)

A policy to discourage people from having children and to reduce the fertility rate of a population. the first scientifically planned and bureaucratically executed massacre of the National Socialist state was the result of antinatalism, and women were its chief victims. National Socialist compulsion and terror was reserved for antinatalism, not for pronatalism. National Socialism did not nationalize the birth question, as often asserted, by compelling women into childbearing, but by preventing women from childbearing. During WWII legal sterilization was curtailed in order to liberate work-forces for war and massacre, antinatalism took on other forms: - exclusively against women - Polish women sent back E. if pregnant; many took advantage to be relieved from forced labour --> changed this policy to - abortions, forced sterilizations, children being taken away, purposefully forced into "men's jobs" to bring miscarriages

Henry Goddard

Advocated mental testing of all immigrants and the selective exclusion of those who were found to be "mentally defective" A sociologist who studied Martin Kallikak's family tree attempting to link heredity to criminality. American psychologist Wanted to separate the "feeble minded" from the intelligent Elaborated on Alfred Binet's Intelligence Test Lectured and was a professor at multiple universities throughout his life Thought you could also determine intelligence by sight In 1913, Goddard's female assistants were sent to Ellis Island to recognize the "feeble minded" by sight, only sent females because he believed they were more intuitive at determining this, deportations of "feeble minded" immigrants doubled Army Alpha (literate) and Army Beta (illiterate and non-English speaking) tests Used to evaluate US military recruits Distinguish between recruits of low intelligence (meant for cannon fodder) and recruits who could serve in supervisory officer positions

American Nativism

An anti-foreign feeling that arose in the 1840's and 1850's in response to the influx of Irish and German Catholics. twenty-first-century "America first" nativism, which fuels xenophobia as it enshrines European-descended settlers, rather than Indigenous peoples, as the authentic"natives" of the United States. white nationalists love nativism of the 1920s and, conversely, condemn the liberalization of immigration laws in the 1960s. Reviewing the historical repertoire of white nationalists sheds light on nativist and racist continuities and discontinuities over the past century

Intelligence testing during WWI

Army Alpha (literate) and Army Beta (illiterate and non-English speaking) tests Used to evaluate US military recruits Distinguish between recruits of low intelligence (meant for cannon fodder) and recruits who could serve in supervisory officer positions 1.75 million recruits took the Alpha or Beta Test Testing reaffirmed Nordic supremacy -- 89% of African Americans and 47% of white were deemed morons (mental functioning below a normal 13 year old) ---Just 0.2% of recruits of German descent were deemed morons The findings served little use for the army because the majority of its recruits were unfit for service ---the testing data did help advance theories of hereditary intelligence and support the enactment of sterilization and immigration laws to prevent the feeble minded from reproducing

Arthur Estabrook and Ivan McDougle, The Mongrel Virginians (1926) - the WIN tribe

Arthur Estabrook, a eugenics researcher at the Carnegie Institute in Washington, D.C., and Ivan McDougle, a sociologist --> nomatic intensive focus on "race mixing," rather than consanguinity, represents a marked departure from the previous studies. the studies that preceded it focused on poor rural whites, who may or may not have been of mixed racial descent mixed-population group dubbed the Win (White-Indian-Negro) tribe. social status: "the white+black look down on them --> caused segregation from general community. 'low down' yellow negroes, as Indians, as 'mixed.' No one calls them white, but a few claim to be white" explicitly motivated by a concern over racial miscegenation. research was evidence of the need for strengthening and enforcing anti miscegenation laws, particularly in the South, but throughout the United States generally. The appendix to their study, in which they concluded that "mongrelization"was "an ever increasing social problem in the South," gave the entire text of the Virginia Racial Integrity Law of 1924, a law that allowed local registrars of vital statistics to record the "racial composition" of individuals and, in the case of mixed blood, to ascertain and record in "what generation such mixture occurred" (Pascoe 1996). The explicit goal of the law was to prohibit marriages between whites and nonwhites, although, in a formulation that attests to the difficulties of ascribing chromatic identities, the former category included "people who have one-sixteenth or less of the blood of the American Indian." concerned over race -mixing which fueled their research They presented their research as evidenceof the need for strengthening and enforcing antimiscegenation laws, par-ticularly in the South,

Idiot / Imbecile / Moron

Before Goddard, the scientific community already had a system of categorizing individuals thought to have disabilities "Idiots," "imbeciles," and the "feeble-minded" "Feeble-minded" was the least severe, but to Goddard it did not sound scientific enough Took the Greek word mōros, meaning "foolish" or "stupid" and coined the term "moron" in 1910 Went to Ellis island to identify "morons" 40% of Jews, Italians, and Hungarians were found to be "morons" It was important because it was an actual diagnosis in psychiatry for intellectual disability encouraged "well-born" babies to breed out "feeble-minded" to not have "moron" offspring attempt to eliminate people of color, people below the poverty line, immigrants, and disabled people

Gene editing technology

CRISPR allows accurate and efficient editing of genomic sequence

Davenport's use of Pedigree Charts

Davenport used the chart to try and justify how alcoholism, criminality, "feeblemindedness", could be inherited Eugenics believed that it just required one member of the family to be feeble minded in order to cause social problems like violence, alcoholism etc. In addition positive traits could also be passed down like intelligence, athleticism, etc.

