Client & Context 1 - Human Growth & Development (NURS 2510)

Physical Aspect of Early Childhood (age 2-6)

"squishy to skinny" toddler fat burns off - less round and chubby, more slender - head size more adult-like - arms and legs lengthen internal physical changes - muscle size increase, children grow stronger - bones sturdier - sense organs continue to develop

4. Contextual Perspective

- considers the relationship between individuals and their physical, cognitive and social worlds - systems approach to human development takes into consideration the ongoing interaction between personal and external factors - people develop in relation to changes in any part of whole dynamic system

breast milk

- contains all nutrients necessary for growth - offers some degree of immunity to a variety of childhood diseases - is more easily digested than cow milk or formula - sterile, warm and convenient for mother to dispense - changes in composition as child matures - may enhance cognitive growth, leading to high adult intelligence

Moral Development: Kohlberg

- proposes a series of fixe stages in development of moral reasoning - uses moral dilemmas to assess moral reasoning - provides a good account of moral judgement but not adequate for predicting moral behaviour

Friendships

- provide emotional support and help children learn to handle stress - teach children how to manage and control their emotions - teach about communication with others - foster intellectual growth - allow children to practice relationship skills

substage 3: secondary circular reactions

4-8 months - child beings to act upon outside world - infants now seek to repeat enjoyable events in their environments that are produced through chance activities - is engaging in what Piaget calls secondary circular reactions: schemes regarding repeated actions that bring about a desirable consequence

substage 4: coordination of secondary circular

8-12 months - beginning of goal-directed behaviour - several schemes are combined and coordinated to generate single act to solve problem - means to attain particular ends and skill in anticipating future circumstances due in part to object permanence

sleep state fragmentation

= amount of change from one sleep state to another children tend to sleep more soundly, deeply sleep of older adults much more fragmented, lighter

obesity

= body weight more than 20% higher than average weight for a person of a given age and height

intelligence

= capacity to understand the world, think with rationality and use resources effectively when faced with challenges

1. Biological clock "suprachiasmatic nucleus"

= circadian rhythm (~25hrs) sensitive to light and dark drives other hormones (e.g. growth hormone, cortisol melatonin) newborns - immature circadian rhythm teens - phase delayed 'night owls' elderly - phase advanced 'morning larks'

Insomnia

= difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep or feeling refreshed upon waking prevalence: 30-36% of general population; 88% in older adults,may be problem or sign of another health concern causes: health and wellness factors, medications and tx, sleep health habits, environment. child, partner or elderly dependent sleep issues are fairly sleep issues

SIDS: sudden infant death syndrome

= disorder in which seemingly health infants die in their sleep

separation anxiety

= distress displayed by infants when a customary care provider departs - both anxieties represent important social progress; both reflect cognitive advances and growing emotional & social bonds between infant and caregiver

weaning

= gradual cessation of breast- or bottle-feeding - in developed countries, weaning is often tied to mother's return to work - in canada, breastfeeding rates are higher

critical period

= if something doesn't happen, causes rapid response/problems - a specific period in development when particular event or stimuli will have its greatest consequences - i.e. unless an infant sees light during first 6 months of life, the nerve endings from the eye to the visual cortex of the brain that process those signals will degenerate and die - exposure to rubella during first trimester will likely result in deafness and heart defects while exposure in third trimester does not

Information Processing

= model seeks to explain how we take in, use and store information goal of information processing theory is to try and explain how the mind manages information uses the computer as a model of human thinking - input: enters the mind - throughput: transformed by mental programs - output: used to perform actions processes: ecoding - organizing information in order to store it storage - keeping information retrieval - pulling information out of our memory components: sensory memory short-term (limited capacity) memory - working memory long term (unlimited capacity) memory

Bullying

= occurs when someone hurts or scares another person on purpose and the person being bullied has hard time defending themselves - social, physical and verbal bullying - bullying can have long-term physical and psychological consequences

ADHD

= persistent difficulty in finishing tasks, following instructions and organizing work - frequent interruption of others or excessive talking - tendency to jump into a task before hearing all the instructions - fidgeting, squirming

memory

= process by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved (1) encoding: process by which information is initially recorded in a form usable to memory (2) stored: information must be stored or placed and maintained in memory system (3) retrieved: information must be retrieved, or located and brought into awareness children become increasingly able to handle information because their short term and working memories improve

sensitive period

= sensitive to need but if you get stimulation, you're still good - still particularly susceptible to certain types of stimuli in their environment - however, absence of those stimuli does not always produce irreversible consequences

personality

= sum total of enduring characteristics that differentiate one individual from another, stem from infancy

