classical conditioning 100%

During the process of classical conditioning, the neutral stimulus (NS) is converted into the __________. A. conditioned stimulus B. conditioned response C. unconditioned stimulus D. unconditioned response

a

How does advertising use classical conditioning to help sell products? A. It trains people to associate the product with positive emotions. B. It uses more animals in the advertisements of the products being sold, which pleases most people. C. It eliminates the negative aspects of products from commercials. D. It appeals only to logic and intellect, and never to emotional content.

a

Read the scenario below and answer the question that follows. Molly and Mark are new parents. Their daughter Alvina often cries when she is uncomfortable. Each time Alvina cries, her parents give her a stuffed rabbit. Eventually, Alvina looks at the rabbit and cries because she associates the rabbit with being uncomfortable. What is the conditioned stimulus (CS) in this scenario? A. the rabbit B. Alvina being uncomfortable C. Alvina's parents D. Alvina getting hungry

a

Which of the following represents the initial stage of learning in the process of conditioning? A. acquisition B. generalization C. discrimination D. stimulus contiguity

a

Which two stimuli did John B. Watson associate in his infamous "Little Albert" experiment? a white lab rat and the boy's mother fear and a loud noise a white lab rat and a loud noise fear and the boy's mother

a white lab rat and a loud noise

Edward spends a lot of time studying for his exams. He usually takes practice exams when he studies. During his study time, he drinks a lot of soda and coffee. When he takes his actual exams in class, he is frequently bothered by a strong urge to have soda or coffee. What is the conditioned response (CR) in this scenario? A. spending time studying B. taking practice exams C. craving soda and coffee D. drinking soda and coffee

c

What did Pavlov initially notice about the animals in his original research after conditioning took place? A. They could not smell their food if it was cold. B. They would only eat when he was feeding them. C. They refused to eat food out of a strange dish. D. They salivated even when food was not present.

d

Which learning process occurs when the same response happens in reaction to many similar stimuli? A. acquisition B. discrimination C. extinction D. generalization

d

Classical conditioning has an effect only when the subject is not aware it is occurring. t/F?

f

Behaviors never come back once they have been extinguished. t/f?

false

Classical conditioning occurs when the unconditioned stimulus evokes a response from a neutral stimulus. t/f?

false

Conditioning occurs when two events that usually go together become associated with each other. t/f?

false

Higher-order conditioning occurs when a conditioned response acts as an unconditioned response. t/f?

false

Once a conditioned behavior is extinguished, it can no longer appear again. t/f?

false

When Ivan Pavlov observed evidence of classical conditioning, he was studying the __________. intestines and digestive process of dogs effects of cold on soldiers during wartime growth of fungus in a sterile environment behavior of lab rats raised in isolation

intestines and digestive process of dogs

A neutral stimulus causes no response. t/f?

true

When a response becomes generalized, then someone will react to things that remind them of the first stimuli that caused a response.t/f?

true

Which of the following is considered a naturally occurring behavior that does not have to be learned? conditioned response reconditioned stimulus unconditioned response neutral stimulus

unconditioned response

Describe the experiment in which Ivan Pavlov first confirmed the existence of classical conditioning.

Responses may vary but should include some or all of the following information: Ivan Pavlov conducted an experiment in order to determine whether he could condition a dog to salivate upon hearing a bell. The bell was a neutral stimulus, which had no associations for the animal at the beginning of the experiment. In other words, the bell did not cause any particular response in the dog. The dog's unconditioned response was the salivation that occurred naturally when the dog encountered or smelled its food, which was the unconditioned stimulus. During his experiment, Pavlov rang his bell (NS) before giving the dog the food (US). The food would cause the dog to salivate (UR). After many repetitions, the dog began to associate the bell with the food, and the bell would cause the dog to salivate even when the food was not presented. At this point, the bell become a conditioned stimulus, and the salivation was a conditioned response.

Explain why smokers may experience spontaneous recovery for craving a cigarette after they have quit smoking.

Smokers may experience spontaneous recovery after they have quit smoking if they encounter specific triggers in their environment that they have originally associated with cravings for cigarettes. Even though their cravings may have been previously extinguished, specific triggers, such as stress, can cause the cravings to return.