1965 Hart-Celler Immigration Act

Ended the National Origins quota system of the 1920s Establishes a system based on skills and family relationships with US citizens Opens immigration to Asia, Africa and the Middle East overturned national origins quotas and enacted an immigration system basedon family reunification and occupational categories, with new sets of visa rules. less an instantiation of generous pluralism than a shift in categorization, initially codified in the 1952 Immigration and Nationality Act, as various types of "undesirability" were left intact. placed quotas on countries in the W. hemisphere. By that time Latin American immigrants, above all Mexicans, had come to endure the border policing, forced repatriations, and the in-country and immigration-station processing associated with the bracero program (1942-1964). became a target for nativists and white supremacists loathe to abandon the quota system and who saw it as the harbinger of demographic collapse. Harsh critics of the act echoed 1920s nativists—who often had referred to the "immigration problem" as "theJewish problem"—as they blamed Jewish activism against the quota system for the liberalization of immigration policy and despaired over imagined Jewish replacement of the white "native" stock. "the organized Jew-ish community was the most important force in enacting the 1965 law which changed the ethnic balance of the country." He asserts that this legislation was formulated as a"mechanism to alter the ethnic balance in the United States" and to open "the floodgates to nonwhite immigrants." idolizing the nativism of the 1924Johnson-Reed Act and deriding the liberalizing aspects of the 1965 Hart-Celler Act.

controlled reproduction Dr. Ada E. Schweitzer view

Eugenic marriage laws typically required individuals to undergo medical examinations or meet certain health criteria before being allowed to marry, with the aim of preventing those deemed "unfit" from reproducing. Sterilization laws allowed for certain individuals, also considered "unfit," to be sterilized, often without their consent, to prevent them from having children.

Technological romanticism

Eugenics promised to create a romantic utopia by means of modern science, and its aesthetic propaganda reflected this uneasy mix of goals blend of tech + romantic ideas --> eugenics movement trying to say: a perfect world is made possible through science + tech in relation to black stork: Initially, the Black stork showed beauty in a natural and simple way, people just enjoying nature, like diving into a swimming hole, handstands on the beach.THEME: beauty of natural, healthy, and active bodies. also critiqued idea of modern life being all about speed and fancy gadgets, like fast cars, suggesting that this wasn't true beauty or a good way to live. the 1927re-released film added scenes that made it seem like owning a fancy car was a sign of beauty and success. reflects a change in society where industrial + tech advances start to define what is desirable.

Nazi Sterilization Law 1933

For prevention of hereditarily diseased offspring. "in order to inc # healthy people have the duty to prevent the procreation of hereditarily unfit." so introduced compulsory sterilization All the sterilizations were compulsory; none came about by the free will of a sterilized person. Voluntary sterilization was forbidden by the same law sterilized decided by specially created courts, on which sat doctors, psychiatrists, anthropologists, experts in human genetics and jurists. jews, gypsies, blacks, and other 'alien races' sterilizations based on (in this order): real or alleged feeble-mindedness, schizophrenia, epilepsy and manic-depressive derangement; the others on real or alleged blindness, deafness, '׳bodily malformation,'' St Vitus' dance and alcoholism. the роlicy was a form of racism; ones 'value' was based off of 'biology' one of the first manifestations of Nazi racism on national + state level. went further than anti-Jewish laws of 1933, bc forced medical procedures; first of Nazi measures trying to solve social /cultural problems by '׳biological" means. For the "valuable" of both sexes sterilization was forbidden, and for the "inferior" of both sexes it was obligatory. belief that the state had authority over personal aspects of life (family and marriage) especially affecting women. for ex. more women than men were sterilized for feeblemindedness bc women were tested based on how well they could do housework or be employed. Men were assessed on work performance protest pregnancies extended this law compulsory sterilizations was deemed preventative for virgins and people who had no interest in men not a crime, brought to court, nor part of regime's racism (bc sterilization laws existed in US). child allowances (not tax rebates) were part of the regime's racism

Family subsidies II

In Nazi Germany, family subsidies were part of the gvmt efforts to support families financially, marriage loans encourage men to marry earlier (by providing financial incentives) + reduce reliance on prostitution, available to men whose future wives would leave their jobs upon marriage. Income tax policies tweaked to benefit families w/ children. Tax exemptions inc. for each spouse + child, making it financially easier for families to grow. people w/ out children heavily taxed. govt offered monthly child allowances starting at 5th child which changed to 3rd child (income lvl abolished - open to everyone). gvmt favored men over women (Cult of Fatherhood). privileged fathers.ex. single mothers only received child allowances if the father was known to the authorities. Tax benefits structured to favor the husband, esp higher income brackets, essentially compensating them for their wives' domestic work. benefits often tied to "racial purity" of the family. aimed to relieve the financial burden + encourage childbearing, NOT make child-rearing a profitable venture.

Mass killings as part of a "war of men against women"

Jewish women were killed as child bearers + potential mothers of the next generation of their people. Himmler placed female victims at the centre of his own definition of genocide: order was not so easy to give or simple to carry out as it was logically thought out and can be stated in this hall (reluctance many might feel towards killing women, so hard to execute). framed it as a necessary part of what he called a "race struggle" -- suggesting that to achieve goals must overcome these hesitations successful attempt to overcome male scruples towards a war of men against women, war defined as a deadly struggle of men not just against men - such as in a traditional military war — but against women as mothers. It showed that the Nazis' definition of their so-called "race struggle" went beyond traditional military conflicts and centered around women included the systematic elimination of entire families and future generations. element of the singularity of the National Socialist genocide of the Jewish people. gas chambers more humane for killing women (way arounf psychological barriers) bc machine killing took a huge toll mentally on the people killing them

"Heredity" : Lamarckian vs Weismannian

Lamarckian: believed that if something changed in an animal or a person because of their environment or something they did during their lifetime (giraffe) Weismannian: what happens to you during your life doesn't change the genes you pass down to your kids Films and stories often mixed up heredity with environmental factors (ex parenting or environment they lived in directly influenced traits passed down) what defined "heredity" was the parents' moral responsibility for causing the trait, not the technical mechanism through which parental causation was transmitted. By this definition of "heredity," "eugenics" meant not just having good genes but being a good parent. leading scientists sometimes used "heredity" to mean "parental responsibility." seen. in black stork ------------------------------------------------ --even though Weismann argued heredity was sealed off from environmental influences, many scientists believed his theory didn't entirely rule out the environment's role in affecting genetic diseases. --"hereditary" was used more broadly in popular culture + sometimes in scientific discussions. didn't strictly mean something passed down through genes. described anything that came from one's parents or ancestors like traits or diseases caused by genetic factors, encompass things learned from parents (like habits or beliefs), etc.

