CJ 250 -- Exam 2 Study Sheet [CH5-8]

Which courts have jurisdiction over cases of several types, including divorce, child custody, child support, alimony, adoption, property settlement, etc.?

Family Courts

There is new training for federal judges offered by the ________, the research and education arm of the federal judicial system.

Federal Judicial Center

The President's Commission gave rise to what has been called the ________ of prosecution in which the prosecutor's office marketed itself as a professional organization equipped to hold offenders accountable by obtaining guilty pleas or trial convictions, or in some cases diverting cases for treatment.

Felony Case Processor Model

Judges learn the ins and outs of their jobs informally. They begin with a period of ________ socialization, learning and adjusting to the new role over the short term.

Freshman

Which of the following performs actual trial work in the Federal system, and falls within the Criminal Division of the U.S. Justice Department?

U.S. Attorney

At the federal level, who is the head of the U.S. Department of Justice and chief law enforcement officer of the federal government?

U.S. Attorney General

In some large prosecutor's offices, several attorneys can be involved in a single case. Critics have claimed that having multiple prosecutors involved in the adjudication process is inefficient. In response, many jurisdictions have implemented what type of programs?

Vertical Prosecution

Most criminal work is conducted at the ________ level because this is where common law felonies and misdemeanors are tried.

County

Prior to the prosecution of Lori Drew in a ________ case, the federal computer crime statute had been used only in computer "hacking" cases.

Cyber-Bullying

Which county's drug court was the first to sentence drug offenders to judicially-supervised drug treatment?

Dade County, FL

Which of the following amounts to delaying criminal charges against a suspect until he or she fulfills some obligation?

Deferred Prosecution

One of the better known ________ programs is Brooklyn's popular Drug Treatment Alternative to Prison program.

Deferred Sentencing

Which amendment guarantees criminal defendants the right to trial by an impartial judge?

14th Amendment

Under the federal Juvenile Delinquency Act, a juvenile is a person who has not yet turned ________ years of age.

18

Beginning in the ________, the U.S. Supreme Court heard a number of important cases that dealt with juveniles' legal rights.

1960s

Until the presidency of Jimmy Carter (1977-1981), less than what percentage of district judges were female?

2%

Approximately what percent of juvenile cases result in detention of the juvenile in the early phases of the justice process?

20%

According to the Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts, as of 2012, associate justices earned in excess of:

213,900

In all states, a hearing must be held within ________ of juvenile detention in order to prevent arbitrary and unwarranted confinement.

24 hours

Of the 161 federal appeals court judges who were actively serving in the spring of 2013, how many were minorities?

36

What is the average age for district judges at their time of appointment?

49 Years of Age

Public opinion has been shown to influence judges' decisions. One study found that Supreme Court decisions matched up well with public opinion polls ________ % of the time.

63

Recent estimates indicate the presence of ________ drug treatment courts nationwide.

800

More than __________ % of state appellate court judges and nearly ________ % of state trial court judges are elected to their posts.

80; 90

By some estimates, there are more than ________ mentally ill offenders in America's prisons and jails.

A Quarter Million

Which refers to total immunity for a prosecutor from suit?

Absolute Immunity

Which of the following is NOT an informal qualification for candidates of the federal bench?

Corporate Board Membership

The ________'s Model Code of Judicial Conduct was adopted in 1972 and replaced the Canon of Legal Ethics, which was created some 50 years earlier.

American Bar Association

The time before a person becomes a judge is known as ________. It arms aspiring judges with much of the information they will need for their future job.

Anticipatory Socialization

Per ________, Section 2 of the Constitution, federal judges are appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate.

Article 2

In 1994, Congress passed the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, authorizing the ________ to fund drug courts across the country.

Attorney General

Some states attempt to follow a "________" approach of emphasizing public safety, individual accountability, and offender services.

Balanced & Restorative Justice

In which case did the Supreme Court agree with the defendant's argument that the prosecutor in the case acted vindictively and threatened the defendant's due process rights?

Blackledge v. Perry

Which theory of crime holds that serious crime will flourish if minor problems, including misdemeanors, are not taken seriously?

Broken Windows

Which of the following has developed a list of six principles and practices that make problem-solving courts different from traditional courts?

