CJS Midterm (1-8)

What type of search occurs when an officer pats down the clothing of someone on the streets because the officer has reasonable suspicion of dangerous criminal activity?

a stop-and-frisk search

The plain view doctrine tells us that officers may examine and use as evidence, without ___________, contraband or evidence that is in open view at a location where they are legally permitted to be.

a warrant

A set of emotional and behavioral characteristics developed by members of an occupational group in response to the work situation and environmental influences is called _____________.

a working personality

Which of the following is NOT one of three categories of police functions? a.sentencing b.service c.order maintenance d.law enforcement

a.sentencing

What are the four codes of law on which the American criminal justice system is built?

administrative law, case law, constitutional law, statutory law

Sting operations, firearms confiscation, raids on crack houses, programs that encourage citizens to list their valuables, and the tracking of high-risk parolees are examples of what type of patrolling?

aggressive patrolling

Which of these best describes the American dual court system?

separate systems for state-level and national crimes

Many police actions fall under the Fourth Amendment because they involve _______________.

searches, seizures, and warrants

Ten years after the 9/11 attack, what percentage of Americans believed that it was necessary to sacrifice some civil liberties to gain a greater sense of security?

40 percent

Research found that _____ of felonious criminals in the largest counties in America were African American, while that racial group comprised only _____ of county populations.

45 percent; 14 percent

In 2015, what percentage of female victims of violent crimes were attacked by intimates or acquaintances?

60 percent

Because we cannot compile a single, complete document that provides all the details of criminal law, we continue to rely on four sources of law: constitutions; statues, court decisions (also known as case law), and _____________.

Administrative regulations

Which figure representing crime rates per 100,000-residents is NOT accurate?

Auto thefts in Sweden occurred at a rate of 126 per 100,000 residents.

Which statements about the foundations of law is not true? A. Laws indicate what is and is not legal, and how crimes should be punished. B. Judges and members of Congress shape society through the creation of laws. C. Elected officials, like presidents, have the power to punish individuals they dislike. D. After 9/11, some legal experts advocated for a reduction in rights to fight terrorism.

C. Elected officials, like presidents, have the power to punish individuals they dislike.

______________ believe that solutions will come from stricter enforcement of the law through the expansion of police forces and the enactment of laws that require swift and certain punishment of criminals. a. Liberals b. Psychologists c. Independents d. Conservatives

D

Which of these is not among the four-pronged focus of victimology? A. What is the impact of crime? B. What happens to victims in the criminal justice system? C. Who is victimized? D. What role do criminals play in causing crimes?

D. What role do criminals play in causing crimes?

What type of stress produces real threats and dangers, such as the need to enter a dark, unfamiliar building, to respond to "man with a gun" alarms, and to chase lawbreakers at high speeds?

External

Which percentage of Americans who fear specific crimes is incorrect?

Fear of being the victim of identity theft = 74 percent

________________ are serious crimes for which the guilty serve time in prison, while ____________ are less serious crimes that are punishable by jail time, fines, probation, or other types of sanctions.

Felonies; misdemeanors

Why are criminal defendants not required to testify?

Fifth Amendment protections

Technology and software used by police departments that can analyze hot spots, crime trends, and other crime patterns with a level of previously unavailable sophistication and precision is referred to as what kind of technology?

GIS

__________________ is an approach to policing, in conjunction with concerns about homeland security, that emphasizes gathering and analyzing information to be shared among agencies in order to develop cooperative efforts to identify, prevent, and solve problems.

Intelligence-led policing

Training for use of force encounters with criminals is important and occurs on the state, federal, and international levels. What is the name of the organization through which countries cooperate in investigating crimes, especially situations in which lawbreakers have crossed international borders or participated in multicountry criminal activities?

Interpol

Who describes a patrol officer's role as "unlike that of any other occupation . . . one in which subprofessionals, working alone, exercise wide discretion in matters of utmost importance (life and death, honor and dishonor) in an environment that is apprehensive and perhaps hostile"

James Q. Wilson

The Customs Border Patrol instructs its personnel to consider six categories of factors in determining if suspicion exists to justify searching a traveler at a border crossing or an airport. Which category did the video depict?

