Clinical Ethics - Final Study Guide

Janet Olsen is a nurse who is working with a 75 woman who lives alone. Mrs. Diller has just been prescribed medication for her hypertension. She must take it once a day, preferably in the morning. Mrs. Diller seems distracted in her appointment and is worried about getting home to feed her dog, Snowflake. Janet wants to make sure that Mrs. Diller takes her medication--her BP has been consistently high for months and she's worried about organ damage. According to Osborne, which sentence is the better example to confirm patient understanding of instructions: "Mrs. Diller, do you know how often to take the medication?" "Mrs. Diller, tell me a bit about how you will take this medication? How? When? How often?" Both seem fine. I don't think Osborne would mind either option. Neither is very good. Osborne would tell her to do it differently.

"Mrs. Diller, tell me a bit about how you will take this medication? How? When? How often?"

Can you correctly order these steps of the six step process? 1 2 3 4 5 6

1 Gather the relevant information 2 Identify the Type of Ethical Problem 3 Use Ethics Theories or Approaches to Analyze the Problem 4 Explore the Practical Alternatives 5 Complete the Action 6 Evaluate the Process and Outcome

In the assigned video about North Carolina making amends to victims of a post-WWII sterilization program, at the time of the video, how many victims are still alive? 0 30 3000 300

3000

According to Discovery's Health Disparity video, African Americans account for 14% of the US population and ____% of new HIV infections. 35 55 25 45

45

Which of the following statement are true from the Health Disparities video? One woman dies of breast cancer every 13 minutes; white women are more likely to get breast cancer, but black women are more likely to die from it. Ward 8 has the highest breast cancer prevalence and only one oncology office. Hispanic children have the highest prevalence of asthma. A and B All of the above

A and B

According to Osborne, a possible "red flag" that someone might have a health literacy problem (and therefore, a way to informally gauge health literacy) could be: A. someone identifying medications by looking at the pills themselves rather than reading the labels. B. someone saying that they did not finish high school C. Someone who consistently says they have "headaches" or chronically "forgets" their eyeglasses when asked to perform reading tasks B and C are correct B and A are correct A and C are correct

A and C are correct

______ ______ (two words) =intent to engage in wrongdoing + action.

Academic misconduct

Match the term to the correct definition. Responding and validating to convey understanding Communication expressed through body language and gestures. The degree to which individuals can process health information to make healthcare decisions. Transfer of responsibilities from one healthcare provider to another.

Active listening Nonverbal communication Health literacy Hand offs

Which of the following might be a case where it would be legal to break a patient's confidence? B. Brad is a patient dealing with heart disease and depression who comes in for a flu shot. While you are talking to him, he mentions he has recently lost his job at a technology firm, has been drinking for three days straight and wants to go back to his office and "kill those people who took my job". You notice he has a gun with him. None of the above A and b C. Janice shows up to her well baby appointment with her daughter Sophie. She is covered in bruises and mentions to the pediatrician that her husband Gary had "a rough night" and punched her. A. Kelly is 22 years old and has gotten into a car accident and is in a coma. Kelly no longer lives at home, but the hospital calls her mother and her mother comes to the hospital. Her records lists her mom and dad as her next of kin. C and a All of the above B and c

All of the above

You are a health education leader in your community and are in strong support of legislation to increase the age to purchase tobacco products to 21. You are taking this expertise to present it to your local City Council. This is an example of which of the spheres of moral agency? Sphere 2 Sphere 3 All of the above Sphere 1

All of the above

From the health care rationing video, what were some of the events taking place that impacted patient care? Opening of a new emergency room Increase funding to support additional nursing staff An increase in the uninsured population Increases in medical coverage from state and federal programs

An increase in the uninsured population

Match the terms to the correct definition. A term used to describe situations in which a person cannot give legal consent and instead puts decision making on family members. Formal process of decision making done with communication, interpretive skills,and listening. Guarantees people the legal right to notification of what will happen to them. Legal agreement between parties that outlines rights and responsibilities.

Assent Informed consent Disclosure Contract

The "governing ethical principle in informed consent" is the right to ___________. Autonomy Caring Beneficence Nonmaleficence

Autonomy

According to the video, Everyone Deserves Access from the Food Trust, what were the challenges noted for this community? A. Availablity of fresh fruits and vegetables C. Lack of fast food restaurants B. Transportation Both a and b

Both a and b

Interactive technology that customizes information based on user input is known as: Branching logic Usability testing Informed choice Decision aids

Branching logic

______ is the medical concept that implies that the patient has the ability to to understand and weigh medical information to make health decisions.