Center for Court Innovation

English ________ courts were created in the 15th century by the Lord High Chancellor to address cases that could not be decided in other common-law courts.

Chancery

From about 1850 to 1890, a group of reform-minded individuals known as ________ sought to improve the living conditions of poor urban children.

Child Savers

Which courts are more general in terms of the problems they target and the approaches they take to deal with problems, and emphasize partnering and problem-solving?

Community Courts

Which is an approach intended to improve cooperation and collaboration between prosecutors and individuals outside the criminal justice system?

Community Prosecution

In 1704, which colony became the first to use government attorneys as prosecutors, effectively abandoning private prosecution?

Connecticut

A document that includes recommendations concerning the juvenile's education, training, counseling, and support service needs is a(n):

Disposition Plan

Which is the chief local prosecutor at the county level?

District Attorney

Which refers to any number of informal or programmatic methods of steering offenders out of the criminal justice system?

Diversion

The failure of mandatory arrest and the uncertain effects of other methods of intervening in which situations have led to the creation of specialized courts to deal with these situations?

Domestic Violence

The most common features of a ________ include the non-adversarial approach, frequent drug and alcohol treatment, and a coordinated strategy to govern responses to participants' compliance.

Drug Court

Which of the following is NOT recognized as an effect on new Supreme Court justices?

Exclusion from Social Events Outside the Courtroom

Which of the following allows juvenile court judges to commit a juvenile to a correctional facility beyond the age of 18?

Extended Jurisdiction

Which arm of the U.S. Justice Department performs a security and background check to guide appointment decisions for all nominees to federal positions (not just judgeships)?

FBI

In this case, the Supreme Court decided that states must honor the Sixth Amendment right to counsel, ensuring that criminal defendants are to be represented by counsel in state criminal trials-not just federal trials.

Gideon v. Wainwright

The juvenile justice system has at its core a set of ________. This means that low-level offenses committed by first-time offenders are generally treated leniently with probation or some other form of community treatment.

Graduated Sanctions

In 1989, a Rhode Island law was passed which created the nation's first:

Gun Court

These courts differ most of all from traditional courts because instead of being used to process new offenses, they are used to resolve outstanding misdemeanor criminal warrants.

Homeless Courts

A(n) ________ is when a decision is made whether a case should enter the juvenile justice system or be terminated without further action.

Intake

The first dedicated juvenile court was founded in ________ in 1899.

Illinois

In which case was the 15-year-old defendant sentenced to six years in a juvenile reformatory for making a prank call?

In re Gault

In which case did the Supreme Court rule that the reasonable doubt standard is necessary in juvenile proceedings?

In re Winship

In alternative, or problem-solving courts, ________ stay involved in the cases from beginning to end.

Judges

The main actors in the federal judiciary are the men and women who serve as:

Judges

Which step in the juvenile justice process involves an adjudicatory hearing and the preparation of a disposition plan?

Judicial Decision

Which of the following refers to the standards and norms that bear on judges and covers such matters as how to maintain independence, impartiality, and avoid impropriety?

Judicial Ethic

The first Congress created the Office of Attorney General and the United States Attorneys through the:

Judiciary Act of 1789

The 1968 Juvenile Delinquency Prevention and Control Act was replaced in 1974 with the:

Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act

The term ________ refers to trying juveniles as adults.

Juvenile Waiver

A federal judge can be removed from the bench via:

Legislative Impeachment & Conviction

Which of the following is concerned solely with identifying judges who are qualified, intelligent, and who will do the job well?

Merit Selection

History makes it clear that the federal bench has attracted people from a fairly select demographic, usually the ________ and ________ classes.

Middle; Upper Middle

In 1832, which became the first state to include a constitutional provision providing for the election of prosecutors?

Mississippi

Many federal employees now earn ________ than/to federal judges.

More

In 1825, the Society for the Prevention of Pauperism created the ________, the first juvenile reformatory in America.

New York House of Refuge

Some practices, such as ________, have been implemented in response to the problems that can result from prosecutorial discretion.

No-Drop Prosecution

Political scientists have used this phrase to refer to unanimity in appellate court decisions-unanimity that occurs out of concern over strengthening the authority of the court.