Eugenic Records Office

Located in New York, carried out anti-immigrant, white supremist sentiment by issuing certificates to people who could demonstrate "nordic purity" Founded in 1910 by Charles Davenport located in Cold Spring Laboratory in New York Served as a building to hold the trait pedigree records for thousands of Americans The laughlin's lived within the first floor of the ERO. Records were kept in a fireproof vault Alexander Graham Bell belonged to the scientific board of directors Also offered training for eugenic workers Many trainees had advanced degrees Majority of the workers were women Field workers in eugenics were one of the few careers offered at the time Field workers gathered data around physical, mental, moral, and behavioral traits which were believed to be hereditary Many who worked in ERO went on to work as specialists in hospitals Held important data and records Many field workers examined the insane, poor, orphans, and/or mentally disabled Believed that the study of eugenics would allow for the prevention of genetic breeding of these marginalized groups Connection to Psychiatric Hospitals and Universities including John Hopkins and Yale Indirect funding from the notorious Railroad enterprises of America

NAACP baby contests

POPULARITY CONTEST - buy tickets for the best babies NAACP sought to capitalize on contests sweeping the majority white populace, adapting them to the black community + raise funds for the battle against lynching. Second, these contests implicitly promulgated the assimilationist eugenics promoted by thinkers like Du Bois and Turner. established a movement within the movement, one Du Bois dubbed the "Tenth Crusade," class-biased attempt at intra racial social control. -sought to improve life for all African Americans, regardless of class, birth, or"fitness." Witnessing the success white eugenicists achieved in mobilizing public interest, opinion, and money through eugenics contests, NAACP activists developed similar competitions: to address the "racial threats"confronting African Americans and to gin up support for assimilationist eugenics. These contests were the first systematic attempt to capitalize on eugenic interests in the black community. African Americans used the idea of eugenics, which usually talked about "good" and "bad" genes, but they changed it to show that what really matters is how you raise and educate kids, not their race. They used these contests to fight against the harmful effects of racist ideas and to show that African Americans were also capable, smart, and worth respecting. It was a clever way to use the enemy's tool against them and push for equality and better treatment of black people in America.

Race hygiene

Positive eugenics promoted the idea that only certain people with good genes should reproduce. the sterilization роlicy, and race hygiene as a whole, was a form of racism and an integral component of National Socialist racism. racism was discrimination of "alien" races or peoples, + the "regeneration" of one's own people The protest pregnancies were an important reason for extending the sterilization law, in 1935, into an abortion law: now abortions could also be performed for race hygiene reasons. In the case of such an abortion, sterilization also was compulsory

Progressive Maternalism

Progressive Maternalism was a movement that found a middle way between the early feminists, who were fighting hard for equal rights for women, including the right to vote and work outside the home, and the traditional view that women's place was only in the home, focused on raising children. believed that being a mother gave women special moral insights and responsibilities that could benefit both their families and the whole country. They thought that the experiences and skills gained from motherhood could make women great leaders and citizens. So, they argued that women deserved the right to vote and have a say in government and society, not just because of equality, but because their unique perspective as mothers was valuable for the future of the nation. linked ideas from science, like biology and health (bacteriology), to their views on motherhood and women's roles. They believed that by combining scientific understanding of child health (scientific motherhood) with women's natural caregiving roles, they could help create a stronger nation with healthier children and give women a more significant role in society. This approach allowed them to support both the welfare of infants and the political and social empowerment of women, seeing no conflict between these goals.

Sonoma State Home for the Feebleminded

The Sonoma State Home, initially known as the Sonoma State Hospital and later as the Sonoma Developmental Center, was an institution in California established in the late 19th century. It was originally intended to care for individuals with mental disabilities, including those who were deemed "feebleminded," a term used historically but now considered offensive and inaccurate. The facility was part of a broader movement in the United States during that time to establish state-run institutions for the care of people with various mental and physical disabilities. Over the years, the role and practices of such institutions evolved, reflecting changes in societal attitudes and medical understanding of disabilities. The Sonoma State Home, like many similar institutions of its time, faced criticism for its conditions and treatment of residents, including issues related to overcrowding, inadequate care, and instances of abuse.

Mendelian Genetics

The branch of genetics concerned with patterns and process of inheritance. Dominant and recessive genes in one generation determine their proportions in the next generation The pattern of inheriting characteristics that follows the laws formulated by Gregor Mendel (pea plants)

Nazi family policy**

The government wanted only people they considered "racially pure" to have kids. This was part of their goal to create what they called a "master race." 1930's government decided only racially should have children - strict roles for women: women kept out of workforce confined to kitchen, children, church --> a woman's main job was to be a mother and take care of her family. Nazi germany encouraged a 'racially pure' master race to breed, whilst sterilizing 375k disabled people that were deemed 'too unfit to breed'.

turner vs du bois

The main difference between Turner and Du Bois lies in their emphasis and approaches to racial uplift. Du Bois placed a strong emphasis on the role of an educated elite, the "Talented Tenth," and cultural and political activism, while Turner focused more on the application of scientific knowledge and education to combat racial stereotypes and promote equality. Their views also diverged on the use of science in the fight against racial discrimination. While both recognized the importance of debunking racist science, Turner was more directly engaged in using his scientific expertise as a biologist to challenge and reframe the conversation around race and science.

Sterilization ??

