CJ INTRO EXAM 2

qualified immunity

A doctrine that shields law enforcement officers from damages for civil liability so long as they have not violated an individual's statutory or constitutional rights.

U.S. Secret Service

A federal law enforcement organization with the primary responsibility of protecting the president, the president's family, the vice president, and other important political figures.

patronage system

A form of corruption in which the political party in power hires and promotes police officers and receives job-related "favors" in return.

bureaucracy

A hierarchically structured administrative organization that carries out specific functions.

affirmative action:

A hiring or promotion policy favoring those groups, such as women, African Americans, or Hispanics, who have suffered from discrimination in the past or continue to suffer from discrimination.

confidential informant (CI)

A human source for police who provides information concerning illegal activity in which he or she is involved.

Determine when police officers are justified in using deadly force.

A law enforcement agent is justified in using deadly force if she or he reasonably believes that such force is necessary to protect herself, himself, or a third party from serious harm or death. The key determination in such cases is whether the officer's use of deadly force was reasonable under the circumstances.

burnout

A mental state that occurs when a person suffers from exhaustion and has difficulty functioning normally as a result of overwork and stress.

blue curtain

A metaphorical term used to refer to the value placed on secrecy and the general mistrust of the outside world shared by many police officers.

computer-aided dispatch (CAD)

A method of dispatching police patrol units to the site of 911 emergencies with the assistance of a computer program.

directed patrol

A patrol strategy that is designed to focus on a specific type of criminal activity in a specific geographic area.

random patrol

A patrol strategy that relies on police officers monitoring a certain area with the goal of detecting crimes in progress or preventing crime due to their presence. Also known as general or preventive patrol.

probationary period

A period of time at the beginning of a police officer's career during which she or he may be fired without cause.

community policing

A policing philosophy that emphasizes community support for and cooperation with the police in preventing crime.

problem-oriented policing

A policing philosophy that requires police to identify potential criminal activity and develop strategies to prevent or respond to that activity.

incident-driven policing

A reactive approach to policing that emphasizes a speedy response to calls for service.

double marginality:

The double suspicion that minority law enforcement officers face from their white colleagues and from members of the minority community to which they belong.

cold hit

The establishment of a connection between a suspect and a crime, often through the use of DNA evidence, in the absence of an ongoing criminal investigation.

Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA):

The federal agency responsible for enforcing the nation's laws and regulations regarding narcotics and other controlled substances.

U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP)

The federal agency responsible for protecting U.S. borders and facilitating legal trade and travel across those borders.

U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)

The federal agency that enforces the nation's immigration and customs laws.

DNA fingerprinting

The identification of a person based on a sample of her or his DNA, the genetic material found in the cells of all living things.

discrimination:

The illegal use of characteristics such as gender or race by employers when making hiring or promotion decisions.

coroner:

The medical examiner of a county, usually elected by popular vote.

duty

The moral sense of a police officer that she or he should behave in a certain manner.

infrastructure:

The services and facilities that support the day-today needs of modern life, such as electricity, food, transportation, and water.

secondary policing

The situation in which a police officer accepts off-duty employment from a private company or government agency.

response time

The speed with which calls for service are answered.

ballistics

The study of firearms, including the firing of a weapon and the flight of a bullet.

internal affairs unit (IAU)

A division within a police department that receives and investigates complaints of wrongdoing by police officers.

clearance rate

A comparison of the number of crimes cleared by arrest and prosecution with the number of crimes reported during any given time period.

cold case

A criminal investigation that has not been solved after a certain amount of time.

Explain why differential response strategies enable police departments to respond more efficiently to 911 calls.