Norm of Consensus

New York state's 30 different domestic violence courts share several features, including a(n) ________ who creates safety plans and coordinates housing, counseling, and other social services for victims.

On-Site Victim Advocate

Alternative courts are innovative community measures designed to reduce ________ in jails with already limited resources.

Overcrowding

Which of the following is a medieval doctrine that allowed the Crown to replace natural family relations whenever a child's welfare was at risk?

Parens Patriae

In this case, the defendant argued that the period between his plea and actual imposition of his sentence amounted to a period of "interim probation," that he was "sentenced" before actually receiving is sentence.

People v. Avery

Which of the following implemented the first "Protection from Abuse Court," in which one judge was responsible for all civil protection orders stemming from domestic violence?

Philadelphia

Roy Flemming identified three main political styles for prosecutors. Which of the following refers to those who change internal practices, but do so in a way that minimizes opposition?

Policy Reformer

The 1601 ________ was one of several laws introduced by the English parliament that reflected an increasingly compassionate attitude toward those that were victims of unfortunate circumstances.

Poor Law

Goldstein's concept of ________ was influential due to its concern with developing custom-tailored solutions to specific types of crime problems.

Problem-Oriented Policing

Several early-twentieth-century crime commission reports led to what has been called the ________ of criminal justice. Most members of these commissions were reformers who sought to remove corruption and political favoritism from the criminal process.

Progressive Era

Which of the following has been defined as the decision of a prosecutor to submit a charging document to a court, or to seek a grand jury indictment, or to decline to prosecute?

Prosecutorial Discretion

Which type of immunity attaches when prosecutors... 1) act as administrators or investigators & 2) make reasonable mistakes?

Qualified Immunity

Which of the following do NOT adjudicate new offenses? Instead, they provide support and services to offenders who are rejoining the community.

Reentry Courts

Which term often describes judges, as they are generally tasked with resolving any legal matter that comes before the court?

Triers of Law

Since 1984, federal judges have been allowed to retire with full pay and benefits under the so-called:

Rule of 80

Which was the first to implement a court focusing on assistance to the homeless in lieu of adjudication of new criminal offenses?

San Diego

The tendency of a president to defer the judgment of senators and local party leaders for appointment to lower courts is known as:

Senatorial Courtesy

Having a dedicated ________ court is advantageous because it requires that judges have specialized knowledge concerning these offenses, that coordination between the court and other stakeholder agencies occur, and that victim satisfaction is improved.

Sex Offense

One concern with specialized courts is that they are ________; treatment, individualized sentencing, judicial monitoring, etc., coddle offenders.

Soft on Crime

Who is in charge of representing the government in suits and appeals in the Supreme Court-and in all lower federal trial and appellate court cases where the interests of the U.S. Government are at stake?

Solicitor General

Which courts de-emphasized punishment and focused on helping returned veterans reenter society?

Special Veterans'

So-called ________, or problem-solving courts, include drug courts, domestic violence courts, and teen courts, among others.

Specialized Courts

________ juvenile courts are found in relatively few states. These courts have their own administration, staff, judges, and other personnel.

Stand-Alone

In Thompson v. Oklahoma, the Supreme Court concluded it would be cruel and unusual punishment to execute a juvenile who committed a capital crime when he was 15 years old. They reached the opposite conclusion in which case?

Stanford v. Kentucky

In ________, the defendant argued that his termination from a drug treatment program violated the Oklahoma constitution's separation of powers provision because the judge who terminated him from the program was a member of the treatment team.

State v. Alexander

A(n) ________ offense is conduct that is declared by statute to be an offense only if committed or engaged in by a juvenile.

Statutory

Which of the following refers to the lessons problem-solving courts have learned and to the changes they urge other public agencies to take?

Systemic Change

The prosecutor is the one who charges criminal suspects in the name of:

The Government

Which case highlighted the need for prosecutorial accountability when the prosecutor in the Duke University lacrosse rape case was disbarred after being found guilty of fraud, dishonesty, deceit, and making false statements?

The North Carolina State Bar v. Michael B. Nifong

The practice that amounts to seeing the law as a helping profession is:

Therapeutic Jurisprudence