Sexual Transmitted Infections

AIDS - most deadliest sexually transmitted infection most common STI is human papilloma virus (HPV)

Other Health Risks

Accidental injury is also a leading cause of death for children - rate of injury for children rises due to increased independence and mobility

sleep across the human life span

As we get older, the less sleep we get. The older we get, the bigger the decrease in REM sleep

Potty Training

Brazelton - flexible approach - advocated waiting until signs of readiness appear Rosamond - rigid approach - advocates quick and early training Signs they are ready: - staying dry at least 2 hrs during day or after nap - regular, predictable bowel movements - ability to indicate bowel movement or urination is about to occur - ability to follow simple directions - ability to get to bathroom and undress on time - discomfort with soiled diapers - asking to use toilet

Puberty in Boys

begins around age 13 or 14 penis and scrotum begin to grow at accelerated rate around age 12 and reach adult size about 3 or 4 years later enlargement of prostate gland and seminal vesicles

Puberty in Girls

begins earlier for girls around age 11 or 12 influenced by environment menarche - varies in different parts of world - begins later in poorer, developing countries - influenced by proportion of fat to muscle in body - related to environmental stress

1. Psychodynamic Perspective

behaviour is motivated by inner forces over which we have little awareness or control Freud Erikson's - built in work of Freuds Maslow - combination of both Freuds and Eriksons - accepted psychoanalytical assumptions about internal drives and emotions but felt that there was more to it - focus is on positive aspects of development - self - actualization - humanistic theory - hierarchy of needs

bulimia

binge and purge eating

nature vs. nurture

biological processes experimental factors vulnerabilities resilience (protective mechanism)

macrosystem

broad system of cultural beliefs and values and economic and governmental systems that are built on those beliefs and values. These beliefs include laws, customs, etc.

fine motor development

by 3 months, some infants show ability to coordinate movements of their limbs by 4 months, more precise form of reaching reappears by 11, they can pick things up off the ground by 2 y/o, children can carefully ld a cup, bring it to their lips, and take a drink without spilling a drop grasping, like other motor advances follows a sequential developmental pattern in which simple skills are combined into more sophisticated ones

Gross Motor Skills

by age 3, children have mastered a variety of skills - jumping, hopping on one foot, skipping and running

Restless Leg Syndrome & Periodic Limb Movements During Sleep

cause: low Fe, genetics (5-10% of pop.); secondary to other health conditions symptoms: crawling feeling, urge to move limbs, > women, esp. during pregnancy, worse in evening and night, disturbs sleep, PLMS common tx: moderate daytime exercise, Fe, Ca?

stranger anxiety

caution and wariness displayed by infants when encountering an unfamiliar person (typically appears in second half of first year) - infants tend to show less anxiety with female strangers than with male strangers - react more positively to strangers who are children than to strangers who are adults (size is less intimidating?)

principles of growth

cephalocaudal principles (head/top down) proximodistal principle (centre outward) principle of hierarchical integration (simple first before complex) principle of independence of systems (different rates)

Attachment

earlier research suggest attachment is based on needs for safety and security Bowlby - attachment provides a home base through qualitatively unique relationship with individual who best provides safety - attachment based primarily on infants' need for safety and security - their genetically determined motivation to avoid predators

Smiling

early smiles - no meaning 6 to 9 weeks - begin reliable smiling - smile first relatively indiscriminate, then selective 18 months - social smiling more frequently toward humans than nonhuman objects end of 2nd year - using smiling purposefully - show sensitivity to emotional expressions of others

Unpopular Children

characteristics - lack social competence - are immature or inappropriately silly - overly aggressive and overbearing - are withdrawn or shy lack of popularity may take 2 forms neglected children - receive relatively little attention from their peers in form of either positive or negative interaction rejected children - actively disliked and their peers amy react to them in an obviously negative manner

culture - a system of meanings and customs that shapes our ideas about what "normal" is

cohort - a group of individuals who share the same historical experiences at the same time in their lives

prelinguistic communication

communication through sounds, facial expressions, gestures, imitation and other nonlinguistic means

obstructive sleep apnea (common)

complete cessation of breathing of obstruction in airway, like your tongue, soft palate completely or partially blocking pharynx

non-pharmacological treatments

considered best 1st line treatment for insomnia; may combine with meds short-term - sleep 'hygiene' health strategies - distraction - imagery - thought-stopping - relaxation - massage -pacing

universal - fundamentally developing the same way with simple variations

context-specific - unique recipes (contexts) complex interact on with the environment

