CJ-Chapter6-Quiz2

discretion

To be fair, a sentencing scheme must allow the judge or jury _______ to shape sentences to fit individuals and their crimes.

racial disparity

According to Zatz, the issue of __________ in sentencing "may well have been the major research inquiry for studies of sentencing in the 1970s and 1980s."

young, unemployed, uneducated males

According to the research on disparity and sentencing, racial minorities are sentenced more harshly when the victim is ________________.

dangerousness and threat - those who were young and held in custody prior to trial

Auerhahn suggested that the offender's race and ethnicity would not have a direct effect on the length of the sentence. Rather, she hypothesized that harsher treatment would be reserved for African American and Hispanic defendants who more closely matched stereotypes of:

unconcious racism

Concerns about the changes in the racial/ethnic makeup of a community, coupled with stereotypes linking race and ethnicity to drug use and drug-related crime and violence, may lead to __________ among sentencing officials.

Fair Sentencing

Congress finally acted to reduce the crack/powder cocaine disparity under the _______________Act of 2010.

fourteenth

Differential treatment of interracial and intraracial sexual assaults continued even after passage of the ________Amendment, which outlawed explicit statutory racial discrimination

felonies

Most sentencing research examines the sentences imposed on offenders convicted of:

structured sentencing guidelines

Ojmarrh Mitchell's meta-analysis of published research on race and sentencing found a larger effect size in jurisdictions without _________________.

Asian Americans

Recent studies examining racial disparity in sentencing have included _______________ because of their popular image as "the model minority."

receive shorter sentences

Research comparing the sentences of illegal immigrants to U.S. citizens has found that illegal immigrants are more likely to be sentenced to prison, but are more likely to _____________________.

methodologically flawed

Reviews of sentencing studies from the 1930s through the 1960s found that most were:

simple bivariate

Sentencing studies from the 1930s through the 1960s usually used __________ statistical techniques.

less serious cases

Some researchers, building on Kalven and Zeisel's "liberation hypothesis," assert that African Americans will be sentenced more harshly than whites in:

social dynamite

Spitzer, for example, used the term "_________" to characterize that segment of the deviant population that is viewed as particularly threatening and dangerous.

hispanics

Steffensmeier and Demuth's study of race and sentencing in Pennsylvania revealed that ________________ had the highest likelihood of being incarcerated.

overt

Studies conducted from the 1930s through the 1960s generally concluded that racial disparities in sentencing reflected __________ racial discrimination.

liberation hypothesis

The __________ suggests that jurors deviate from their fact-finding mission in cases in which the evidence against the defendant is weak or contradictory.

low levels of

The numerous studies of racial disparity in sentencing conducted during the 1970s and 1980s are notable for their __________ theoretical and methodological sophistication.

war on drugs

The task of assessing the effect of race on sentencing is complicated by the _________, which critics contend has been fought primarily in minority communities.

two

There are _____ types of evidence of racial disparity in sentencing identified by the authors.

assembly-line justice

There is relatively little research testing for racial discrimination in the sentencing of individuals convicted of misdemeanor offenses. Because the lower courts where misdemeanor cases are handled usually have huge caseloads and informal, non-adversarial procedures for delivering what is often referred to as _______________, one might predict that the likelihood of racially disparate decisions would be even greater in these courts than in the more formal felony courts.

subtle racial discrimination

When racial disparity in sentencing occurs in some contexts, but not others, it is called:

Gender

_________________ is one example of a "process-related" factor that interacts with race to explain disparity in sentencing between minorities and whites.

Crime seriousness/prior criminal

____________________is a legally relevant factor that may very well be "race-linked".