The process that completely destroys all microbial life, including spores. used on people forcefully that were "morons"

Volksgemeinschaft

Volksgemeinschaft is a German term that was prominently used by the Nazis to describe their ideal of a racially unified and hierarchically organized national community. The concept emphasizes a society where members are united by racial purity and a common national identity, often at the exclusion or expense of those deemed "unfit" or outside the desired racial parameters. In the context provided, Volksgemeinschaft represents the collective well-being and survival of this racially defined community, which the Nazis prioritized over individual rights and health. This ideology justified a shift in medical practice and ethics from focusing on the care of individual patients (Fürsorge) to prioritizing preventive care (Vorsorge) aimed at improving the health and genetic purity of the entire community. This shift underpinned policies like forced sterilization and euthanasia of those deemed unworthy or a burden to the racial community, framing such actions as morally correct and necessary for the greater good of the Volksgemeinschaft. The term encapsulates the Nazi vision of a society organized around racial purity and health, guided by principles that dramatically deviated from traditional moral and ethical norms. -convincing that it was all the Jews fault that Germany lost WWI -united Germans to hate a people --place blame -Marxists and Jews destroyed concept' No race mixing to build a strong nation. Felt it can be achieved if nation got rid of it's impurities.

Talented Tenth

W.E.B. Dubois' concept of an elite group of college educated African-Americans who would use their talents and position to eradicate segregation in American society. According to W. E. B. DuBois, the ten percent of the black population that had the talent to bring respect and equality to all blacks ---------- those African Americans he believed destined to lead the larger black population to equality leaders of a Talented Tenth, the best of their time, represented social, political, and biological salvation. Used language that resonanted with medical and eugenic ideas of purity to fight back must cultivate "the Best of [their) race that they may guide the Mass away from the contamination and death of the Worst in their own and other races: Underscoring the identity of class and quality, Du Bois acknowledged that environmental considerations conditioned the ability of the fit to improve the inferior the leadership and cooperation among the "best" whites and blacks, long-term African American advance depended upon the prolific reproduction of the Talented Tenth education, economic achievement (class bias)

Alt-Right

a right-wing, primarily online political movement or grouping based in the U.S. whose members reject mainstream conservative politics and espouse extremist beliefs and policies typically centered on ideas of white nationalism While "alt-right" presented as respectable, it encompassed white supremacists, white nationalists, and misogynists. Some of this group's hallmarks were intense nativism and animus against multiculturalism. this heterogeneous movement referred to itself as the "alt-right" (alter-native right), principally to present itself as respectable and devoid of swastikas and white power associations. Yet the alt-right encompassed white supremacists, white nationalists, and misogynists, as well as antigovernment conservatives skeptical of the Republican establishment. -- intense nativism + animus against multiculturalism, which resonated with the anti refugee sentiment and ethno nationalist activism that had concomitantly gained significant traction in Europe turbo-charged by the vitriolic campaign and bewildering election of Donald J. Trump,

Popular eugenics

advocated for the improvement of human genetic qualities through various means, including selective breeding, was more diffuse and ingrained in the everyday social and cultural fabric of the time. This belief in "fit" and "unfit" individuals, as well as "good" and "bad" physical and behavioral characteristics, was not confined to any one group but was pervasive across different sectors of society, including both white and African American communities. The idea was influenced by the contemporary understanding of heredity and the successes of selective breeding in agriculture and animal husbandry, leading people to draw parallels between improving plant and animal stocks and improving human genetic stock. contributed to various discriminatory and harmful practices and policies, including forced sterilizations and restrictive immigration laws, based on perceived genetic fitness or unfitness.

Indiana Board of Health, Division on Infant and Child Hygiene

babies from nearly every Indiana county had been weighed, measured, + tested at the state fair by physicians and psychologists affiliated with this Division 1920s, this division launched a multifaceted program of "child saving"and maternal education, which included radio talks, mother's classes, the screening of hygiene films, statistical reports, and consultation clinics and specifically the Better Babies Contest the resentment of Indiana's male pediatricians, and the election of a new Democratic administration converged, setting the stage for the end of the Division of Infant and Child Hygiene. The Division of Infant and Child Hygiene'sexperiment demonstrates the active leadership of female reformers ininfant and maternal welfare in the 1920s as well as the problematic racialand class implications of making babies better in Indiana --- Schweitzer's work had a big impact in 1936 when McNutt helped get a new law passed that brought in money from the Social Security Act to help bring back a special health division. They started a new office focused on the health of mothers and kids, which got money from both the federal government and the state, kind of like an earlier program called Sheppard-Towner. They picked a doctor who was well-connected with the Indiana State Medical Association to lead this new office.

Assimilationist eugenics amongst Black community leaders

central principle-that racial distinctions had no bearing on fitness. perspective that viewed racial difference as insignificant, but adopted more fundamental eugenic notions about distinctions between "fit" and "unfit" people. This theory of human breeding, applicable to all people regardless of race, could appeal to blacks. By adopting the language and methods of eugenics, they aimed to "fight fire with fire," turning the tools of their opponents to their own advantage. serve anti-racist and equalitarian goals. This approach sought to leverage the prevailing scientific and cultural discourse of eugenics, which was often used to justify racial inequalities, to instead promote the idea of racial equality and integration. Like their white counterparts, black eugenicists used popular periodicals, baby contests, and other public forums to disseminate their ideas, raise funds, and bolster the self-esteem and public image of African Americans. This approach helped counter negative stereotypes and promoted a positive narrative about African American potential and contributions. human beings could be sorted into the relatively "fi t" and"unfit" and (b) society as a whole could be improved by ensuring thepropagation of the fit and reducing procreation among the unfit. Whilethey differed over what attributes characterized fitness and determinedmembership in that valorized group, they agreed that concrete programscould translate thought into action, uplifting the race.'

