CIS200 Final Exam
Deductive reasoning fallacies
1. Slippery Slope- if one event happens, another serious or drastic event will inevitably follow 2. False dilemmas- presents a limited number of options (frequently two choices) though more options are available 3. Circular reasoning- when a claim or premise is little more than a restatement of the conclusion 4. equivocation- using ambiguous or vague words in an argument
becoming a critical thinker
1. develop intellectual humility- recognizing the limits of your knowledge and understanding a situation 2. be a critic, not a cynic 3. challenge your assumptions and beliefs 4. work through complex issues and problems 5. have confidence in your reasoning ability
inductive reasoning fallacies
1. hasty generalization- when a broad conclusion is reached when very little supporting data is available. Often made out of negligence, biases, or laziness 2. separate cause and effect- assuming that when two or more events happen at the same time, one causes the other- improper identification of the cause and effect 3. false causes- because some event, situation, or communication precedes another that the first event must cause the later one 4. composition- when you assume the qualities of aprt of something are also qualities of the whole
the symbol all formulas and functions start with in excel
=
Cell reference
a pointer that you include in a formula to tell the spreadsheet where to find the actual data
range
a selection of two or more cells
Argument
a set of one or more claims that support a particular conclusion the values or cell references that the function uses in its calculations
A collection of related data points in a chart is called a: a) Data series b) Data tick c) Cell addresses d) Value title
a) Data series
Which is not an example of a SmartArt graphic? a) Sparkline b) Basic Matric c) Organization chart d) Basic Pyramid
a) Sparkline
A team leader who actively seeks advice from the group before making a decision is using: a) a consultative approach b) a common style c) consensus decision making d) an active advice approach
a) a consultative approach
What is an outlier? a) an extreme experience in the past b) someone far outside the norm c) an emotional reaction to a logical problem d) a goal in critical thinking
a) an extreme experience in the past
When you sum the values of items and then divide by the number of items, you are calculating the: a) arithmetic mean b) median c) mode d) arithmetic standard
a) arithmetic mean
how can you indicate the significance of each variable in a decision? a) assign an appropriate weight b) convert the values to the same format c) use one as a constant in the model d) normalize the variables
a) assign an appropriate weight
Which of the following is a common problem-solving trap? a) bandwagon effect b) not in my backyard syndrome c) office politics pitfall d) Wild West mentality
a) bandwagon effect
An effective way to deal with a complex problem is to: a) break it down into smaller problems b) describe its size and scope c) build your confidence for solving it d) assign it to someone else
a) break it down into smaller problems
What shapes do you use in a decision tree? a) circles, squares, and lines b) circles and diamonds c) rectangles only d) tree shapes
a) circles, squares, and lines
What is an argument? a) claims that support a particular conclusion b) an act based on a flawed assumption c) any subject of controversy d) the limit of your own knowledge
a) claims that support a particular conclusion
How do you move an embedded chart to a chart sheet? a) click a button on the Chart Tools Design tab b) Drag the chart to the sheet tab c) Delete the chart, switch to a different sheet, then create a new chart d) Use the copy and paste buttons on the Ribbon
a) click a button on the Chart Tools Design tab
what type of reasoning error assumes that if part of something has a particular quality the whole shares that quality a) composition b) post hoc, ergo propter hoc c) equivocation d) metaphor
a) composition
Values that could change and affect the results are called: a) decision variables b) output variables c) constants d) arguments
a) decision variables
Which of the following is not a variable you might track when monitoring a solution? a) expert advice b) daily sales data c) production logs d) customer surveys
a) expert advice
When group members avoid presenting ideas that fall outside the group's comfort zone, they are suffering from: a) groupthink b) the superman complex c) group analysis d) consensus building
a) groupthink
Which of the following is not a premise indicator? a) in my opinion b) because c) assuming that d) as a result
a) in my opinion
What quality do you have when you understand the limits of your own knowledge? a) intellectual humility b) scientific reasoning c) valid arguments d) social conditioning