A differential response strategy allows a police department to distinguish among calls for service so that officers may respond to important calls more quickly. Therefore, a "hot" crime, such as a burglary in progress, will receive more immediate attention than a "cold" crime, such as a missing automobile that disappeared several days earlier.

differential response

A strategy for answering calls for service in which response time is adapted to the seriousness of the call.

professional model

A style of policing advocated by August Vollmer and O. W. Wilson that emphasizes centralized police organizations, increased use of technology, and a limitation of police discretion through regulations and guidelines.

intelligence-led policing

An approach that measures the risk of criminal behavior associated with certain individuals or locations so as to predict when and where such criminal behavior is most likely to occur in the future.

night watch system

An early form of American law enforcement in which volunteers patrolled their community from dusk to dawn to keep the peace.

Explain what an ethical dilemma is, and name four categories of ethical dilemmas that a police officer typically may face.

An ethical dilemma is a situation in which police officers do not know the right course of action, have difficulty doing what they consider to be right, and/or find the wrong choice very tempting.

civil rights violation

Any interference with a citizen's constitutional rights by a civil servant, such as a police officer.

Describe some of the benefits that female police officers bring to law enforcement:

Apart from bravery and prowess, female police officers seem to put citizens at ease and are therefore often more effective during service calls. Policewomen are also more likely to use verbal skills rather than force when placed in situations of potential violence, leading to fewer claims of brutality than is the case with their male counterparts.

reactive arrests

Arrests that come about as part of the ordinary routine of police patrol and responses to calls for service.

proactive arrests

Arrests that occur because of concerted efforts by law enforcement agencies to respond to a particular type of criminal behavior.

Explain community policing and its contribution to the concept of problem-oriented policing.

Community policing involves proactive problem solving and a community-police partnership in which the community engages itself along with the police to address crime and the fear of crime in a particular geographic area. By establishing a cooperative presence in a community, police officers are better able to recognize the root causes of criminal behavior there and apply problem-oriented policing methods when necessary.

hot spots

Concentrated areas of high criminal activity that draw a directed police response.

deadly force

Force applied by a police officer that is likely or intended to cause death.

Analyze the importance of private security today:

In the United States, businesses and citizens spend billions of dollars each year on private security. Heightened fear of crime and increased crime in the workplace have fueled the growth in spending on private security.

Explain how intelligence-led policing works and how it benefits modern police departments:

Intelligence-led policing uses past crime patterns to predict when and where crime will occur in the future. In theory, intelligence-led policing allows police administrators to use fewer resources because it removes costly and time-consuming "guesswork" from the law enforcement equation.

Describe how forensic experts use DNA fingerprinting to solve crimes.

Law enforcement agents gather trace evidence such as blood, semen, skin, and hair from the crime scene. Because these items are rich in DNA, which provides a unique genetic blueprint for every living organism, crime labs can create a DNA profile of the suspect and test it against other such profiles stored in databases. If the profiles match, then law enforcement agents have found a strong suspect for the crime.

Clarify the concepts of nondeadly force, deadly force, and reasonable force in the context of police use of force.

Nondeadly force is the amount of force that is required for police officers to carry out their duties. Deadly force refers to force that a police officer is aware will place a subject in direct threat of serious injury or death. In all cases of police use of force, such force is only legally justified if it is reasonable. That is, if a reasonable police officer in the given situation would find the degree of force necessary.

visa

Official authorization allowing a person to travel to and within the issuing country.

Identify the main advantage of a racially and ethnically diverse police force:

Particularly in communities that are themselves racially and ethnically diverse, police officers who are members of minority groups are often more easily able to communicate with citizens. This trust enables the officers to do a better job maintaining order, as well as solving and preventing crimes.

Explain why police officers are allowed discretionary powers.

Police officers are considered trustworthy and able to make honest decisions. They have experience and training. They are knowledgeable in criminal behavior. Finally, they must have the discretion to take reasonable steps to protect themselves. 8

field training:

The segment of a police recruit's training in which he or she is removed from the classroom and placed on the beat, under the supervision of a senior officer.

crime mapping

Technology that allows crime analysts to identify trends and patterns of criminal behavior within a given area.