Dr. Ada E. Schweitzer

director of the Division of Infant and Child Hygiene in 1919 worked sedulously to lower infant and maternal death rates and convince Indianans of the importance of scientific motherhood and child rearing stressed infant hygiene, and headed child welfare projects found areas scarcely reached by health officials if the indiana mothers' baby book -- handed out pamphlets, mounted exhibits, delivered lectures, screened films, demonstrated nursing/formula techniques, taught prenatal + baby care -- scrutinized the health of hundreds of children (teeth, height, weight, vision, hearing, tonsils, adenoids, infections, defects, eating habits, hours of sleep, access to fresh air, home surroundings) She effectively utilized the Sheppard-Towner Act, which provided federal funds to states for infant and maternal welfare programs, to enhance her efforts in Indiana. Schweitzer's work primarily benefited poor and working-class white families, especially those in rural areas less affected by urbanization and industrialization. wanted controlled reproduction (see below) altered attitudes about health, maternity, and childhood in indiana restrict birth to only the most fit, through marriage and sterilization laws, and then create only the most desirable children through scientific child rearing and motherhood. played a part in effectively reducing infant mortality rates and prompting mothers to safeguard against the bacterial infection of milk and food. The contests also provided a plat-form for the commercialization of public health as well as the incorporation of the "better baby" into advertising trusted expert who could direct, or at least make recommendations about, local child-saving events genetic traits passed down from parents to child were fixed at birth

"Race suicide" - - "White extinction"

early twentieth-century xenophobes, such as Madison Grant and Lothrop Stoddard, whose claims about "race suicide" and Nordic supremacy had fueled the hard edged nativism of the 1920s Grant: if the valuable elements in the Nordic racemix with inferior strains or die out through race suicide, then the citadel of civilization will fall for mere lack of defenders." failure to debar "new immigrants" would precipitate the "passing of the great race," process that President Theodore Roosevelt referred to as "race suicide." --> to combat Congress passed 1924 Johnson-Reed Act idea of "race suicide," which has since morphed into"white extinction," "white genocide," and, derived from the French far Right, "The Great Replacement."

Chamberlain-Kahn Act, 1918

enacted by Congress in July 1918, created a civilian quarantine and isolation fund for building institutions for the incarceration of suspected venereal-disease carriers. States used $427k in federal funds to construct twenty-seven new institutions and to expand 16 others. A total of thirty thousand women suspected of illicit sexual activity were apprehended, and over half of these were committed to institutions between 1918 and 1920. aimed to combat the spread of venereal diseases among members of the U.S. military during World War I. Passed on July 9, 1918, the act was part of a broader effort to maintain the health and efficiency of military forces by addressing concerns about sexually transmitted infections (STIs), which were seen as a significant threat to military readiness.

Positive Eugenics

encouraging reproduction by persons presumed to have inheritable desirable traits

Harry Laughlin II

eugenic and nativist zeitgeist of the 1920s. superintendent of the Eugenics Record Office (ero), the country's foremost eugenics research institute. concentrated on controlling the "biological stock"of the populace through involuntary sterilization and immigration restriction Laughlin was fond of extolling Nazi Germany and corresponded with leading German eugenicists until his death in 1943. became the inaugural president of the Pioneer Fund, and he anchored mission in eugenics, xenophobia, and white supremacy expounded on "race suicide." named "Expert Eugenics Agent" of the U.S. Congress's Committee onImmigration and Naturalization saw immigration restriction as central to ensuring a white majority for perpetuity. employed eugenic tools, such as pedigree charts (from genetics),graphs (from statistics), and enumeration lists (from demography) in their nativist quest Laughlin fixated on classification, based research on surveys conducted in state institutions for the "socially inadequate," he believed "represent[ed] the fairest sample of the whole population who are of degenerate or inferior stock." To exclude potential immigrants, Laughlin indexed these categories into a roster of "racial types." This circular logic confirmed that non- Nordic and non-Teutonic immigrants were more likely to suffer from some form of"social inadequacy." informed the 1924 Johnson-Reed Act. "defectives" should be banned, a "high Nordic quota be secured," and interracial breeding—"mongrelization"—be curtailed. wanted a "permanent card-registry" that included data on ancestry, ability, and citizenship status, adding a citizenship question wouldbe the ultimate litmus test for native-versus-foreign categorization, deportation is last line of defense, wanted quotas, proposals unalign

Fitter Families Contests

exemplified the "positive eugenics" strategy of encouraging the "fit" to have larger families. The contests were held mostly at agricultural exhibitions and state fairs, received strong support from public health departments, women's groups, and charities, and reflected the idealization of the farm family. Providing medical and childrearing advice as well as information about "better breeding," the Fitter Family Contests embody the intersection of eugenics and public health. There were skills competitions, prizes for the best livestock, and ribbons for the tastiest jam, pickles, or pies. Drawing on these traditions, eugenicists developed a contest that evaluated the health and heredity (or "stock") of farm families who were (1) assumed to be fit and (2) already accustomed to animal breeding and the examination of livestock at agricultural exhibitions and state fairs self-selected group. They were almost always white, native-born, Protestant, educated, and from a rural background; they had no family member with a congenital disability and surely already considered themselves to be fit. The visual displays at the Eugenics Exhibit would have reinforced their sense of superiority

Dr. Ada E. Schweitzer baby contests

furthered Indiana's racial divisions as she strove to improve the overall health of Hoosier children and modernize rural mothers through science by excluding African American children, the contests reinforced patterns of segregation in Indiana and promoted the idea that only white babies could achieve perfection --> initially reluctant of baby contests though but tried to keep high numbers most likely to maintain high results for everybaby, thus diluting the rivalrous nature of the contests.

