CJ 101
Public Order Crime
Behavior that has been labeled criminal because it is contrary to shared social values, customs, and norms. p.8
not all crimes are considered deviant
Little social disapprobation is attached to those who fail to follow the letter of parking laws. p.7
hierarchical structure of organized crime
The hierarchical structure of organized crime operations often mirrors that of legitimate businesses, and, like any corporation, these groups attempt to capture a sufficient percentage of any given market to make a profit. p.9
organized crime
illegal acts by illegal organizations, usually geared toward satisfying the public's demand for unlawful goods and services. Groups engaged in organized crime employ criminal tactics such as violence, corruption, and intimidation for economic gain. p.8-9
Organized Crime
illegal acts carried out by illegal organizations engaged in the market for illegal goods or services. p.8
Assault
A threat or an attempt to do violence to another person that causes that person to fear immediate physical harm. p.8
LO 2: Define crime and identify the different types of crime.
ALO 2: Crime is any action that is punishable under criminal statutes and considered an offense against. Therefore, alleged criminals are prosecuted by the state rather than by victims. Crimes are punishable by sanctions that bring about loss of personal freedom or, in some cases, fines. There are six groups of crimes: (a) violent crimes -- murder, rape, assault, battery, and robbery. (b) property crimes -- pocket picking, shoplifting, larceny/theft, burglary, and arson. (c) public order crimes -- public drunkenness, prostitution, gambling, and illicit drug use. (d) white-collar crimes -- fraud and embezzlement. (e) organized crime -- crime undertaken by a number of persons who operate their activities much as legal businesses do. (f) high-tech crime -- sabotage, fraud, embezzlement, and theft of proprietary data from computer systems, as well as cyber crimes, such as selling child pornography over the internet.
white-collar crime
Business related crimes. The term white-collar crime is broadly used to describe an illegal act or series of acts committed by in individual or business entity using some nonviolent means to obtain a personal or business advantage. p.8
integrated definition of crime
Crime is an action or activity that is ~Punishable under criminal law, as determined by the majority or, in some cases, by a powerful minority ~Considered as offense against society as a whole and prosecuted by public officials, not by victims and their relatives or friends ~Punishable by statutorily determined sanctions that bring about the loss of personal freedom p.7
Types of Cyber Crime 1 fig. 1.2 p.10
Cyber Crimes against Persons and Property ~Cyber Fraud: Any misrepresentation knowingly made over the internet with the intention of deceiving another person. ~Identity Theft: The appropriation of identity information, such as a person's name, driver's license, or Social Security number, to illegally access the victim's financial resources. ~Cyberstalking: Use of the internet, e-mail, or any other form of electronic communication to attempt to intimidate another person.
Types of Cyber Crime 3 fig. 1.2 p.10
Cyber Crimes against the Community ~Online Child Pornography: The illegal selling, posting, and distributing of material depicting children engaged in sexually explicit conduct. ~Online Gambling: The use of the internet to conduct gambling operations that would be illegal if carried out in the "real" world.
Types of Cyber Crime 2 fig. 1.2 p.10
Cyber Crimes in the Business World ~Hacking/Cracking: The act of employing one computer to gain illegal access to the information stored on another computer. ~Malware Production: The creation of programs harmful to computers, such as worms, Trojan horses, and viruses. ~Intellectual Property Theft: The illegal appropriation of property that results from intellectual, creative processes, such as films, video games, and software, without compensating its owners.