2. Reticular Activating System (RAS)

coordination & "on/off switch"

Keeping Preschoolers Healthy

eat well-balanced diet (less fat, more protein/Fe; 1300-1700 cal) exercise (2hr/day) get enough sleep avoid contact with others who are ill maintain appropriate schedule of immunizations

Group Differences in IQ

cultural background and experience have potential to affect intelligence test scores

Preschoolers' Social Lives

development of friendships - increased interactions with world at large - peers with special qualities - relationships based on companionship, play, entertainment - friendship focused on completion of shared activities

Self-Esteem

develops in important ways during middle childhood - children increasingly compare themselves to others - children are developing their own standards - promoting development of self-esteem - using authoritative child-rearing style

continuity - gradual, cumulative change - changes in amount (additions) - quantitative - predictable

discontinuity - abrupt, seems to skip a step - changes in type for kind - qualitative - concept of stages may be useful - nonpredictable

uninvolved parents

emotionally detached, unloved, and insecure children - uninvolved in children's lives - set few limits

code-based approaches

emphasizes components of reading, such as sounds of letters and their combinations - phonics - and how letters and sounds are combined to make words

Gender Differences

gender = our sense of being a male or female - male infants more active and fussier - male sleep tends to be more disturbed - male grimace more - male newborns more irritable

Gender Roles

gender differences emerge with age by age 1 - able to distinguish between males and females - girls prefer to play with dolls/stuffed animals - boys seek out blocks/trucks by age 2 - boys behave more independently and less compliantly than girls - ma bye reinforced by parental choices or by hormonal levels

Reading

no other task that is more fundamental to schooling than learning to read skills required for reading - low-level cognitive skills (identification of single letters and associating letters with sounds) - high-level cognitive skills (matching written words with meanings located in long-term memory and using context and background knowledge to determine meaning of a sentence

Turner syndrome

only 1x chromosome - sex chromosome anomaly - single x chromosome - (X,O) - monosomy

Nutritional Problems

poor eating habits - high consumption of junk food/sugar/fats - large portion sizes - lack of variety related health concerns - osteoporosis - obesity - diabetes - heart disease

Physical Development

rapid pace of physical and sexual maturation growth spurt - boys grown 10.4cm a year; girls 8.9cm average - some adolescents grow as much as 12cm a year weight increase - skeletal changes - accelerated growth spurt - synchronicity in growth

whole-language approaches

reading is viewed as a natural process, similar to acquisition of oral language

Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development

identity vs identity confusion identity: appropriate identity that sets foundation for future psychosocial development confusion: sense of self is "diffuse" with adoption of socially unacceptable roles - societal pressures are high during this stage, difficult choice about future plans

Drug Use

illegal use in adolescence is very common why do adolescents use drugs? -> peer pressure -> biological and psychological addiction -> pleasurable experience -> escape ->

microsystem

immediate environment, settings where people experience their daily lives includes relationships with each parent, with siblings, extended family, peers friends and other adults influence of microsystem comes from direct interactions with immediate environment. The adolescent is an active agent in microsystem

Physical Development

in elementary school, children grown on an average, 7 cm a year and gain ~3kg by age 11 - girls avg. height is 144cm - boys avg. height is 143 cm weight is also redistributed - baby fat disappears, children's bodies become more muscular and strength increases

reflexes

inborn physical skills genetically determined and universal learned and organized cultural variations in ways displayed (moro reflex) basic physical reflex - rooting reflex - stepping

Sleep Deprivation

increased social and academic demands adolescents go to bed later and get up earlier sleep deprivation takes a toll on lowering grades, feeling more depressed, greater difficulty controlling their moods and great risk for auto accidents

authoritative parents

independent, friendly, self-assertive and cooperative children - set firm, clear, consistent limits - allow disagreement and use reasoning, explanations, consequences - supportive parenting

Socioeconomic Status and School Performance

individual differences in achievement - children living in poverty lack any advantages - later school success builds heavily on basic skill presumably learned (or not) early in school

Factors that Impair Coping with Shift Work

individual factors - >50 years of age morning lark orientation hx sleep disorders, mental health problem, epilepsy, diabetes, heart disease, drug or alcohol abuse domestic factors - double or triple jeopardy (child/elder care) - role sharing? partner work schedule work factors - excessive overtime, backward rotations - long commuting times - >4 x12hr night shifts in a row