The "Girl Problem"

his "problem" was framed around the perceived challenges that emerged from women's increasing independence, including their participation in the workforce, their presence in public spaces, and their engagement in leisure activities a cultural debate over the meaning of womanhood in modern America by positing a connection between fe-male sexuality, race suicide, and mental deficiency. Their decision in the1920s to switch from segregation to sterilization as the primary eugenic strategy reveals a larger shift in the cultural understanding of female morality and social class in the 1900s eugenicists and other moral reformers advocated the incarceration of sexually promiscuous working-class women. If this small minority of thefemale population were segregated from society, they theorized, then fe-male sexuality would remain pure the turn-of-the-century working-class "woman adrift," who embraced independence and sexual desire, merely foreshadowed a larger shift in the meaning of womanhood that included the legitimation of female sexual desire. Institutional segregation had failed to curb this desire. Eugenicists gave up this battle and instead attempted to channel this newly accepted form of female sexuality into the appropriate places. welcomed sexual modernity and even birth control, as long as they served to stabilize marriage and family and not to weaken them. sexuality should be limited to marriage and motherhood or just marriage they perceived sterilization to be the most effective strategy for curbing the reproduction of the unWt fear of human immortality and fear of spreading STIs

Great Replacement"

idea of "race suicide," which has since morphed into"white extinction," "white genocide," and, derived from the French far Right, "The Great Replacement." suggests that there is a deliberate plot, often attributed to global or elite powers, to replace or dilute white populations in Western countries through immigration, higher birth rates among non-white populations, and multicultural policies. The theory argues that these changes will lead to the cultural and ethnic replacement of white populations and the loss of their political and cultural dominance. rooted in xenophobia, racism, and fear-mongering and has no basis in factual demographic analysis. It is often used to justify anti-immigrant, anti-refugee, and racist ideologies and policies.

W. E. B. Du Bois

informed the thinking of many upper-class blacks during the 6rst third of the twentieth century. Individual fitness, not race, was the yardstick for measuring biological worth. quality should mix (for brains, efficency, + beauty) but also did not neglect environment (jim crow, racism, etc must be removed to max potential of blacks) --> quality not quantity encouraged black community w/ the talented tenth+ promoted through this rallied against mob lynchings --> national contests fundraising anti lynching campaigns later reverted back to views of self-segregation and segregation is good if it does not involve discrimination (this strained relationship w/ NAACP),thought segregation allowed for the environment to capitalize on their strengths as a race did deploy hereditarian ideas in his social theorizing described an arc from racial essentialism to intellectual elitism. Du Bois knew that where you come from and your family's history play a part in who you are, he also believed that everyone's surroundings and community have a big impact. So, he thought it was crucial for black people to focus on education, building up their communities, and standing strong together to make a better future. Eliminating the unfit would foster the interracial collaboration among elites

Eugenical Sterilization

involuntary sterilization (ovariotomies for women and vasectomies or castration for men),believing it to be the only sure way to stop the propagation and prolifera-tion of the "unfit." Debates over the appropriateness of using eugenics as' a guide for social policy played out and reached a climax in Buck v. Bell the major legislative achievements of the eugenics move-ment included a set of involuntary sterilization laws that targeted not immigrants or people of color, but poor "feebleminded" whites. Opponents to segregation favored controlling reproduction through involuntary sterilization. Sterilization was a prime example of ,;negative eugenics" -the collective name given to techniques for preventing the proliferationof poor hereditary stock.

consanguinity

kinship; relationship by birth blood relation or the connection between people who share a common ancestor. When talking about consanguinity in studies or discussions about family, genetics, or heredity, it often involves looking at how closely related individuals are within a family or community, such as parents and children, siblings, cousins, etc. hillbilly/white trash life is incest

Madison Grant, The Passing of the Great Race (1916) I

known primarily for his work as a eugenicist and conservationist; Scientific racist Claimed immigration led to degradation of the Anglo-Saxon race - argued that US' open border policy was race suicide, could eliminate the culture of a race - The nordic race was believed to be superior over any other inferior races by Grant - People today call this Replacement Theory

Eugenics and White Nationalism

meant to be "well born." form of science that incorporated theories from biology, genetics, and public health. believed complex social problems, like poverty or disease, could be solved w/ scientific . "human improvement" was predicated on inc. breeding of the "fit," aka white middle class, and depopulating "unfit"—immigrants, POC, + disabilities. only way to manage the "menace" of the "unfit" was to ensure their numbers did not grow through reproduction or immigration. This belief translated into eugenic segregation and sterilization and restricting marriages scientists deployed eugenic tools, such as pedigree charts (from genetics),graphs (from statistics), and enumeration lists (from demography) in their nativist quest Laughlin, Grant, and legislators such as Box and Johnson sedimented eugenic logicsinto racist immigration policy for more than four decades.

F. O. (Fred) Butler

medical superintendent of the Sonoma State Home took over after Dawson facilitated the shift from segregation to sterilization. He presented his strategy as not only more progressive but also both financially and eugenically more effective, for a much larger clientele could be reached once the average commitment was a matter not of years but of months Colleagues proclaimed him "a true crusader" and "the most conspicuous physician in the world in this department."

Sterilization

more eugenic sterilizations were performed on "mental defectives" than in any other institution in the world—in order to illuminate the impact of negative eugenics at the institutional level as well as to explain the movement's growing influence as it moved from segregation to sterilization strategies Individuals could be left free to exercise freedom —even the feebleminded woman—as long as the state controlled procreation. Sexually promiscuous women, particularly those of a working-class or immigrant background who would not be able to support children, did not need to be institutionalized for their mental or moral deficiencies as long as they were sterilized. As one advocate proclaimed, Richard Douglas, The Jukes (1877 sterilization was an effective strategy for advancing the race. Compared with segregation, sterilization was more cost-effective, reached a wider clientele, and did not increase but rather reduced promiscuity Unlike the U.S. sterilization policies of the 1960s and 1970s, which were aimed at African Americans, Native Americans, and Puerto Ricans,California's policy did not single out racial minorities or immigrants. men their own benefit vs women for the benefit of society -- women institutionalized for sterilization if they show any sexual desire pg 54

