CJ Final
How many regional courts of appeal are there in the United States?
12
What percentage of state inmates represent themselves at trial?
3%
How many states allow the use of videotaped testimony for child witnesses?
37
How many states have intermediate appellate courts?
39
About how many offenses are punishable by death under federal laws?
60
Approximately what percentage of federal cases are the result of guilty pleas?
90%
There are ________ federal judicial districts.
94
_______ takes into account the financial resources of the offender.
A day fine
Which of the following is a civil suit brought against federal government officials for denying the constitutional rights to life, liberty, or property without due process of law?
Bivens action
_______ describes the order of authority within a police department.
Chain of command
Why doesn't police response time result in a significant number of arrests?
Citizens do not report the event to the police until a considerable amount of time passes.
______ involves the suspension of criminal proceedings before sentencing and referral to a private agency.
Diversion
________ holds that evidence of an offense that is collected or obtained by law enforcement officers in violation of a defendant's constitutional rights is inadmissible for use in a criminal prosecution in a court of law.
Exclusionary rule
The current system to represent the indigent is always well-funded.
False
Which amendment guarantees against self-incrimination?
Fifth
The applicability of constitutional rights to all citizens, regardless of state law or procedure is guaranteed by the ________ Amendment.
Fourteenth
Unreasonable searches and seizures are prohibited by the ________.
Fourth Amendment
In ________ the U.S. Supreme Court recognized that evolving standards of decency might necessitate a reconsideration of whether the death penalty violated the Eighth Amendment.
Furman v. Georgia
In which of the following cases did the Court establish the standard of "objective reasonableness" under which an officer's use of deadly force could be assessed in terms of "reasonableness at the moment"?
Graham v. Connor
The plain-view doctrine was set out in ________.
Harris v. U.S.
Which of the following Supreme Court cases determined that "inadvertence" is no longer a necessary condition to ensure the legitimacy of seizure under the plain-view doctrine?
Horton v. California
________ is the collection and analysis of information to produce an intelligence end product designed to inform police decision making at both the tactical and strategic levels.
Intelligence-led policing
Who coined the phrase working personality of police officers?
Jerome Skolnick
In 2005, ________ was appointed Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court.
John G. Roberts
The ________ was a federal agency that provided huge amounts of funding for research in the 1960s and 1970s and established the tradition of scientific police management.
Law Enforcement Assistance Administration
Which Supreme Court ruling applied the principles developed in Weeks v. U.S. to trials in state courts?
Mapp v. Ohio
In which U.S. Supreme Court case was the Court's authority as the final interpreter of the U.S. Constitution established?
Marbury v. Madison
Which city contains the nation's largest law enforcement agency?
New York
____ is when law enforcement officers exercise choice while carrying out their duties.
Police discretion
________ profiling is known as any police action initiated on the basis of the race, ethnicity, or national origin of a suspect rather than on the behavior of that individual or on information that identifies the individual as being, or having been, engaged in criminal activity.
Racial
Which of the following is NOT one of the basic purposes of policing in democratic societies?
Respond Rapidly to all 911 calls
Which of the following U.S. Supreme Court cases specified the conditions under which deadly force could be used to apprehend a suspected felon?
Tennessee v. Garner
Which Supreme Court case set the standard for a "stop and frisk"?
Terry v. Ohio
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the U.S. Supreme Court?
The U.S. Supreme Court justices serve for eight years.
Jake and Mary are married and own their home. The police come to the house and ask for permission to search the house for drugs. Jake gives his consent to the search, but Mary says no because she has hidden some drugs in the kitchen. The police come in and search, over Mary's objection, since Jake said it was okay. They find Mary's drugs. Which of the following is legally correct in the ensuing trial?
The drugs cannot be used at Mary's trial because she did not consent to the search.
An indigent suspect charged with a misdemeanor for which he or she could be sentenced to a term of imprisonment has the constitutional right to be represented by counsel.
True
Defendants have the constitutional right to represent themselves.
True
Dying declarations and spontaneous statements are considered exceptions to the hearsay rule.
True
Peremptory challenges are limited in number.
True
Prosecutors are required to assist the defense in building its case by making available any evidence in their possession.
True
In which of the following cases did the Supreme Court recognize the need for emergency searches without a warrant?
Warden v. Hayden
Which U.S. Supreme Court made the exclusionary rule applicable to criminal prosecutions at the state level?