Social & Emotional Development

industry vs inferiority industry: feelings of mastery and proficiency and a growing sense of competence inferiority: feelings of failure and inadequacy

Key Elements of Piaget's Theory (cognitive development)

infants are in the sensorimotor stage substage 1: simple reflexes substage 2: first habits and primary circular reactions substage 3: secondary circular reactions substage 4: coordination of secondary circular reactions substage 5: tertiary circular reactions substage 6: beginnings of thought

Social and Emotional Development

initiative-vs-guilt initiative: desire to act independently of parents and become autonomous guilt: guilt of unintended consequences resulting in shame and self-doubt (3-6 years)

Tobacco

more boys than girls smoke youth who smoke are more likely to also drink alcohol and use drugs

Parasomnias

more common in young children than adults nightmares - REM sleep; try to address fears; strategies night terrors - waken 15-20 min before typical occurrence and resettle sleep walking - common in school age kids - do not waken, escort - safety is paramount; bell on door, lock house bed wetting - uncontrolled urination during sleep

sleep needs

most adults need 7-9 hours varies by age, health, genetics, sleep debt and circadian rhythm

Learning Disabilities

most prevalent disorder that affects children with normal intelligence interfere with child's ability to speak, listen, read, write, reason or do math dyslexia: written language, problem may lay in part of brain that breaks words into sound elements that make up language (most prevalent in english, i.e., ate and eight) dysgraphia: writing

sleep

natural, necessary, involves a shift in physiological and neurologic activity, and is intended to be restorative - reversible, physiological and behaviour state from being awake

3. Homeostatic Drive

need to sleep > longer awake (vice versa) energy depleted during wake build-up of toxins, i.e. adenosine (adenosine antagonist = caffeine) Estimated 20% of fatal collisions in Canada due to drive fatigue

mesosystem

network of interconnections between various microsystems an example is a teenager who is experiencing abusive treatment from parents may become difficult to handle in relationships with teachers

Sleep in Early Childhood

night terrors (40% of children) - not awake - NonREM sleep - associated with sleep walking nightmares - can remember what they dreamt about -actually awake

Epigenetics

study of gene regulation alternation of th gene function (phenotype) without altering its structure (genotype)

grammar

syntax + inflectional morphology

accommodation

takes place when child changes existing ways of thinking, understand, or behaviour in response to encounters with new stimuli or events

assimilation

the process by which people understand an experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development and way of thinking

Erikson: Psychosocial Development

trust or mistrust autonomy-vs-shame-and-doubt - end of infancy (18 months to 3 years)

Crimes of Adolescence

under socialized delinquents - raised with little parental supervision or discipline socialized delinquents - know and subscribe to the norms of society; they are usually influenced by a group and their criminal behaviour is usually committed with a group

age-related change

universal - common to every individual of a species - linked to specific ages group specific - cohorts - culture individual - unique - non-shared events

Growth and stability

- average newborn weights just over 3kg, which is less than weight of average thanksgiving turkey - length is about 50cm - grow rapid pace over first two years of their lives - 5 months: 7kg (doubled) - 1 year old - 10kg (tripled) - 2 year old - 4x as birth weight

Popular Children

- helpful and cooperative - have good sense of humour - have good emotional understanding - ask or help when necessary - are not overly reliant on others - are adaptive to social situations - demonstrates social problem-solving skill competence

First Sentences

- most often comments or observations about events occurring in child's world - first sentences created around 8 to 12 months after first word underextension: using words too restrictively, occurs when language novices think that a word refers to a specific instance of a concept, instead of to all examples of concept overextension: words are used too broadly, overgeneralizing their meaning

substage 2: first habits and primary circular

1-4 months - repetition of chance motor went helps baby start building cognitive schemes through process known as a circular reaction primary circular reactions: schemes reflecting an infant's repetition of interesting or enjoyable actions, just for enjoyment of doing them, which focus on infant's own body.

substage 5: tertiary circular reactions

12-18 months - development of schemes regarding deliberate variation of actions that bring desirable consequences - carrying out miniature experiments to observe consequences

substage 6: beginnings of though

18 months - 2 years capacity for mental representation or symbolic thought - mental representation: internal image of a past event or object - understanding causality - ability to pretend - differed imitation: a person who is no longer present is imitated later

language

= systematic, meaningful arrangement of symbols, provides basic for communication - new information may potentially impair recall of original material, but new material may be inadvertently incorporated into original memory, thereby corrupting it phonology: basic sounds of landed, called phonemes, that can be combined to produce words and sentences (a in 'mat' and 'mate') morphemes: smallest language unit that has meaning. some morphemes are complete words, while others add information necessary for interpreting a word (-s and -ed) semantics: rules that govern the meaning of words and sentences linguistic comprehension: understanding of speech linguistic production: use of language to communicate - principle underlies the relationship between the two: comprehension precedes production

object permanence

= understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be observed - although object permanence emerges in substage 4, it is only rudimentary understanding