Thomas Wyatt Turner

more explicitly hereditarian worldview than Du Bois(but agreed w/ Talented Tenth). career would exemplify how African American intellectuals, including scientists, could exploit eugenics' ideological flexibility to harmonize their racial, religious, and reformist beliefs. Turner taught generations of students about the power of heredity in human affairs. Turner expected his students to learn and adopt the major hereditarian tenets of eugenic improvement. forced to admit human beings' fundamental genetic similarities, whites would have to concede that inequity resulted from the environmental constraints of racism, not genetic essence. Assimilationist eugenic uplift, in this context, prOVided a method for regaining black citizenship Defectives, according to Turner, existed in and should be eliminated from both races-for the good of the entire human race. volunteered for the american eugenics society history has seen all kinds of people—black, white, yellow—rise to power and then fall apart. Turner thought it was impossible to say for sure what makes one group of people "better" or more likely to survive than another. He argued that instead of trying to prove one race is superior (which he saw as a hopeless and wrong effort), we should focus on understanding how all humans can live together peacefully. Turner believed that by studying human biology, we could find ways to encourage different races and countries to get along better. He saw this as a way to use the idea of heredity (the traits we inherit from our parents) in a positive way, without getting stuck on the idea that one race is better than another.

why would you not sterilize women

more prostitution, immorality, STDs

1924 Virginia Racial Integrity Act

officials had to record the race of every person, and if someone had a mix of different races in their background, the officials had to note down how "mixed" their family history was. The main point of this law was to stop white people from marrying people who weren't white. However, they made an exception for people who were mostly white but had a small amount (like one-sixteenth) of American Indian blood. The reason behind these laws wasn't just about keeping races separate; it was also about controlling who was considered "respectable" or "good" in society. The researchers Estabrook and McDougle, who studied families, thought that the biggest problem with races mixing (which they called "mongrelization") was that it would lead to what they saw as a decline in the quality of the race. They believed this mixing was a big problem in the South. But, it's important to note that these laws and ideas weren't aimed at all white people. They were mostly targeting white people who were poor or didn't have a good standing in society, often referred to derogatorily as "white trash." These poor whites were looked down upon because they didn't follow the strict rules about keeping races separate, unlike the more "respectable" whites who did.

IVF (in vitro fertilization)

procedure that allows for mother's ova to be fertilized outside of body and then implanted back into the uterus for development and birth.

pronatalism (pronatalist policies)

programs designed to increase the fertility rate; policies that provide incentives for women to have children, typically in countries where population is declining Instead, an increase in births was one of the goals of state welfare measures that were to assist those who wanted to have children, at a time when politicians still believed, or at least hoped, that economic support might influence men's and women's choice to have children Other policies, like child allowances, were also racially motivated, providing benefits to families considered "racially pure" by the Nazis.

The Black Stork (1917 silent film)

promoted the idea of good marriages based on eugenics principles a fictionalized account of harry haiselden's cases (against saving impaired newborns). films equated beauty with fitness. " linked aesthetics, disability, and race. only identifiable blacks were photographed as repulsive defectives, story: Claude has a disease + ignores doctor warnings + marries Anne--> have a "defective" baby that needs immediate surgery --> dr refuses to operate --> God provides a horrific vision of the child's future of misery + crime, Anne agrees to withhold treatment, and the baby's soul leaps into the arms of a waiting Jesus.

1924 Johnson-Reed Immigration Restriction Act

reduced quotas from 3 to 2%, based on the 1890 census, chosen so that NW Europeans were privileged numerically over S + E Europeans. The 1924 act also effectively barred all Asians from entry to the United States and led to the formation of the U.S. Border Patrol to regulate entry from Mexico and Canada challenged by Jewish and Italian representatives who rebuffed negative portrayals of their immigrant constituencies. Laughlin's eugenic work influenced this Act. For nativists such as Box and Laughlin, the lack of quotas on Mexicans was theglaring flaw of the 1924 law, and during the second half of the 1920s they unsuccessfullytried to get Congress to set Mexican quotas.

1924 Immigration Restriction Act

set up the annual quota of any nationality at 2% of the number of foreign-born persons in the US in 1890

Charles Davenport

studied human evolution, became promoter of eugenics, traced family histories to come up with mathematical model to predict occurrence of certain traits, didn't understand separation between science and social philosophy Key eugenicist Advocated for selective breeding Chickens and canaries → humans Founded the Eugenics Records Office (1910-34) Supported by Mary Harriman (annual appropriation of $12,000) Heredity in Relation to Eugenics (1911) Inheritance of human traits, genetic principles → improve human race Partially based off Mendel's theory with pea plants Racial purism Ideas taken up by the Nazis Supported the use of his ideas in this context Also preached idea in the States Affected how people saw racial minorities, economically disadvantaged people, people deemed mentally deficient, etc.

"Cult of Fatherhood"

subsidies privileged fathers over mothers. fatherhood, not motherhood, that was glorified as "nature" Fatherhood deserved economic rewards from the state, motherhood was seen as incompatible with them. expected to focus on child-rearing and household duties without the same level of state support. the "cult of motherhood" that celebrated the role of women as bearers of the next generation, it was more about propaganda + ritual than substantial state support. cult of fatherhood was propaganda and tough state policy. family subsidies were not anti-woman, but the fact that they were refused to mothers and houseworkers Nazi women's organizations did promote the importance of motherhood for "valuable" mothers. but could only offer educational support like baby care courses, not financial assistance. specific programs to support mothers who had children with men deemed to be part of the "racial elite," such as SS officers. "In the very moment she began to calculate returns, she would cease to be a good mother." ideal Nazi mother was one who bore children for the sake of the nation without "calculating returns," or expecting financial compensation, reinforcing the idea that motherhood was a duty rather than a role deserving of economic reward.