K-9 signaling

The Supreme Court case ___________ provided an allowance for police to make warrantless searches when they cause the exigent circumstances used to justify the searches

Kentucky v. King

_____________ are offenses that are against the law, but are not necessarily wrong, while ___________ are offenses that are both against the law and wrong.

Mala prohibita; mala in se

Which of these is the best description of the General Theory of Strain?

Negative experiences lead to strain, which causes negative relationships and leads to negative emotions and, by extension, criminal behavior.

__________________ defines actions that the government can punish.

Substantive criminal law

______________ is concerned with the identifying the illegal actions that can be punished via the criminal justice system, while ____________ is concerned with how laws are enforced, and _________ is concerned with business deals, contracts, real estate, and property.

Substantive criminal law; procedural criminal law; civil law

Government officials' interference with an individual's freedom of movement for a duration that typically lasts for a limited number of minutes and only rarely exceeds one hour is referred to as _______________.

a stop

________________ criminology views criminal behaviors as being caused by biological, psychological, and social factors, and sees punishment as most effective when it is tailored to the offender. ______________ criminology views criminal behavior as coming directly from free will, and sees the need for severe punishments to deter future crime.

Positivist; Classical

The ____ Amendment provides the right to counsel, a fair and speedy trial, and an impartial jury of peers, while the ____ Amendment protects against unreasonable searches and seizures.

Sixth; Fourth

What is the most controversial antiterrorism legislation enacted by the U.S. Congress?

The Patriot Act

Doing justice" requires upholding the rights of individuals and punishing those who violate the law. This reflects American values and appears in_____________________.

The U.S. Constitution

____________, a federal statute passed in the aftermath of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, broadens government authority to conduct searches and wiretaps and that expands the definitions of crimes involving terrorism.

The USA Patriot Act

Which of the following is NOT an aspect of victimology?

What police procedures are in place to deter crime?

Police forces attempt to make sure that the profiles of their officers align with their cities' inhabitants. In cities of more than 1 million inhabitants, nearly 18 percent of officers are __________.

Women

_______ argue that stronger crime control measures endanger the values of due process and justice. a. Liberals b. Psychologists c. Libertarians d. Conservatives

a

Policies developed through guidance from research studies that demonstrate which approaches are most useful and cost-effective for advancing desired goals are known as ___________.? a. societal-based practices b. evidence-based practices c. customary practices d. belief-based practices

b

Priorities and actions developed by government to use public resources as a means to deal with issues affecting society are known as ___________. a. constitution b. public policy c. criminal justice d. law enforcement

b

What is crime? a. A specific explanation of how criminals select their victims and how victims attract criminals. b. A specific act of commission or omission in violation of the law, for which the punishment is prescribed. c. A specific act of an individual that harms another individual . d. A field of criminology that examines the impact of criminal behavior.

b

________________ are serious crimes usually carrying a penalty of incarceration for more than one year, probation, or intermediate sanctions. a. Statuses b. Felonies c. Misdemeanors d. Batteries

b

Crime and justice are considered what type of issues in the United States? a. social media issues b. police issues c. public policy issues d. personal issues

c

Laws in the United States begin with the premise that all people ______________. a. can commit crimes b. have free will c. have rights d. are guilty

c

What is the dark figure of crime? a. A metaphor of the shadowy criminal depicted in criminal illustrations. b. A metaphor referring to the majority crimes committed at night. c. A metaphor referring to the significant yet undefined extent of crime that is never reported to the police. d. A metaphor of the men who commit most crimes.

c

What school of criminology views behavior as stemming from free will, demands responsibility and accountability of all perpetrators, and stresses the need for punishments severe enough to deter others?

classical criminology

Which of the following is NOT a distinct style of policing found by James Q. Wilson in the communities he studied?