Cyber-bullying

= use internet to make fun of others, start rumours or post doctored photos (usually anonymous)

solid foods

CPS suggest that babies should start iron-enriched solids around 6 months of age while continuing to breastfeed for as long as desired - solids should be introduced gradually, one at a time - most often, cereal comes first followed by strained fruits - vegetables and other foods typically are introduced next - order varies significantly from one infant to another

Early Historical Contributions

Charles Darwin - theory of evolution, the Baby Diaries Stanley Hall - norms, adolescence Arnold Gesell - preprogrammed changes-maturation Signmund Freud - psychosexual stages - unconscious mind - libido - id, ego, super-ego

FAS/FASD

FASD - 100% preventable - stunts brain cells and major parts of brain growth - brain damage caused is similar to someone who had head injury in a car accident - in addition to their cognitive and behavioural issues - memory and communication problems FAD - most severe form of FASD - child shows physical characteristics

Innate Goodness

Jean-Jacques Rousseau all humans are naturally good and seek out experiences to help them grow good development happens when child's environment refrains from interfering in their efforts to nurture their own development

Blank Slate

John Locke empiricist - humans possess no innate tendencies -all differences are attributed to experiences we can shape our children into whatever we want them to be

2. Behavioural Perspective

John Watson - keys to understanding development are observable behaviour and outside stimuli that compose the environment Pavlov classical conditioning - unconditioned stimulus - unconditioned response - conditioned stimulus - conditioned response B.F. Skinner operant conditioning - learning to repeat or stop behaviour because of consequences they bring about - reinforcement and punishment can be either positive or negative punishment - used to stop a behaviour reinforcement - used to encourage a behaviour negative - removal of positive - addition of - reinforcement happens when a behaviour is repeated because of consequence that follows it - punishment causes a behaviour to stop because of consequences that follow behaviour positive reinforcement - give something to do positive behaviour negative reinforcement - take away something to make them do what we want extinction - not noticing certain behaviour until behaviour stops Albert Bandura social learning learning doesn't always require reinforcement sometimes we learn from watching others - observational learning/modelling - self-efficacy - believing in yourself and your own capacity to accomplish what you set out to do - environmental reinforcers (emotional response of others; social support), personal/cognitive factors (beliefs, traits, emotions), behaviour (responses to failure, imitation of models)

Cognitive Development - concrete operational stage

Occurs between 7 and 12 years of age characterized by active and appropriate use of logic - logical operations applied to concrete problems - conservation problems; reversibility; time and speed; attain the concept of reversibility, which is the notion that processes transforming a stimulus can be reversed, returning to original form - because they are less egocentric, they can take multiple aspects of a situation into account, an ability known as decentring shift form pre operational though to concrete operational thought does not happen overnight - children shift back and forth between both - once concrete operational thinking is fully engaged, children show several cognitive advances

CONs substantial disagreement over validity of theory and many of its specific predictions - stage conception questioned - connection between motor and cognitive development exaggerated - object permanent can occur earlier under certain conditions - onset of age of imitation questioned - cultural variations are not considered

PROs descriptions of child cognitive development accurate in many ways - Piaget was a pioneering figure in field of development - children learn by acting on environment - broad outlines of sequence of cognitive development and increasing cognitive accomplishments are generally accurate

REM

Rapid Eye Movement 70-90 mins after first sleep onset Irregular HR, RR, BP surges, protective paralysis (different physiological pattern). Unlike NonREM, major reduction in muscle tone

NonREM - Stage 1 - Stage 2 - Stage 3 (&4)

Stage 1: light sleep (transitional state), can be awakened easily. Brain waves slow, slower wave pattern on EEG (alpha waves) appear Stage 2: eye movement ceases. muscle tone decreases along with ongoing decrease of metabolic, respiration and heart rate Stage 3 (&4): periods of deep sleep. Characterized by very slow brain waves (delta waves) interspersed with smaller, faster waves. Muscles relaxed. Sleep deprivation individuals will often find themselves in this stage for a period of time

Drinking

adolescent rain development produces changes in regions involving dopamine sensitivity and produce adolescents may become less susceptible to effects of alcohol more drinks are required to experience reinforcing qualities - leading to higher alcohol intake (engage in binge drinking) alterations in dopamine sensitivity may create more sensitivity to stress, leading to further alcohol use

substage 1: simple reflexes

age at which infants actually reach a particular stage varies exact timing of a stage reflects an interaction between infant's level of physical maturation and the nature of social environment in which child is being raised, but order remains invariant for all children

Sexual Activity

attitudes toward sexual conduct are still typically more lenient for males than females teach teens to protect themselves - know sexual partner well - avoid exchange of bodily fluids, particularly semen - use a condom - stay sober - consider benefits of monogamy teenage pregnancy i

Down Syndrome

autosomal anomaly (trisomy 21) - most common chromosomal anomaly

Genetic pairing

autosomes - 22 of pairs - look alike - contain matching genetic pairs sex chromosomes - called either "x" or "y" - females XX/males XY

Friendships in Middle Childhood

avoidance of opposite sex becomes very pronounced during middle childhood children's friendships are most entirely sex-segregated boys have larger networks of friends than girls girls - focus on one or two "best friends' of relatively equal status - conflicts are solved by compromise, ignoring situation or giving in - can be confrontational with other girls who are not their friends - language is less confrontational and direct than boy's language boys - have strict dominance hierarchy, which is composed of rankings that represent relative social power of those in a group hierarchy - they attempt to maintain and improve their status in the hierarchy, which makes for a style of play known as restrictive play where interactions are interrupted whens status is challenged

Emergence of Intuitive Thought

curiosity blossoms and answers to a wide variety of questions are sought causes preschoolers to often act as authorities on particular topics leads preschoolers to believe that they know answers to all kinds of questions functionality: idea that actions, events and outcomes are related to one another in find patterns identity: understanding that certain things stay the same, regardless of changes in shape, size and appearance

Other factors in Adolescent Suicide

depression family conflicts history of abuse and/or neglect drug and alcohol abuse

permissive parents

dependent, moody children with low social skills - involved with children - place little or no limits or control on children's behaviour

theories

explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest, providing a framework for understanding relationship among an organized set of facts or principles

central sleep apnea

failure in brain to initiate a respiratory breath

Why do I need sleep?

fatigue: loss of energy conservation cognitive impairment: learning, memory motor impairment: accidents, injury, death mood changes: irritation, hyperactivity, anxiety, poor coping, depression hormonal/immune changes: blood sugar, obesity ~grelin (over secretion; hunger hormone)/leptin (under secrete; tired hormone), GH, immunity circulation pain perception: heightened

lifespan development

field of study that examines patterns of growth, change and stability in behaviour that occur throughout the entire lifespan

3. Cognitive Perspective

focus is on processes that allow people to know, understand and think about the world emphasis is on the mental aspects of development - logic - memory some of the most prominent theories are: - Piaget's cognitive development theory - information processing theory

Motor Development

gender differences in gross motor skills became increasingly pronounced during middle childhood gross motor - boys outperform girls - there is little or no difference when there is equal participation in exercise/activities - influenced by societal expectations fine motor - by age 11-12 can manipulate object with same capabilities as adult - 6- to 7- years olds are able to tie their shoes and fasten buttons - by age 8 can use each hand independently - by 11 and 12, can manipulate objects with almost as much capability as they would show in adulthood

genetics

genotype - unique genetic blueprint phenotype - whole set of observable characteristics and traits - can be seen by looking at someone dominant-recessive patterns - a single dominant gene strongly influences phenotype - 2 recessive genes are necessary in order to produce an associated trait

syntax

grammar converted through word order

Klinefelter syndrome

has x,y but has an extra x chromosome - sex chromosome anomaly - (XXY) - taller than average - sperm counts

assessments of sleep

health assessment & health history (physical exam, medical hx, medication review) polysomography 'PSG' (gold standard) actigraphy (motion sensor based tool) trained behavioural observation adult questionnaires (pittsburgh sleep quality index), paediatric questionnaires, cognitive and motor performance tests

pharmacotherpies

herbals - no strong evidence to support effect OTC - careful, short-term (gravel is not a sleeping aid; melatonin use for shiftwork and jet bag) Rx - careful, short-term, address root cause