"Poor White Trash"

symbolize white degeneracy became institutionalized· as a banal social fact, resulting in the indignities of segregation and institutionalization and the harm of involuntary sterilization. drew upon techniques of scientists who crafted bold + precise lines of race, class, gender, and sexuality which formed indv. identities, + boosted their group to have higher status claimed that "degenerate" poor white families biologically transmitted morally unacceptable and socially and culturally inappropriate qualities to generation after generation. could be distinguished on the basis of such characteristics as distinctive skin color; a nomadic and vagabond way of life; promiscuity and licentiousness (especially among the women); propensities toward violence and criminality; a broken family structure and a recurring history of miscegenation. legal barriers with the power to control, exclude, anddeny. Differences of gender, sex, race, and class came together in a power-fully discriminatory way to justify the eradication of the feebleminded poor white trash by sterilizing them without their consent

"Feebleminded" / "Mental Defectives" / "Moral defectives"

technical, scientific term in the early 1900s meaning those who had significantly below-average levels of intelligence' The belief by Goring that criminals were mentally defective "Feeble-minded" was the least severe, but to Goddard it did not sound scientific enough.

Compulsory Sterilization Laws??

the sterilization of disproportionately Black and Mexican people who were deemed to be mentally ill.

Volksgesundheit & medical ethics

translating to "people's health" or "national health," refers to a concept used by the Nazis to prioritize the health and genetic purity of the German population as a whole over the health and well-being of individual citizens. This notion was part of the broader Nazi ideology that focused on racial purity and eugenics, aiming to create a superior "Aryan" race. Under the Volksgesundheit principle, the medical profession's role shifted from providing care to individual patients to promoting and implementing policies that were believed to enhance the genetic quality and health of the entire "national body." This involved practices like eugenics, forced sterilizations, and other measures aimed at preventing those deemed "unfit" or "undesirable" from reproducing. The concept of Volksgesundheit justified these actions by framing them as necessary for the greater good of the German people, aligning medical practice with the Nazi regime's goals of racial and national improvement. In traditional medical ethics, the primary duty of healthcare professionals is to care for and protect the well-being of their individual patients, adhering to principles like "do no harm" and respecting patient autonomy. However, under the influence of Volksgesundheit, these ethical priorities were subverted to align with the goals of racial purity and the improvement of the nation's genetic health. Medical professionals were encouraged, and often compelled, to prioritize measures that were believed to benefit the "national body" over the needs and rights of individual patients. the focus shifted from caring for individuals to engineering a "healthier" and "purer" racial community, often at the expense of human rights, dignity, and the lives of those who did not fit the Nazi ideal.

Henry Goddard, The Kallikak Family (1912)

use Intelligence testing to establish the criteria for identifying + differentiating 'mental defectives' 1-2 idiots, 3-7 imbecils, 8-12 morons quickly became accepted as solid, empirical proof of the hereditary nature of intelligence "multiplying x2 the rate of the general population" --> soon overwhelm the better classes. Their invisibility was the essence of what Goddard termed "the menace of the feebleminded." concentrated in certain populations and in certain regions. led to a sharp increase in diagnoses of feeblemindedness and a sharp rise in the institutionalization of those deemed mentally defective

"Race Betterment"

used to describe efforts aimed at improving the health and welfare of the population. This goal was broad and allowed for a variety of ideas and practices to coexist, even if they seemed different or contradictory. In the context of the better babies contests, race betterment encompassed everything from promoting good health practices to encouraging certain genetic qualities. primary targets of public health and race betterment efforts in Indiana were poor and working-class whites, especially impoverished farm dwellers living beyond the orbit of urbanization and industrialization able to embrace various ideas and practices related to infant health and scientific approaches to motherhood without seeing them as conflicting. Even though some of these ideas might seem contradictory at first glance, they all fit together in their broader goal of improving the health and well-being of future generations, which they saw as part of a larger effort to enhance the overall quality of the population, or "race betterment." --> integrate different approaches—ranging from biology and healthcare to social and moral responsibilities—into a cohesive strategy aimed at raising healthier, smarter, and morally upright children. While these initiatives aimed to improve the health and welfare of children, they also had complex racial and class implications. Efforts to make "better babies" could sometimes reflect and reinforce existing social hierarchies and prejudices, favoring certain racial and class groups over others.

Harry Laughlin I

wrote model laws; states could use to allow for eugenics sterilization; testified in Congress about the necessity of eugenics; superintendent of Eugenics Record Office; active in enforcing US eugenics policies especially forced sterilization wanted eugenics across the country, administrator for Eugenics Records Office, helped restrict immigration Drafted document used in state laws for eugenics that were used in Buck v Bell; influenced the final solution; got an honorary degree; developed epilepcy Leader of the American eugenics movement (1910-1940) Believed that immigrants from Eastern and Southern Europe had diminished the "physical and moral vigor" of the American bloodstream Laughlin had two principal interests in eugenics: immigration restriction and compulsory sterilization of the "unfit." His testimony on Immigration and Naturalization in 1923 and 1924 contributed the passing of the Johnson Act ----Testified that there was an "excessive" amount of insanity among immigrants, specifically from southern and eastern Europe. ----Argued that most Jews were feeble-minded Johnson Act (1924) ----Introduced a quota system -----Limited number of immigrants to 165,000 per year (80% reduction from prior years) -----Created the status of "undocumented" for immigrants ----One of the first immigration restriction laws that specifically excluded Europeans

Madison Grant II

xenophobe , imperative to preserve the greatness of the "blond, long-headed Nordic," claims about "race suicide" and Nordic supremacy had fueled the hard-edged nativism of the 1920s. the passing of a great race book is "call to American whites to counter the dangers both from nonwhite and non-NW Eu immigration. In one, Grant is venerated as a "pioneering advocate of white racial preservationism, immigration restriction, eugenics, anti-miscegenation laws, and the conservation of wildlife and wilderness." Grant ranked "European races in history" according to physical, mental, and personality traits and proposed a triad of European races: Teutonics or Nordics, Alpines, and Mediterraneans. Grant, building on nineteenth-century raciology, anointed the former as the most advanced and comely, and the latter two as inferior. In this formulation, Nordics andAnglo-Saxons occupied the pinnacle of human civilization, and all other racial groups, including immigrants from southern and eastern Europe, were substandard Grant collaborated with men such as Laughlin to create the conditions for the passage of the 1917 Immigration Act.