Capacity

To earn your points, one (of the five) of the requirements for each discussion is ______________. Post a substantial response of at least 50 words. Cite the text or other materials in APA format Respond to at least one peer Post by Tuesday of each discussion week

Cite the text or other materials in APA format

____ is a request made verbally or nonverbally by the virtue of the expectations people have of your professional role.

Claim

This approach to problem solving suggests that the whole community of society should work together to find common solutions because it will benefit. This is called the __________ approach.

Communitarian

According to our text, _________________________, "is the ability to feel important and valuable in relation to others, communicate this to others and be treated as such by others". Dignity egocentrism autonomy maleficence

Dignity

_______ _______ describes how people have the ability to make decisions for how limited goods and resources, such as healthcare services, should be allocated.

Distributive justice

Match the following terms with their definitions: The concept that a person deserves a good or service simply by being part of a specific group. Everyone has the right to purchase, with their own money, a good or service. Everyone is eligible to receive basic healthcare benefits. Spending money of those individuals that are a "good investment."

Entitlement Negative Right Positive Rights Approached Merit Justice

A good informed consent process includes education and a level of coercion to get the patient to agree with the proposed plan of treatment. True False

False

Chronic conditions and disabilities are commonly associated together and always coexist. For example, if someone has a chronic disease they also have a disability. True False

False

Compensatory justice is the act of doing something on another's behalf with no thought or expectation or return. True False

False

Danielle is a physical therapist who is meeting with Brandon Henderson about a pinched nerve in his lumbar spine. He has a lot of inflammation. Danielle recommends that they deal first with the inflammation and then she wants Brandon to start a series of exercises that will promote spinal stabilization. Here are two possible scenarios. A. "Mr. Henderson, do you know what you're going to do when you get home? You understand when to take the medications and when to start the exercises, right? And you know you can call us with questions, right?" B. "Mr. Henderson, can you tell me what will happen over the next few weeks, in regards to your pain and swelling? What about these exercises on these sheets? When will you do know to do them?" According to Osborne, A would be the best choice for confirming Mr. Henderson's understanding. True False

False

From the Film "Contagion": Zoonosis any inanimate object that carries and transfers an infection between individuals. True False

False

In the video, the speaker reviewed the concepts from various philosophers and provided a clear formula for making ethical decisions related to data. True False

False

Inequality and inequity have the same meaning. True False

False

Locus of authority problems are always decided by the highest ranking person--the doctor or the medical director. True False

False

Moral character is the awareness and reward of doing the morally right thing. True False

False

Professional ethics codes traditionally address ethical decision making as they relate to scarce resources. True False

False

Three prototypes of ethical problems are Agent, Course of Action, Outcome. True False

False

True or False. According to Helen Osborne, health literacy is defined as a patient's ability to read prescription bottles and take the medicine correctly. True False

False

From the Unnatural Causes video, Mary talked about budgeting to feed her family. What did she say she spends most of her grocery money on? Fruits and vegetables Snacks Frozen foods Deli foods

Frozen foods

In the chapter of the movie, called "Magic", Jack the patient performs a trick. What was that trick? He tricks the nurse into thinking he's sick, when he feels fine. He tricks his wife into thinking he's taking his medication by eating Red Hots candy instead. He pulls a quarter from behind the ear of the filmmaker. He tricks someone into watching him die.

He tricks someone into watching him die.

______ ________ is a type of difference in health status that is related to social or economic disadvantage.

Health disparity

This perspective views that healthcare allocation should be based on medical need, rather than entitlement, and should be purchased by citizens that are free to make their own choices. Healthcare as a Commodity Healthcare as a Right Free Healthcare Healthcare as a Response to Basic Need

Healthcare as a Commodity

The late policy for this course is: There is no late policy; students can turn in papers whenever they want. Late assignments submitted more than 24 hours after the due date will earn a zero. Late assignments are accepted up to 3 days after the due date Late submissions are not accepted at all.

Late assignments submitted more than 24 hours after the due date will earn a zero.

According to the National Network of Medical Libraries website we saw this week, there are many kinds of literacy. Which one is NOT a form of health literacy: numerically or computationally literate (able to calculate or reason numerically) Latin literacy (able to understand the latin roots of medical words) visually literate (able to understand graphs or other visual information), computer literate (able to operate a computer),

Latin literacy (able to understand the latin roots of medical words)

From the video "Eliminating Food Deserts," the presenters defined a food desert as an area of a community with: Multiple community gardens Limited access to all foods Few fast food restaurants Limited access to healthy foods

Limited access to healthy foods

A patient's ability to comprehend a situation and make a meaningful decision so that no harm will ensue because the patient did not understand is referred as _________________. Mental Competence Theraputic research Disclosure Assent

Mental Competence

______ _______describes certain actions required of an individual, group, or society in preventing harm and building a human foundation that can thrive.

