Class 2: Diversity

What is power distance (Hofstede)?

Willingness to accept social inequality as natural

What is uncertainty avoidance (Hofstede)?

the degree to which a society tolerates risk and uncertainty

What is femininity (Hofstede)?

Indicates little differentiation between male and female roles; a high rating indicates that women are treated as the equal of men in all aspects of society.

What are the characteristics of generations Y and Z?

- Digital; fast learners, process a lot of information, parallel processing - Lower loyalty, commitment - job security is less important, want to enjoy life - anchor is CV (not job security) - Want skills - seen as opportunistic - Questions, want an explanation, feedback, being noticed - Dislikes supervision, instructions - [empower them] - Short attention span - bored with a long process - Like groupwork (solid connections) - Expect quick promotion [move them sideways] - Projects, variety, (like flexible hours, telecommuting, fitness, childcare) - speed (let them manage time) - Want change, challenges [job rotation, side projects]

What are prejudice and stereotyping (diversity concepts)?

A prejudice is an opinion - usually an unfavorable one - that was formed before having any evidence and that is not based on reason or experience. While a stereotype is an overgeneralized thought about a person or group of people, a prejudice relates to feelings and attitudes about that person or group of people. Prejudices are often rooted in the idea that certain types of people are worthless or are less capable than others.

What is self-efficacy?

Beliefs and expectations of one's ability to meeting job demands in a wide variety of situations. High efficacy = more confidence Low efficacy = Feeling of inefficiency, doubts about performance). Self-efficacy is based on prior experience, assessment of ability, modelling others, etc.

What is masculinity (Hofstede)?

Describes the extent to which the culture favors traditional masculine work roles of achievement, power, and control.

What is collectivism (Hofstede)?

Giving priority to the goals of one's group and defining one's identity accordingly

What is the difference between internal and external locus of control?

Internal LoC is when you believe you are in charge of your own life and your own environment. You believe that your successes are down to your hard work and the decisions that you make. You take personal responsibility for your failures. External LoC is when you believe that outside influences shape your life. Your successes and failures are due to force like 'luck', 'fate, 'chance' and the actions of other people in more powerful positions.

What is the difference between indulgence and restraint (Hofstede)?

Relates to happiness, leisure, control over one's life, enjoy life, have fun. Indulgence: Freedom of expression, leisure, higher birthrates, sport, obesity. E.g. Venezuela, Mex, Puerto Rico, Nigeria, SWE .. NZ, AUS... DEN Restrain: Fewer happy people, helplessness, higher police presence. E.g. Egypt, former Soviet (Lat, Ukr, Belarus...), Asia, Muslim world.

What is social identity and social categorization (in-group and out-group)?

Social identity is a person's sense of who they are based on their group membership(s). In-group = is a group of people who identify with each other. Out-group = is a group of people who do not identify with each other.

What is induvidualism (Hofstede)?

The degree to which people prefer to act as an individual rather than as members of groups.

What is Machiavellianism?

The degree to which someone uses power manipulatively. It is a personality trait which sees a person so focused on their own interests they will manipulate, deceive, and exploit others to achieve their goals.

What is inclusion?

The degree to which the culture values and respects diversity and is open to anyone who can perform a job, regardless of their diversity attributes.

What is locus of control?

The extent to which individuals believe how much control they have over their lives.

What is self-monitoring?

The extent to which people base their behavior on cues from others and situations.

What is dogmatism?

The tendency to lay down principles as incontrovertibly true, without consideration of evidence or the opinions of others.

What is the difference between a Type A and Type B personality?

Type A: Impatient, aggressive, forceful, perfectionist, devoted to work, ambitious, extremely competitive, time urgency, self-imposed pressure, speaks rapidly, hurry others. Racing the clock Type B: Less competitive, easy going, weaker sense of urgency, less likely to have conflict, balanced, relaxed approach to life, works at constant pace.

What is long-term orientation and short-term orientation?

is whether a culture are focused on the future or the present/past.