a) intellectual humility
Which of the following is not a way to build a sustainable agreement? a) introduce all changes at the same time b) overcome fears c) communicate openly d) manage the peace
a) introduce all changes at the same time
When solving a problem for someone else, which of the following should you not do? a) let the stakeholders find their own solutions b) communicate your profess c) define the solution d) describe a single problem objectively
a) let the stakeholders find their own solutions
Which of the following is a useful creativity tool for generating ideas? a) mind map b) mindstorm c) brain wave d) mashup
a) mind map
The goal of convergent thinking is to a) narrow possible options to a manageable set b) avoid groupthink c) identify tasks, resources, and expenses d) reach a group consensus
a) narrow possible options to a manageable set
Which of the following is a primary resource of information about a problem? a) observation b) web site c) magazine article d) organization files
a) observation
What type of solution should you seek when solving problems? a) one with low risk and high reward b) one with low risk and low reward c) one with high risk and high reward d) one with high risk and low reward
a) one with low risk and high reward
Knowing about the processes, personalities, and subtleties of how a company operates is called: a) organizational memory b) logistics c) groupthink d) consensus
a) organizational memory
Which worksheet view shows how your worksheet will look when printed? a) page layout b) data c) review d) view
a) page layout
Ethical problem solving leads to solutions that: a) produce the most good while doing the least harm b) serve narrow interests c) are perfect d) have more costs than benefits
a) produce the most good while doing the least harm
which of the following is not a benefit of using a decision support system? a) provides better logistics b) adds objectivity c) improves efficiency in making complex decisions d) helps to communicate decisions
a) provides better logistics
What type of argument asserts that if one event happens, another event will inevitably occur as a result? a) slippery slope b) outward path c) composition error d) Rubik's cube
a) slippery slope
After identifying subproblems, you should: a) sort or rank them b) use the 5 whys technique c) brainstorm d) focus on the main problem
a) sort or rank them
A person who is affected by a problem or needs to be involved to solve it is a : a) stakeholder b) crowdsourcer c) motivator d) risk taker
a) stakeholder
What should you do when someone makes an assertion? a) test the assertion b) accept the assertion c) assume it is correct d) look for a premise indicator
a) test the assertion
Why might you give a presentation after verifying a solution? a) to communicate your progress b) to entertain your colleagues c) to provide an opportunity for brainstorming d) to defer a decision
a) to communicate your progress
why should you use your creativity when developing alternatives? a) to identify as many ideas as possible b) to enjoy the experience c) to stay anchored to your initial ideas d) to delay a decision
a) to identify as many ideas as possible
What-if analyses were
an early application of spreadsheet software
Risk
an exposure to a change of loss or damage
fallacy
an invalid argument that is present so that it appears valid
inductive reasoning
attempts to draw a broad conclusion from specific examples or premises
Which of the following is an example of Accounting number format? a) 5555 b) $5,555.55 c) 55.55% d) 5,555.55
b) $5,555.55
What is the name of the feature used to resize a column to accommodate its widest entry? a) AutoFormat b) AutoFit c) AutoResize d) AutoRefit
b) AutoFit
Which tab appears only when a chart is selected? a) Insert b) Chart Tools Format c) Review d) Page Layout
b) Chart Tools Format
What feature is used to delete a conditional formatting rule? a) Rules Reminder b) Conditional Formatting Rules Manger c) Condition Manager d) Format Manager
b) Conditional Formatting Rules Manager
Which tab on the Ribbon do you use to create a chart? a) Design b) Insert c) Page Layout d) Format
b) Insert
Which key do you press and hold to copy while dragging and dropping selected cells? a) [Alt] b) [Ctrl] c) [F2] d) [Tab]
b) [Ctrl]
Which key can you press to switch to edit mode a) [F1] b) [F2] c) [F4] d) [F6]
b) [F2]
Which key do you press to convert a relative cell reference to an absolute cell reference? a) [F2] b) [F4] c) [F5] d) [F6]
b) [F4]
In business, a team is: a) two or more people attending a meeting b) a group of people who work together cooperatively on a common objective c) a group of people that meet regularly d) two or more people who share expectations and obligations