Moral duty

Failure to take informed consent seriously and fulfill this vital part of the caring response can cause harm to your patient and is blatantly going against the principle of __________________. Autonomy Caring Beneficence Nonmaleficence

Nonmaleficence

The principle of __________ means "do no harm." Nonmaleficence Altruism Caring Response Autonomy

Nonmaleficence

Patient and family centered care that focuses on quality of life and reducing and treating suffering is ________________. Caring response Acute care Chronic disease care Palliative care

Palliative care

____ ____ ___ is the term adopted in the health professions' clinical and ethical literature to emphasize the imperative that professionals keep a focus on the well-being of the whole person. You are filling in THREE words here. Make sure you are spelling them correctly!

Patient Centered Care

____ ____ is when a professional is asked to evaluate the performance or other aspects of a colleague who is in a similar professional position. For example, Juliana is a faculty who is being considered for tenure in the School of Nursing. The Dean of the School of Nursing, Dean McCrary, asks Juliana's colleagues at the University of Iowa who have seen Juliana's work to evaluate her recent articles she's published about her work with children with ADHD.

Peer evaluation

_____ _____ is used to ensure high standards of professional practice are upheld in the workplace. It may be used to help administration think about salary increases, honors, promotions or other work-related distinctions are being assigned. An example might be--you are interested in moving up from an assistant manager position to a manager position at work. You may ask a longtime co-worker who is well-respected to write a letter of recommendation for you to send to the administration. In Chapter 9 Tom is being asked to do this for Maureen so that she can get a promotion.

Peer review

_____ _____ is a collage of values, duties, actions and character traits each person adopts as relevant for his or her life. According to the text, it is "who you are."

Personal morality

______ consists of any therapeutic procedure (or component of one) that is given for a condition for which it has no known physiological effect.

Placebo

______ _______ principles include using one and two syllable words, short sentences, and short paragraphs when using email communications with patients.

Plain language

If a student has a question related to the course materials, he/she should ______________________. Email Professor Bolton Post in the Weekly Discussion Call Professor Bolton Post the question in the Course Q & A

Post the question in the Course Q & A

In the assigned video about North Carolina making amends to victims of a post-WWII sterilization program, Delores's mother was sterilized for what reason? Postpartum syndrome Ovarian Cancer Diabetes Obesity

Postpartum syndrome

_______ of ______ means that decision makers must set guidelines which make every effort to treat each person equally.

Principle of equity

Place in order the words that tell us about one of the aspects of a caring response. ______ _______ = _______ + ________

Professional responsibility = accountability + responsiveness

The US Rehabilitation Act of 1973, also known as ________________, requires federal agencies to ensure electronic and information technology is accessible to people with disabilities. Section 50 laws Section 8 laws Section 508 laws Section 5 laws

Section 508 laws

_____ _______ -_________ is a process in which the provider presents the patient with options, outcomes, probabilities, and uncertainties. The patient, in turn, shares his or her values and concerns about the benefits and harms of treatment alternatives. Together, providers and patients plan a course of action.

Shared decision-making

Finnegan is diabetic. He lives with his partner, Quinlan, in a neighborhood in South Boston that has a "food desert". Finding healthy food is pretty hard for him and he ends up making Cup O Noodles a lot, which his doctor doesn't recommend. He is a part of a vulnerable population. A term associated with this kind of situation is defined as: "a person is in a societal environment that is not friendly to the basic needs being met to the same degree that mainstream environment enjoys." This term is called ______ ______

Social need

As a physical therapist providing direct patient care, your patient displays signs of increasing pain so you make the decision to alter his plan of care. This is an example of which Sphere of Moral Agency? Sphere 1 Sphere 3 All of the above Sphere 2

Sphere 1

______________ is a term associated with sociologist Erving Goffman. It is meant to describe people who are held in low regard because of qualities they have.