Warren Court
Which U.S. Supreme Court case was responsible for the creation of the exclusionary rule?
Weeks v. U.S
information provided to a judge about a defendant's background is usually provided in the form of ________.
a presentence investigation report
Probable cause is ________.
a set of facts that cause a reasonable person to believe that a person committed a specific crime
An officer's authority to detain occupants of a dwelling incident to the execution of a valid search warrant is ________.
absolute and unqualified
Barker and Carter describe acts of corruption that occur most often to further the organizational goals of law enforcement, as ________
abuse of authority
The ________ is a two-sided structure under which the American criminal trial court operates that pits the prosecution against the defense.
adversarial system
A writ of certiorari ___
allows appellate courts to review the record of a lower court case
The research reported in Enhancing Police Integrity, published by the Department of Justice, found that ________ is (are) important in shaping the ethics of police officers.
an agency's culture of integrity
Which of the following is an example of a biological weapon?
anthrax
A(n) ________ warrant is issued based on probable cause to believe that evidence of a crime, while not currently at the place described, will likely be there when the warrant is executed.
anticipatory
All of the following EXCEPT which are names used in place of "trial court of general jurisdiction"?
appellate court
A research project on female officers in Massachusetts found that female officers ________.
are extremely devoted to their work
Court-appointed defense attorneys, whose fees are paid at a set rate by local or state government, are also called ______
assigned counsel
Which of the following is NOT another name for a prosecuting attorney?
assigned counsel
One purpose of ________ is to help ensure the reappearance of the accused at trial.
bail
The most important form of prosecutorial discretion lies in the power to ________.
charge, or not to charge, a person with an offense
Who is responsible for swearing in witnesses?
clerk of court
The centralized model of state policing ________.
combines criminal investigations with patrol of state highways
Which of the following is an alternative to the cash bond system?
conditional release
Which of the following is an example of jury tampering?
contacting a sequestered jury
Who creates a record of all that occurs during the trial?
court reporter
The FBI operates one of the largest ________.
crime labs in the world
The information compiled, analyzed, and/or disseminated in an effort to anticipate, prevent, or monitor criminal activity is known as __
criminal intelligence
Which of the following is NOT a justification for emergency warrantless searches?
danger to property
The intentional use of a firearm or other instrument resulting in a high probability of death is known as ______
deadly force
The U.S. Supreme Court approved a two-step trial procedure for ________ in the case of Gregg v. Georgia
death penalty cases
A model of criminal punishment in which an offender is given a fixed term that may be reduced by good time or gain time is called ________ sentencing.
determinate
What is the primary purpose of any criminal trial?
determination of the defendant's guilt or innocence
What strategy is designed to increase the productivity of patrol officers through the application of scientific analysis and evaluation of patrol techniques?
directed patrol
Bob's wallet was stolen while eating lunch at the university cafeteria. When the man who stole his wallet was caught, Bob opted to resolve the case informally at a ________ staffed by volunteer mediators.
dispute-resolution center
The application of an amount or frequency of force greater than that required to compel compliance from a willing or unwilling subject is known as _____
excessive force
Which of the following terms refers to the issue of whether the defendant is actually responsible for the crime of which he or she stands accused?
factual guilt
If a defendant refuses to testify at trial, the prosecution can tell the jury this is an indication that the person is guilty.
false
At which stage of the hearing are defendants brought before a judge to possibly be afforded the opportunity for bail?
first appearance
Silverthorne Lumber Co. v. U.S. is responsible for describing what principle of Fourth Amendment processes?
fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine
Which the following is the primary sentencing tool of the just deserts model?
imprisonment
What goal of sentencing is sometimes referred to as the "lock 'em up approach"?
incapacitation
A sentence of 8 to 25 years under the supervision of the state department of correction is an example of ________ sentencing.
indeterminate
A formal written accusation submitted to the court by a grand jury, alleging that a specified person has committed a specified offense, usually a felony, is known as an ________.
indictment
A formal written accusation submitted to a court by a prosecutor, alleging that a specified person has committed a specified offense, is known as a(n) ______
information
Which of the following branches of a police organization is tasked with investigating charges of wrongdoing involving members of the department?
internal affairs
The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that ________ must decide the facts that lead to a death sentence.
juries, not judges
If state troopers were instructed to write a ticket for any motorist going 1 mph over the speed limit, one could argue that this department was operating under what style of policing?
legalistic
What method of execution is used in the majority of death-penalty states?
lethal injection
Three-strikes laws require ________ sentences.
mandatory
Which type of police corruption identified by the Knapp Commission involves the active seeking of illicit money-making opportunities by officers?
meat eating
Which of the following is NOT one of the goals of contemporary sentencing?
mitigation
Which era is said to have grown out of national concerns with terrorism prevention?
new era
Which of the following is NOT an alternative to bail?
nolo contendere
What type of plea is most similar to a guilty plea?
nolo contendere plea
When a defendant "stands mute" at his arraignment, he is considered to have entered a ________
not guilty plea
During a trial, the ________ stage happens before the ________ stage, but after the ________ stage.
opening statement; closing statement; jury selection
Which of the following refers to the lawful authority of a court to hear or to act on a case from its beginning and to pass judgment on the law and the facts?
original jurisdiction
The intentional making of a false statement as part of the testimony by a sworn witness in a judicial proceeding is called ________.
perjury
An officer knocks on the door of a suspected drug dealer, who invites the officer into the house. While in the kitchen, the officer notices a marijuana plant on the windowsill. The officer may legally seize the plant under the ________ doctrine.
plain-view
Of the following activities, which would be considered the lowest level of police corruption?
playing favorites
The abuse of police authority for personal or organizational gain is called _____
police corruption
The special responsibility to adhere to moral duty and obligation that is inherent in police work is known as _______
police ethics
The political era of American policing was characterized by ___
police serving the interests of politicians
The broken windows model of policing focuses on which element of the police mission?
preserving the peace
The Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment established that ________
preventive patrol does not affect citizens' fear of crime
A neighborhood resource officer asks residents to clean up litter, remove graffiti, and install better lighting in a nearby park that is known for extensive drug dealing. Such a request is characteristic of what type of policing?
problem-solving
The ________ system relies on full-time salaried staff.
public defender
Weapons, tire tracks, and fingerprints are examples of ________.
real evidence
What is the single most important criterion for determining the level of proof necessary for conviction in criminal trials?
reasonable doubt standard
Police-community relations (PCR) _______
recognizes that the police derive their legitimacy from the community they serve
Which of the following refers to the goal of criminal sentencing that attempts to make the victim "whole again"?
restoration
Which of the following is a just deserts perspective that emphasizes taking revenge on a criminal perpetrator or group of offenders?
retribution
Officers who have adopted the police working personality are often all of the following, EXCEPT ________.
secure
A jury that is isolated from the public has been ____
sequestered
A defendant would be entitled to counsel if she were too poor to afford an attorney in each of the following situations, EXCEPT if ________.
she were charged with a misdemeanor with a maximum penalty of a $1,000 fine
Which local law enforcement official is responsible for serving court papers, maintaining security within courtrooms, and running the county jail?
sheriff
Which of the following sentencing principles objectively holds that an offender's criminal history should be taken into account in sentencing decisions?
social debt
Which of the following is NOT part of the structure developed by states that follow the federal court model?
special-purpose courts
Which police strategy emphasizes an increased capacity to deal with crimes that are not well controlled by traditional methods?
strategic policing
A written order issued by a judicial officer requiring an individual to appear in court to give testimony is called a _____
subpoena
Which of the following officially notifies witnesses that they are to appear in court to testify?
subpoena
Semi-permanent assignment of officers to particular neighborhoods is called ________
team policing
The Innocence Protection Act of 2004 provides federal funds to help eliminate ____
the backlog of unanalyzed DNA samples
Who is the final arbiter of the actual sentence served in a state that relies on an indeterminate sentencing scheme?
the parole board
Which work group member has the responsibility of demonstrating to a jury that a defendant is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt?
the prosecutor
Which of the following is NOT a responsibility of a bailiff?
to cross-examine witnesses
What is the primary purpose of the preliminary hearing?
to give the defendant the opportunity to challenge the legal basis for his or her detention
Which of the following provides the first appellate level for courts of limited jurisdiction?
trial courts of general jurisdiction
A(n) ________ occurs when a case is retried on appeal, rather than simply being reviewed on the record.
trial de novo
All of the following are considered professionals in the courtroom work group, EXCEPT the ____
victim
Which policing style was in use when the Rodney King beating occurred in Los Angeles?
watchman
A recent study by the FBI found that most slain officers ________.
were good-natured and well-liked by the department