b) a group of people who work together cooperatively on a common objective
Which of the following should you not do when solving problems? a) define the problem b) Accept the first solution c) gather information d) make a decision
b) accept the first solution
What should you do if your solution is not causing expected improvements? a) wait for the problem to solve itself b) adjust the solution promptly c) abandon the solution d) stop monitoring efforts
b) adjust the solution promptly
Which of the following is not a symptom of overconfidence? a) underestimating the length of a task b) asking trusted coworkers for their opinions c) overestimating the chance that something you want will occur d) being overly optimistic about your decisions
b) asking trusted coworkers for their opinions
In which area can you see a preview of your worksheet? a) page setup b) backstage view c) printer setup d) view tab
b) backstage view
In a line chart, what does the line show? a) the relation of parts to the whole b) directions or trends in the data over time c) accumulated values d) where data is not related
b) direction or trends in the data over time
Before a meeting of a large group, you should: a) ask for extra time to hand out materials b) distribute materials electronically c) reserve air time d) send e-mails to participants explaining that no supporting materials are allowed
b) distribute materials electronically
What is risk? a) a random form of success b) exposure to the possibility of loss or damage c) a way to react to a problem d) a way to solve a problem
b) exposure to the possibility of loss or damage
To take advantage of preprogrammed formulas that simplify common mathematical tasks, you can use a: a) formula b) function c) decision variable d) cell reference
b) function
Divergent thinking describes though processes or methods used to: a) design credible arguments b) generate ideas c) select the best alternative d) overcome resistance to change
b) generate ideas
What are group dynamics? a) changes noted in the action plan b) how people work and interact with each other c) ways to organize an idea's costs and benefits d) how resources are provided where they are needed
b) how people work and interact with each other
A statement such as "plans to add tours, develop our Web site, and expand staff are now on hold until we can solve this problem," is an example of: a) defining the ideal solution b) identifying the consequences c) describing the symptoms of the problem d) describing the size and scope of the problem
b) identifying the consequences
Before you start collecting new information through observations or experiments, you should: a) analyze the alternatives b) look for sources of existing information c) make quick decisions d) subscribe to new sources of information
b) look for sources of existing information
Which of the following calculations is useful for describing data that includes widely varying numbers? a) median b) mode c) standard deviation d) norm
b) mode
When you create a numeric representation of the decision, you are creating a(n) a) presentation b) model c) analytical document d) consensus
b) model
How can you account for differences in variables? a) create a decision tree b) normalize them c) play what-if d) find the standard deviation
b) normalize them
The values that you study with a what-if analysis are the: a) decision variables b) output variables c) constants d) arguments
b) output variables
In which view can you see the header and footer areas of a worksheet? a) normal view b) page layout view c) page break preview d) header/footer view
b) page layout view
a selection of multiple cells is called a a) group b) range c) reference d) package
b) range
Which feature could be used to print a very long worksheet on a single sheet of paper? a) show formulas b) scale to fit c) page break preview d) named ranges
b) scale to fit
An argument that logically follows its true premises is a a) credible argument b) valid argument c) good argument d) sound argument
b) valid argument
which of the following should you not do before making a decision? a) weigh the criteria b) wait for the ideal solution c) rate the alternatives d) select an evaluation method
b) wait for the ideal solution
An effective way to deal with a complex problem is to
break it down into smaller problems
What do you do when using the 5 Whys technique? a) identify You, Yourself, Yours, Youth, and Yield b) draw a fishbone diagram c) Ask why and challenge the answer with another "why" five times d) limit yourself to five questions
c) Ask why and challenge the answer with another "why" five times
What is a proposition or claim that is taken for granted as though it were known to be valid? a) an assertion b) a sound argument c) an assumption d) a conclusion