Stigma

What is the name of one of the decision-making guides used in the Tegrity lecture this week? Shanghai Decision-Making Guide Stochastic Tree Model The Ottawa Decision-Making Guide ABC decision-making model

The Ottawa Decision-Making Guide

Any email you send from your work email account can legally be read by your employer. True False

True

From the informed consent article, the researchers' findings suggest that providing informed consent through a video using testing with feedback has the potential to standardize the content that patients receive and increase retention of the material. True False

True

Hospice care is focused on compassionate care and not on finding a cure. True False

True

In the video, the speaker surveys the audience and comes to the conclusion that we have more of an opinion about the type of handheld device that we use rather than the ethical framework we should use to guide our decisions. True False

True

Institutional policies are a guide for decision making, but may not always be in line with your personal or group moral values. True False

True

Macroallocation involves decisions of multiple goods and services while microallocation focuses on the distribution of only one good or service. True False

True

Moral courage, when exercised, is doing the right thing even when afraid or there are multiple challenges. True False

True

Plagiarism includes, but is not necessarily limited to, submitting examinations,discussions, papers, or other material as one's own work when such work has been prepared by another person or copied from another person or source without citation. True False

True

The focus of professional ethics is facing difficult questions about right and wrong conduct, duties, rights, and fair treatment. True False

True

This is a question about "Contagion". REPRODUCTION NUMBER also known as R-NOUGHT or R0, is the number of people one infectious person will infect in a population. True False

True

To protect yourself online, you should take control of the amount of personal information that you provide online, to anyone, and provide identifying information only when it will truly benefit you in substantial ways. Every time you are asked to provide personal information, consider both the risks and the benefits. True False

True

Can you match the ethical principle with its definition? I am in the position to tell the truth or deceive someone. I am in the position to harm someone else. I have made a promise, explicit or implicit, to someone else. I am in the position to benefit someone else.

Veracity nonmaleficence Fidelity Beneficence

The specific assignment instructions for each discussion can be found in the _____________________ link. Resources Syllabus Discussion and Grading Rubric Weekly Modules

Weekly Modules

_____ convert the spoken word from one language to another, such as English to Hindi or from Spoken English to American Sign Language (ASL), which is used by many in the Deaf community. _______ do essentially the same, but with the written word.

[1] Interpreters [2] Translators

[1] [2] is a person who acts for himself, or in the place of another by the authority of that person, and does so by conforming to a [3] of [4] behavior.

[1] moral [2] agent [3] standard [4] right

The deontological approach asks us to think about duties. The teleological approach has us think about the ends or consequences. In chronic care and end-of-life care, as we're reading and watching about over the next few weeks, we'll be forced to think about our duties as health professionals in these very complicated cases. These duties may conflict with those of the other staff, or may even conflict with views of the families/patients involved. Thinking back to chapter 4, what do you remember about the kinds duties? ________ duties are binding under all circumstances. They can never give way to another duty or right. _______ ________ duties or rights allows you to make choices among conflicting principles. _________ duty is a commitment that comes into being only after certain conditions are met.

absolute prima facie conditional

Brady is a student in a clinical ethics course. He is working on a case study and decides to use narrative reasoning as part of his scenario. He finds a great quote from the work of William Carlos Williams in his paper. He figures that the Professor, who loves poetry and has read Williams, might recognize it, but his group mates don't recognize it and give him props for being brilliant. So, he doesn't say anything and doesn't cite the lines. According to P&D, we should think that Brady has done an act of: academic misconduct peer evaluation whistleblowing clinical reasoning

academic misconduct

In the video about the Marshall Islands, the video is focused on nuclear testing that seems to be connected to a series of health and cultural issues that have plagued the community. What was one of the long term outcomes of this testing on the people of the Marshall Islands? increased tuberculosis displacement from their homes increased diabetes all of the above

all of the above

According to our text, _________________________, "is the ability to feel important and valuable in relation to others, communicate this to others and be treated as such by others". maleficence egocentrism autonomy Dignity

dignity

Barbara needs a CAT scan. She is given this info sheet. What skills might she need to get through this appointment? Name one type of health literacy and one type of numeracy she might need. Read the info sheet below. Scroll down for the fill in the blank section. Prep for abdominal and pelvic CT scan Berkshire Medical Center CAT Scan Department (413)447-2114 ext.4414 Your Doctor has scheduled you for a CT scan of your Abdominal and Pelvic structures, which requires drinking "Readi-Cat II" (barium sulfate contrast) and the possibility of an injection of IV contrast material just prior to the exam. DO NOT stop taking your medication. All medications may be taken with a small sip of water. If possible, try to avoid taking your regular medications at the same time as the contrast material. Doing so could reduce the effectiveness of your medications. The following is the preparation for your exam; • Have nothing to eat or drink four (4) hours prior to your exam except as stated above. • Place both bottles of "Readi-Cat II" contrast material in the refrigerator to chill. • Shake the contrast material well before drinking. • