Class Questions

The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) has two major subdivisions: the somatic portion and the motor portion.

False

The hypothalamus, located in the third ventricle, plays a crucial role in the reception and distribution of sensory information.

False

The response after stepping on a thumbtack would only be an ipsilateral reflex.

False

Which of the following is an example of an autonomic reflex?

Pupillary Reflex

Select the correct order of the reflex arc:

Receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, effector

Which neuroglial cell does not belong to the central nervous system?

Schwann cell

What is the difference between oligodendrocytes and schwann cells?

Schwann cells are a part of the PNS, oligodendrocytes are a part of the CNS, Oligodendrocytes can wrap around multiple neurons, Schwann cells are committed to only one neuron

Which of the following nerves generally "speed up" body activities?

Sympathetic

Which division of the autonomic nervous system is known as the fight or flight system?

Sympathetic Nervous System

Which of the following is an example of a non-encapsulated receptor?

Tactile (Merkel) Discs

How do Schwann cells differ from oligodendrocytes?

The main difference between Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes is their location. Oligodendrocytes produce the myelin sheath around axons in the CNS whereas Schwann cells produce this sheath in the PNS.

If the facial nerve is damaged after being struck in the face, what symptoms might the patient present with?

The main symptom of facial nerve damage is facial paralysis which may include lower eyelid drooping, inability to close the eyelid, sagging of the corners of the mouth, and difficult speaking and eating.

Why does white matter appear lighter than gray matter?

The myelinated axons in the white matter reflect light

Fasciculi are bundles of nerve tracts associated with

The white matter of spinal cord

A bundle of axons in the CNS are called what?

Tracts

An action potential is usually initiated at the junction of the axon hillock and initial segment therefore, this region is also referred to as the trigger zone.

True

When testing the stretch reflex when the subject is fatigued, he/she will have a less vigorous response

True

The axon hillock contains what kind of ion channels?

Voltage gated sodium channels

____________ forms the outer region of the spinal cord and is composed of myelinated and nonmyelinated axons organized into tracts.

White matter

What is referred pain?

a sensory experience in which pain is perceived as arising in one area of the body when another area is receiving the painful stimulus

The parasympathetic nervous system consists of a long preganglionic fiber and a short postganglionic fiber.

false

interoceptors consist of simple cutaneous receptors in the skin.

false

What type of reflex is the gag reflex?

cranial nerve reflex

What type of neuroglia has cilia?

ependymal cells

Running a probe on the bottom of someones foot will cause what reflex?

plantar reflex

What is the brains ability to determine which portion of the skin has been touched?

tactile localization

Transduction is the process by which environmental stimuli change into nerve impulses that are relayed to the CNS.

true

What is the name of the glial cells that act as phagocytes to aid in protecting the neurons of the CNS?

Microglia

Which of the following statements is true?

Most reflexes travel only to the spinal cord

Which of the following neurons are rare and only found in the ear, eye, and olfactory mucosa?

Bipolar neuron

Interoceptors:

Are found in internal organs

The __________ has two major functional subdivisions: the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.

Autonomic nervous system

The end of the axon where it contacts a target is called the ____

Axon terminal

After damage to which portion of the brain would a person not be able to survive?

Medulla Oblongata

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

31 pairs

How many neural canal regions are there in an adult brain?

5

If the rubrospinal tract is damaged, what symptoms might the patient present with?

A function of the rubrospinal tract is to control flexor muscles and regulate muscle tone therefore damage to this area may result in difficulty of coordinated movements and hand tremors.

What is the cauliflower shaped structure on the posterior side of the brain?

Cerebellum

Exteroceptors are found ______

Close to the body surface

Which of the following is NOT a real reflex?

Crossed-Flexor Reflex

The thalamus is part of the ________ and is responsible for ________

Diencephalon; relaying information to the cerebral cortex

The ANS is split into the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. What is the difference between neurotransmitters that are released in each?

In the parasympathetic nervous system, pre and postganglionic axons release acetylcholine. In contrast, preganglionic axons release acetylcholine whereas most postganglionic axons release norepinephrine. Axons that are involved in serving sweat glands and blood vessels of skeletal muscles release acetylcholine.

The hypothalamus produces hormones and is connected to the pituitary gland by the

Infundibulum

The autonomic nervous system is also known as the (voluntary/involuntary) nervous system.

Involuntary

The resting membrane potential

Is usually about -70mV in nervous tissue. Is defined as the difference in ion concentration between the intracellular and extracellular space. Depends on the chemicals sodium and potassium. (All of the above)

What type of neuroglia form the myelin sheath in the CNS?

Oligodendrocytes

Which cells of the PNS perform a similar function in the CNS as the Schwann cells?

Oligodendrocytes

Which of the following is true?

PSNS has long preganglionic axons, and the SNS has short preganglionic axons

Where are action potentials generated in a cell and what is the name of the zone?

axon hillock, trigger zone

How many enlargements are on the spinal cord? And what are their names?

cervical and lumbar enlargement.

A sensory experience in which pain is perceived as arising in one area of the body when in fact it is receiving the painful stimulation in another area.

referred pain

Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems serve the____organs, but have____effects

same, different