c) an assumption
Using a cell address in a formula is known as: a) formularizing b) prefixing c) cell referencing d) cell mathematics
c) cell referencing
A(n) ____ is a written or spoken statement that someone makes about a particular topic that is either true or false. a) opinion b) hasty generalization c) claim d) fallacy
c) claim
When testing a solution, you should: a) create the most stressful test possible, even if it is dangerous b) stick to the superficial part of the solution c) consider the worst-case scenario d) make the results confidential
c) consider the worst-case scenario
What kind of data should you collect to solve a problem of customer dissatisfaction with a product or service? a) employee reports and logs b) secondary sources, such as books and websites c) customer surveys and comments d) organization records, trade associations, and business databases
c) customer surveys and comments
Which one of the following is not a habit of critical thinkers? a) intellectual humility b) methodical reasoning c) cynicism d) questioning assumptions
c) cynicism
a decision support system helps you a) generate ideas b) communicate with colleagues c) identify and solve problems and make decision d) prepare for presentations
c) identify and solve problems and make decisions
The first step in problem solving is to: a) make a decision b) describe the problem-solving traps c) identify shortcomings d) communicate your progress
c) identify shortcomings
What does a cause-and-effect diagram show? a) who is causing a problem b) many solutions for a complicated problem c) many causes for a complicated problem d) the root cause of a problem
c) many causes for a complicated problem
What type of cell reference is C$19? a) relative b) absolute c) mixed d) certain
c) mixed
Which of the following tools is useful when working in a large group or one with members in more than one location? a) impact analysis b) air time c) online calendar d) electronic book
c) online calendar
Which of the following is not an exercise in divergent thinking? a) brainstorming b) free writing c) outlining d) mind mapping
c) outlining
Circular charts divided into sectors are called: a) circle charts b) area charts c) pie charts d) slice charts
c) pie charts
What type of cell reference changes when its is copied? a)circular b) absolute c) relative d) specified
c) relative
An effective plan for implementing a solution includes a(n): a) analytical hierarchy matrix b) collective wisdom indicator c) schedule d) mind map
c) schedule
Which of the following is not an obstacle to critical thinking? a) normalization b) creative thinking c) social conditioning d) being egocentric
c) social conditioning
IF an argument is valid and the premises are true, the conclusion must be a) sound b) weak c) true d) false
c) true
When is majority rule an efficient decision-making technique? a) when using a command style b) when group members support several options c) when choosing between two alternatives d) with small groups
c) when choosing between two alternatives
The purpose of using creativity is
coming up with as many ideas as possible
In a decision tree, what does each branch of the tree represent? a) an assignment to a member of the group b) an option that is unlikely to work c) a new idea d) an option and its benefits, costs, and likelihood
d) an option and its benefits, costs, and likelihood
A pointer that you include in a formula to tell the spreadsheet where to find the actual data is called a: a) formula b) function c) decision variable d) cell reference
d) cell reference
You can use any of the following features to enter a new function except: a) insert function button b) formula AutoComplete c) AutoSum list arrow d) Clipboard
d) clipboard
Which of the following tools helps to perform a cost-benefit analysis? a) three-pile analysis b) SWOT analysis c) online communication channel d) decision balance sheet
d) decision balance sheet
The purpose of a problem statement is to: a) determine the cause b) assign responsibility c) define the solution d) describe a single problem objectively
d) describe a single problem objectively
Communication about your proposed solution should include: a) a notice that you have a limited amount of time b) a code of ethics c) a worst-case scenario d) details about how the solution will be put in place
d) details about how the solution will be put in place
Which of the following is not a common group trap? a) overhead b) stress c) superman complex d) devil's advocate
d) devil's advocate
What is a problem for an organization? a) choice made when faced with a set of alternatives b) difference between professional and line worker c) set of objectives or goals d) difference between current state and goal state