Summarize the duties of the FBI:

The FBI has jurisdiction to investigate hundreds of federal crimes, including white-collar crime, kidnapping, bank robbery, and civil rights violations. The FBI is also heavily involved in combating terrorism and drug-trafficking operations in the United States and around the world. Finally, the agency provides support to state and local law enforcement agencies through its crime laboratories and databases.

police corruption

The abuse of authority by a law enforcement officer for personal gain.

forensics

The application of science to establish facts and evidence during the investigation of crimes.

stressors

The aspects of police work and life that lead to feelings of stress.

reasonable force

The degree of force that is appropriate to protect the police officer or other citizens and is not excessive.

List the three primary purposes of police patrol.

The deterrence of crime, the maintenance of public order, and the provision of services that are not related to crime.

Identify the differences between the police academy and field training as learning tools for recruits:

The police academy is a controlled environment where police recruits learn the basics of policing from instructors in classrooms. In contrast, field training takes place in the "real world": the recruit goes on patrol with an experienced police officer.

civil liability

The potential responsibility of police officers, police departments, or municipalities to defend themselves against civil lawsuits.

private security

The practice of private corporations or individuals offering services traditionally performed by police officers.

sheriff

The primary law enforcement officer in a county, usually elected to the post by a popular vote.

detective

The primary police investigator of crimes.

delegation of authority

The principles of command on which most police departments are based, in which personnel take orders from and are responsible to those in positions of power directly above them.

citizen oversight

The process by which citizens review complaints brought against individual police officers or police departments.

recruitment

The process by which law enforcement agencies develop a pool of qualified applicants from which to select new employees.

socialization

The process through which a police officer is taught the values and expected behavior of the police subculture.

police subculture

The values and perceptions that are shared by members of a police department and, to a certain extent, by all law enforcement agents.

Describe the process of socialization in police subculture.

This process occurs as inexperienced police officers are taught the values and rituals of police subculture. Such lessons come as a rookie officer works with a senior officer, uses force in making an arrest for the first time, and witnesses traumatic on-the-job incidents. Eventually, the socialization process creates a strong bond with other officers and possibly leads to mistrust of the civilian population.

List the four basic responsibilities of the police:

To enforce laws, to provide services, to prevent crime, and to preserve the peace.

Indicate some of the most important law enforcement agencies under the control of the Department of Homeland Security:

U.S. Customs and Border Protection, which polices the flow of goods and people across the United States' international borders and oversees the U.S. Border Patrol; U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, which investigates and enforces our nation's immigration and customs laws; and the U.S. Secret Service, which protects high-ranking federal government officials and federal property.

broken windows theory

Wilson and Kelling's theory that a neighborhood in disrepair signals that criminal activity is tolerated in the area. By cracking down on quality-of-life crimes, police can reclaim the neighborhood and encourage law-abiding citizens to live and work there.

Which of the following agencies is NOT a part of the Department of Homeland Security? a. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives b. Federal Emergency Management Agency c. U.S. Secret Service d. U.S. Coast Guard

a. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives

How do the U.S. Immigrations and Customs Enforcement (ICE) and U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) agencies differ? a. CBP keeps unauthorized persons and goods from crossing our borders, while ICE detains and removes persons and goods that are in the United States illegally. b. CBP partners with foreign countries to disrupt smuggling operations, while ICE enforces custom laws. c. CBP investigates persons who are in the United States illegally, while ICE deports immigrants who have entered the country illegally or overstayed their visas. d. CBP polices the flow of legal trade and travel across U.S. borders, while ICE enforces free trade regulations.

a. CBP keeps unauthorized persons and goods from crossing our borders, while ICE detains and removes persons and goods that are in the United States illegally.