Aggression

intentional injury or harm to another person; relatively stable trait - often addressed at attaining desired goal - declines through preschool years as does frequency and average length of episodes extreme and sustained aggression is a cause for concern Kinds of Aggression instrumental aggression - motivated by desire to obtain a concrete goal - higher incidence in boys than girls relational aggression - intended to hurt another person's feelings through non-physical means - higher incidence in girls than boys

conservation

knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and physical appearance of objects

Language Development

language blooms so rapidly between the late 2s and mid-3s that researchers ave yet to understand the exact pattern syntax: sophisticated sentences make them ore complex fast mapping: based on knowing one thing and r/t more things - enormous leaps in numbers of words used through fast mapping

Dating

learning to establish intimacy learning to engage in entertainment shaping identity dating in early and middle adolescence is not terribly successful at facilitating intimacy - true intimacy becomes more common during later adolescence

2 ways Linguistic Information stored:

lexicon: individual "words" and information rules: generalized procedures

Sleep Health Strategies

light snack at bedtime gear down restrict time in bed 20-30 min daytime nap keep to a regular schedule - same wake time avoid stimulants: caffeine, alcohol, nicotine regular exercise, if possible >4 hrs pre-bed warm bath/shower 1-2 hrs before bed quiet, dark comfortable bedroom cool room temperature linens, PJs, socks bright light therapy (moderate daytime bright light) perimenopause? ( avoid caffeine, alcohol, use breathable clothing/sheets)

Spanking

line between "spanking" and "beating" is not clear can teach children that violence is an acceptable solution to problems by serving as a model of violent, aggressive behaviour

sleep for infants

major state - 16 to 17 hours daily (average) different than adult sleep - 2 hour spurts, periods of wakefulness - cyclic pattern: during periods of sleep, infants HR increase and become irregular, BP rises and begin to breathe more rapidly 16 weeks - 6 continuous hours 1 year - sleep through the night - by 1 y/o, need 15 hours of sleep

babbling

making speech like but meaningless sounds, around 2-3 months and continues until around 12 months

Gender and Play

males - more rough and tumble play - same sex playmate preference around age 3 females - organized games and role playing - same sex playmate preference around age 2 By age 2, children consistency label themselves and others as male or female

semantics

meaning of morphemes and words

Cardiac Rhythms

melatonin levels rise around "bed-time" (2300 hrs) and decreases once you wake up (0600 hrs) - melatonin is a natural hormone made by the body - in addition, you can see that there are other body factors like temp., BP, ability to concentrate and even best physical performance that follow a 24 hr pattern

Christian Doctrine

original sin all humans are born with a selfish and stubborn nature humans must seek redemption

Peers

peer relationships - critical during adolescence - providing opportunity for social comparison and information reference groups

memory

people gradually lose memories, although just like babies, they may regain them if reminders are provided more times a memory is retrieved = more enduring memory becomes - quantity of information stored and recall does differ markedly as infants develop - older infants can retrieve info more rapidly and they can remember it longer - although early research supported the notion of, infantile amnesia: lack of memory for experiences occurring prior to 3 years of age, more recent research shows that infants do retain memories

Adolescent Health

period of relative great physical risk -> new morbidity and mortality unhealthy behaviours - drug use violence - self inflected and other inflected risky activity - unprotected sexual intercourse - drunken driving

Domains of Development (impact how you grow and develop as a child)

physical - size, shape and characteristics of the body cognitive - how we utilize information - thinking, memory, problem solving and other intellectual skills psychosocial - changes in interaction clothes individual personality differences how individuals interact with others

Piaget's Stage of Preoperational Thinking

pre operational stage: 2-7 years old -preschool years time of stability and change; lack use of operations and organized, formal mental processes - characterized by symbolic thinking; mental reasoning and use of concepts increase - still not capable of operations: organized, formal, logical mental processes that characterize school age children

Handedness

preference is clear by end of preschool years - 90% right handed - more boys are left handed - right handers have asymmetrical brains

on-time/off-time events

pregnancy - teenager: not so happy (off-time) - older couple: thrilled (on-time) unexpected death of a spouse

Emotion Self-Regulation

preschool children improve in emotion control around age 2 - talk about feelings and engage in regulation strategies preschoolers - develop more effective strategies and sophisticated social skills, learn to better cope with negative emotions - learn to use language to express wishes - become increasingly able to negotiate with others

egocentrism

preschoolers do not understand that others have different perspectives from their own egocentric thought takes two forms: - lack of awareness that others see things rom a different physical perceptive - failure to realize that others may hold thoughts, feelings and points of view that differ from theirs