d) difference between current state and goal state
Cost, time, and usefulness are examples of: a) primary resources b) common problems c) adaptive techniques d) evaluation criteria
d) evaluation criteria
What do you call an invalid argument that is presented to appear valid? a) outlier b) hasty generalization c) unsound d) fallacy
d) fallacy
Which of the following is not an example of an ethical dilemma? a) cut expenses, though many employees will lose their jobs b) reduce quality, even if it makes a product less safe c) sell new products abroad, though they are banned in this country d) increase sales of services, though the services are new
d) increase sales of services, though the services are new
The object in a chart that identifies the colors used for each data series is a(n): a) data marker b) data point c) organizer d) legend
d) legend
Which view shows you a reduced view of each page of your worksheet? a) normal b) page layout c) thumbnail d) page break preview
d) page break preview
What should you do before comparing subjective data? a) plot the data b) find the mean c) create a model d) rate it on a response scale
d) rate it on a response scale
What do successful teams allow time for when the group first starts to meet? a) online scheduling b) convergent thinking c) creating action plans d) socializing
d) socializing
An inductive argument is one that makes general conclusions based on: a) general behavior b) social conditioning c) fallacies d) specific instances or observations
d) specific instances or observations
Negotiating new terms with a tour operator instead of dropping the tour is an example of: a) using your intuition b) managing by exception c) risk analysis d) staggering a decision
d) staggering a decision
What is the purpose of an action plan? a) to identify the consequences of each idea b) to review ideas and reduce them to a manageable number c) to document meeting activities d) to summarize the activities the group agrees to perform
d) to summarize the activities the group agrees to perform
The maximum number of worksheets you can include in a workbook is a) 3 b) 250 c)255 d) unlimited
d) unlimited
In which of the following scenarios is an adaptive technique not appropriate? a) you have a limited amount of time to work b) the solution is easily reversible c) the risks are minimal and costs are low d) you need an exhaustive analysis
d) you need an exhaustive analysis
If you were working at Jurassic World, you would use a _______ to keep track of employees, assets (dinosaurs), merchandise, and materials associated with the park
database
Many computer programs can be used as
decision support systems: spreadsheets, databases, weather models, etc.
What type of reasoning takes an argument from general observations or premises to a specific conclusion? a) inductive b) deductive c) conductive d) cause-and-effect
deductive
action plan
developing an implementation plan to guide changes, product or service introductions, and complex projects- the final step a problem-solving group performs
primary source
direct observations, interviews, questionnaires
Research can help in the problem solving process by
helping you to understand the problem better, identify possible solutions, and understand possible solutions better
Decision Support System
interactive software designed to help you compile useful information from raw data, documents, and business knowledge
The optimal risk/reward ratio
low risk high reward
When doing research, you should generally rely
on people as your most important resource
Positive outcome bias
overconfidence; underestimating how long it will take to complete a task; overestimating the likelihood of something the you hope will occur; or being overly optimistic about your decisions and answers to questions
stakeholder
people who are also affected or whose involvement you need to resolve the matter
function
preprogrammed formulas that simplify common mathematical tasks
Successful teams allow time for
socializing
You should use customer surveys and comments to
solve a problem of customer dissatisfaction
problem
the difference between the current state and where you want to be
organizational memory
the history and culture that a group must function in, including the various processes, personalities, and subtleties of how the organization operates
ethical solutions produce
the most good while doing the least harm
Evaluation criteria
the variables that drive your decisions cost, time, feasibility, usefulness, appropriateness, etc.
group dynamics
the way that people work and interact with each other
deductive reasoning
typically takes an argument from general observations or premises to a specific conclusion
groupthink
when individual creativity and independent thinking are lost to group cohesiveness