violent crimes are classified by degree
Depending on the circumstances surrounding the criminal act, they include the intent of the person committing the crime, whether a weapon was used, and (in cases other than murder), the level of pain and suffering experienced by the victim. p.8
Sexual Assault
Forced or coerced sexual intercourse (or other sexual acts). p.8
White-Collar Crime
Nonviolent crimes committed by business entities or individuals to gain a personal or business advantage. p.8
deviant acts become crimes
Only when society as a whole, through its legislatures, determines that those acts should be punished. p. 7
Criminal Law
Reflects those acts that we, as a society, agree are so unacceptable that steps must be taken to prevent them from occurring. p.7
Burglary
The act of breaking into or entering a structure (such as a home or office) for the purpose of committing a felony. p.8
Battery
The act of physically contacting another person with the intent to do harm, even if the resulting injury in insubstantial. p.8
Robbery
The act of taking property from another person through force, threat of force, or intimidation. p.8
Larceny
The act of taking property from another person with the use of force with the intent of keeping that property. p.8
public order crime
The concept of public order crimes is linked to the consensus model. Historically, societies have always outlawed activities that are considered contrary to public values and morals. p.8
high-tech crime
The internet, with approximately 1.5 billion users worldwide, is the site of numerous cyber crimes, such as selling pornographic materials, soliciting minors, and defrauding consumers through bogus financial investments. The dependence of a businesses on computer operations has left corporations vulnerable to sabotage, fraud, embezzlement, and theft of proprietary data. p.9
property crime
The most common form of criminal activity. The goals of the offender is some sort of economic gain or damaging of property. ~pocket picking, shoplifting , and the stealing of any property that is not accomplished by force are covered by laws against larceny, also known as theft. ~burglary refers to the act of unlawfully entering a structure with the intention of committing a serious crime, such as theft. ~motor vehicle theft describes the theft or attempted theft of a motor vehicle, including all cases in which automobiles are taken by persons not having lawful access to them ~arson is also a property crime: it involves the willful and malicious burning of a home, automobile, commercial building, or any other construction. p.8
Murder
The unlawful killing of one human being by another. p.8
various white-collar crimes (note that certain property crimes fall into this category when committed in a business context) p.8 *BRIBERY
~bribery, also known as influence peddling, occurs in the business world when somebody within a company sells influence, power, or information to a person outside the company who can benefit. p.9
various white-collar crimes (note that certain property crimes fall into this category when committed in a business context) p.8 *CONSUMER FRAUD
~consumer fraud -- This term covers a wide variety of activities designed to defraud consumers, from selling counterfeit art to offering "free" items, such as electronic devices or vacations, that include a number of hidden charges. p.9
various white-collar crimes (note that certain property crimes fall into this category when committed in a business context) p.8 *CREDIT-CARD & CHECK FRAUD
~credit-card and check fraud involves obtaining credit-card numbers through a variety of schemes (such as stealing them from the internet) and using the numbers for personal gain. Check fraud includes writing checks that are not covered by bank funds, forging checks, and stealing traveler's checks. p.9
various white-collar crimes (note that certain property crimes fall into this category when committed in a business context) p.8 *EMBEZZLEMENT
~embezzlement is a form of employee fraud in which an individual uses his or her position within an organization to embezzle, or steal, the employer's funds, property, or other assets. Pilferage is a less serious form of employee fraud in which the individual steals items from the workplace. p.9
organized crime traditional preferred markets
~gambling ~prostitution ~illegal narcotics ~loan sharking (lending funds at higher-than-legal interest rates) ~counterfeiting ~credit-card scams p.9
various white-collar crimes (note that certain property crimes fall into this category when committed in a business context) p.8 *INSURANCE FRAUD
~insurance fraud involves making false claims in order to collect insurance payments. Faking an injury in order to receive payments from a workers' compensation program, for example, is a form of insurance fraud. p.9
various white-collar crimes (note that certain property crimes fall into this category when committed in a business context) p.8 *MAIL & WIRE FRAUD
~mail and wire fraud -- This umbrella term covers all schemes that involve the use of mail, radio, television, the internet, or a telephone to intentionally deceive in a business environment. p.9
violent crimes dominate our perspectives on crime, there are 4 major categories of violent crimes
~murder, or the unlawful killing of a human being ~sexual assault, or rape, which refers to coerced actions of a sexual nature against an unwilling participant ~Assault and Battery, two separate acts that cover situations in which one person physically attacks another (battery) or, through threats, intentionally leads another to believe that he or she will be physically harmed (assault) ~Robbery, or the taking of funds, personal property, or any other article of value from a person by means of force or fear p.8
the most common public order crimes
~public drunkenness ~prostitution ~gambling ~illicit drug use These crimes are sometimes referred to as victimless crimes, because they often harm only the offender. p.8
various white-collar crimes (note that certain property crimes fall into this category when committed in a business context) p.8 *SECURITIES FRAUD
~securities fraud covers illegal activity in the stock market. Stockbrokers who steal funds from their clients are guilty of securities fraud, as are those who engage in insider trading, which involves buying or selling securities on the basis of information that has not been made available to the public. p.9
various white-collar crimes (note that certain property crimes fall into this category when committed in a business context) p.8 *TAX EVASION
~tax evasion occurs when taxpayers under-report (or do not report) their taxable income or otherwise purposely attempt to evade a tax liability. p.9
for general purposes, criminal behavior can be grouped into 6 categories
~violent crime ~property crime ~public order crime ~white-collar crime ~organized crime ~high-tech crime p.7