Primary insomnia Secondary insomnia

primary = no health related basis for poor sleep secondary = contributing factors cause or exacerbate poor sleep there are physiological, social and spiritual factors for secondary insomnia

transformation

process in which one state is changed into another

centration

process of concentrating on one limited aspect of a sitmulus and ignoring other aspects

sleep disturbance

quality or quality insufficient reasons may be voluntary or involuntary

Information Processing

recollections of events are sometimes, but now always, accurate - typically accurate in responses to open-ended questions - partly determined by how soon memories are assessed - affected by cultural factors autobiographical memory - largely inaccurate before age 3 - not all memories last into their later life

hypopnea

reduction of airway

chronosystem

refers to changes that occur in developmental circumstances over time, both with respect to individual development and to historical changes

Nutrition

relationship to social and emotional functioning - more peer involvement - more positive emotions - less anxiety - more eagerness to explore new environments - more persistent in frustrating situations - generally higher energy levels

Health & Illness

runny nose due to common cold is most frequent accidents are at greatest risk - leading cause of death among Canadian children

Piaget

scheme - procedure to follow in certain circumstances assimilation - applying schemes to experiences accommodation - changing/adapting the scheme equilibration - balancing assimilation and accommodation

Four Major Attachment Patterns (shown in 1 y/o)

secure attachment pattern* - use mother as type of home base avoidant attachment pattern - do not seek proximity to the mother and after she has left, they typically do not seem distressed ambivalent attachment pattern - display a combination of positive and negative reactions to their mothers disorganized-disoriented attachment pattern - they may run to the mother when she returns but not look at her, or seem initially calm and then suddenly break into angry weeping

Decoding Others' Facial and Vocal Expressions

seem to be able to discriminate vocal expressions of emotion slightly earlier than discriminate facial expressions (by 5 months) - 6 to 8 weeks: little attention paid to facial expressions due to limited visual precision - 4 months: understand underlying emotions tied to facial and vocal expressions of others - 5 months: discriminate happy and sad vocal expressions - 7 months: respond to appropriately matched vocal and facial expressions

development

sequence of physical, psychosocial and cognitive changes that take place over human lifespan

Shift Work - a chronobiological challenge

shiftwork sleep disorder = recognized sleep problem that relates to difficulty coping with shift work - complex and inter-related problem linked to sleep factors circadian or biological clock issues and domestic or social factors sleep health strategies: - pre nightshift nap 20-30 min nap during break on nights prioritize daytime sleep; but not as good

Nutrition

slower growth = lower caloric requirements inappropriate encouragement to increase food intake beyond an appropriate level may cause obesity good nutrition includes - providing variety of foods, low in fat and high in nutritional and iron content - natural preferences development - high iron foods (dark green vegetables, whole grains, some kinds of meat) iron-deficiency anemia: causes constant fatigue, one of the prevalent nutritional problems in developed countries such as Canada

social constructs

social clock = things happen at specific time but depends on cultural beliefs/ways, etc. - sequence of experiences that are considered normal within a specific culture - based on norms - considered the right time for things to happen - on basis of age and not abilities ageism - unfair bias - judged solely on age

exosystem

societal institutions that have indirect but potentially important influences on development these institutions include schools, religious institutions and media

Vygotsky

socio-cultural theory - asserts that complex thinking comes through social interaction rather than individual exploration scaffolding - children's learning of new cognitive skills is guided by older more skilled children or adults who structure the learning experience Zone of Proximal Development = distance between child's actual development level of problem solving and potential level they are capable of reaching under guidance

anorexia

starvation to maintain low eight

Common Sleep Challenges

temperature of room thinking electronics moving around

Health and School-agers

this is a period of robust health, most of the ailments they do contract tend to be mild and brief

Intelligence Benchmarks

traditional - Binet's test: standford-binet intelligences scales (SB5) - Wechsler intelligence scale for children (WISC-IV) other - Gardner: 8 intelligences - Sternberg: tribrachic theory componential, experiential, contextual

Language

vocal continues to increase mastery of grammar improves understanding syntax grows certain phonemes remain troublesome (th & ch) decoding difficulties when meaning id dependent on intonation more competence in pragmatics increase in metalinguistic awareness

authoritarian parents

withdrawn, socially awkward children - exhibit controlling, rigid, cold style - value strict, unquestioning obedience

nutrition

you never want to over feed your baby, they will still be healthy! about 100 cals per day for each kg of weight malnutrition - affects children living in many developing countries results in a slower growth rate - chronically malnourished during infancy = lower IQ score later