Which agency is the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) a part of? a. Department of Justice b. Department of Homeland Security c. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) d. U.S. Marshals Service

a. Department of Justice

Which statement about sworn officers in the United States is true? a. Prior to 1968, police departments were more likely to hire an African American than a woman. b. About 10 percent of all police chiefs in the United States today are women. c. Women police officers are proportionately represented in most police departments today. d. Prior to 1968, African Americans represented about 10 percent of all sworn officers in the United States.

a. Prior to 1968, police departments were more likely to hire an African American than a woman.

According to the text, why is there a high demand for secondary policing? a. Public officers are more skilled than private security guards. b. Off-duty police have a stronger presence than private security guards. c. Public officers are more flexible than private security guards. d. Off-duty police have the authority to use force to stop a felony, whereas private security guards do not.

a. Public officers are more skilled than private security guards.

Which is an example of the patronage system? a. The mayor appoints a good friend, Alec, to the chief of police position in exchange for Alec's promise to support him in an upcoming election. b. Rosa applies for a low-salary position as a dispatcher based on the recruiter's promise that the experience will give her an advantage when the police department freeze is lifted. c. Emma, a police officer in the Mayfair Police Department, tells her friend Sacha about an opening in the department and agrees to give her a reference if she applies for a position. d. Marvin agrees to cover for Bart being late to work in exchange for $50 and the promise to cover for him in the future.

a. The mayor appoints a good friend, Alec, to the chief of police position in exchange for Alec's promise to support him in an upcoming election.

he duties of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) include primary responsibility for all of the following EXCEPT __________. a. investigating the illegal sale, possession, and use of firearms b. searching for children who have been kidnapped by a noncustodial parent c. identifying the victims of fires and airplane crashes d. providing homicide investigation to police departments with high violent crime rates

a. investigating the illegal sale, possession, and use of firearms

Factors influencing the growth of the private security industry include all of the following EXCEPT __________. a. pension reforms that have decreased the incomes of law enforcement officers b. crimes in the workplace such as shoplifting and employee theft c. the need to prevent unauthorized access to transportation hubs, power plants, and financial centers d. budget cuts in state and local police departments

a. pension reforms that have decreased the incomes of law enforcement officers

According to the text, what is the primary benefit of having a racially and ethnically diverse police force? a. to provide an accurate representation of the human resource talent in the united states b. to offer minority candidates equal employment opportunities c. to eliminate mistrust of police officers in general d. to improve the perceptions of law enforcement in racially and ethnically diverse communities

a. to provide an accurate representation of the human resource talent in the united states

Why have many police officers become proficient in emergency medical procedures? a. Most police departments require police officers to be just as proficient in providing emergency medical services as in enforcing crimes. b. As first responders, the police provide any necessary assistance until other agencies can provide these services. c. Many off-duty police officers moonlight as firefighters or private emergency medical services providers. d. Police officers share the duty to provide emergency medical services with fire departments and other emergency medical services providers.

b. As first responders, the police provide any necessary assistance until other agencies can provide these services.

Which of the following federal agencies is responsible for preventing counterfeit currency? a. U.S. Marshals Service b. U.S. Secret Service c. Department of the Treasury d. Federal Bureau of Investigation

b. U.S. Secret Service

Marisol is a candidate for a police officer position in a large metropolitan area. She should expect any of the following background checks and tests EXCEPT a(n) __________. a. credit check b. review of her email activity c. interview with her spouse d. psychological screening test

b. review of her email activity

Which is a minimum requirement for a police officer in most police departments in the United States? a. Born in the United States. b. Possess at least a two-year college degree. c. Be 21 years old or older. d. Have never been convicted of a crime.

c. Be 21 years old or older.

What is a consequence of applying the principles of intelligence-led policing to issues of terrorism? a. Federal law enforcement agencies have taken on many of the responsibilities of local law enforcement agencies. b. Federal law enforcement agencies now have authority over many local law enforcement agencies. c. Cooperation between federal and local law enforcement has increased. d. Local law enforcement agencies have taken on many of the responsibilities of federal law enforcement agencies.

c. Cooperation between federal and local law enforcement has increased.