community

Whom among these does not have a direct relationship with prosecuting attorneys? A. defense lawyers B. community influentials C. corrections officers D. police agents

corrections officers

Police technology addresses situations that have been occurring since the dawn of society, such as dealing with unruly or inebriated individuals. It also addresses emerging crimes such as identity theft and cybercrimes. Who uses ransomware?

criminal hackers

Which of the following is NOT currently a type of weapon technology used by the police or being developed for them?

cryogenic immobilizers

According to the ____________ model of the criminal justice system, freedom is so important that every effort must be made to repress crime; it emphasizes efficiency, speed, finality, and the capacity to apprehend, try, convict, and dispose of a high proportion of offenders. a. crime bond b. social control c. social bond d. crime control

d

Which of the following is true about crime in America? a. Crime rates are decreasing and Americans are not fearful of crime. b. Crime rates are increasing and Americans are fearful of crime. c. Crime rates are increasing and Americans are not fearful of crime. d. Crime rates are decreasing and Americans are fearful of crime.

d

Police ______________ involves a decision-making process whereby the officer on what course of action to take (warning, citation, arrest, etc.).

discretion

Police officers deciding how to handle a crime situation, prosecutors deciding which charges to file, judges deciding how long a sentence will be, and parole boards deciding when an offender will be released from prison are examples of what characteristic of the criminal justice system?

discretion

What are the three main goals of the American criminal justice system?

doing justice, controlling crime, preventing crime

What classification of crime is punishable by incarceration for more than one year in prison, or the death penalty?

felony

A body of citizens that determines whether the prosecutor possesses sufficient evidence to justify the prosecution of a suspect for a serious crime is called a _______________ ?

grand jury

What type of crime uses other people's credit card numbers and social security numbers to secure fraudulent loans and steal money and merchandise?

identity theft

Which style of policing focuses on law enforcement focuses and professionalism?

legalistic

Crimes that are prohibited by the government yet are not wrong in themselves are called ___________________.

mala prohibita

What type of crime involves a network of activities, usually cutting across state and national borders, that range from legitimate businesses to shady deals with labor unions to providing "goods"—such as drugs, sex, and pornography—that cannot be obtained legally?

organized crime

The __________ of the police chief and city officials promote more or less discretion.

policies

Judges create law when they rule on specific cases. These rulings, also known as _______________, establish legal principles to be used in making decisions on similar cases.

precedents

Reliable information indicating that evidence will likely be found in a specific location or that a specific person is likely to be guilty of a crime is called what?

probable cause

Reliable information indicating that evidence will likely be found in a specific location, or that a specific person is likely to be guilty of a, crime is called ________.

probable cause

What element must be present before a warrant can be issued?

probable cause

What is the standard developed for determining whether a government intrusion of a person or property constitutes a search because it interferes with individual interests that are normally protected from government intrusion?

reasonable expectation of privacy

What term best describes a police officer's belief, based on articulable facts, that criminal activity is taking place, so that intruding on an individual's reasonable expectation of privacy is necessary?

reasonable suspicion

Which of the following terms does NOT refer to a person who is unable to control impulses, cannot learn from experience, and does not feel emotions?

recidivist

More than 12,000 law enforcement agencies in the United States use this type of weapon, which is featured in the video.

taser

New developments in law enforcement technology and strategies address crimes and circumstances that reflect today's society. Today, there's a need not only for new weapons, but also for new strategies to address new trends in crime. Centers run by states and large cities that analyze and facilitate sharing of information to assist law enforcement and homeland security agencies in preventing and responding to crime and ___________ are called fusion centers.

terrorism threats

Which constitutional amendment addresses the right to counsel, to a speedy and public trial, and to an impartial jury?

the Sixth Amendment

Conflicts between fairness and policy are often decided by whom?

the officer on the scene

Although the police uniform, badge, gun, and nightstick are symbols of position and power, what determines whether people will defer to an officer?

the officer's demeanor and behavior