Women make up about 30 percent of a police department in a mid-sized, racially diverse southwestern city. Despite a higher-than-national average percentage of women on the force, the police department is actively recruiting women to join the department. What is the most likely reason for its recruitment of women? a. It believes there is no difference between the skills of policewomen and policemen. b. It wants the makeup of the police department to reflect the demographics of the community. c. It believes policewomen possess unique skills that make them more effective than men in some situations. d. It believes policewomen are as physically capable as policemen.c. It believes policewomen possess unique skills that make them more effective than men in some situations.

c. It believes policewomen possess unique skills that make them more effective than men in some situations.

How has the mission of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) changed since 2001? a. It shifted its focus from crime control to crime prevention. b. It focuses on crimes that cross international borders rather than domestic crimes. c. It shifted its focus from law enforcement to national security. d. It focuses on predicting crime patterns rather than crime enforcement and investigation.

c. It shifted its focus from law enforcement to national security.

What did a survey by researchers Jack Greene and Carl Klockars reveal about the Wilmington (Delaware) Police Department? a. The police spent almost about two-thirds of their time enforcing crimes and the remainder split between providing services to the community and preventing crimes. b. The police split their time almost evenly between enforcing laws and preventing crime. c. The police spent about half of their time enforcing laws and the other half providing services to the community. d. The police spent roughly the same amount of time on enforcing laws, providing services, and preventing crime.

c. The police spent about half of their time enforcing laws and the other half providing services to the community.

Field training gives police recruits the opportunity to __________. a. complete an in-house training program in a controlled, militarized environment b. learn the requisite skills of a police officer on the job rather than in a classroom c. apply concepts learned in a police academy under the supervision of a training officer d. learn specialized skills to qualify for special assignments

c. apply concepts learned in a police academy under the supervision of a training officer

Which is an example of the police using their power of arrest to preserve the peace? a. arresting a woman who purchased alcohol for a minor b. arresting a man who has stabbed his wife c. arresting a street protester who has attracted a loud and angry crowd d. arresting an intoxicated person walking home from a bar

c. arresting a street protester who has attracted a loud and angry crowd

Double marginality is a situation in which a minority police officer __________. a. discriminates against members of his or her own race or ethnicity b. gives preferential treatment to members of his or her own race or ethnicity c. is viewed with suspicion by both other police officers and members of his or her own minority group d. is considered a traitor by members of his or her own race or ethnicity for enforcing the law against members of that race or ethnicity

c. is viewed with suspicion by both other police officers and members of his or her own minority group

Female police applicants can overcome one of the major obstacles to a woman being hired by a police department by __________. a. forming a relationship with a higher-level officer to mentor them b. specializing in a skill such as intelligence gathering that does not rely on physical strength c. undergoing physical training prior to the entry-level physical ability tests d. asking the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to intervene on their behalf

c. undergoing physical training prior to the entry-level physical ability tests

Which statement about private security is true? a. Most police departments prohibit off-duty police officers working as security. b. Security guards typically have training similar to a law enforcement agent. c. In most states, security guards are not authorized to use force. d. The main purpose of private security is to deter crime.

d. The main purpose of private security is to deter crime.

Despite active recruitment of African Americans, many police departments today have been unable to hire more African Americans for all of the following reasons EXCEPT a low number of African American __________. a. candidates who pass background checks b. applicants c. candidates who pass written exams d. candidates who want to work in predominantly white communities

d. candidates who want to work in predominantly white communities

The main benefit of intelligence-led policing to contemporary police departments is that it allows police departments to use technology to __________. a. sharpen the art of policing b. capture criminals c. gain meaningful interactions with the public d. collect data to predict crime patterns

d. collect data to predict crime patterns

In which era was the professional model of policing introduced? a. intelligence-led era b. community era c. political era d. reform era

d. reform era

The four types of ethical dilemmas involve

discretion, duty, honesty, and loyalty.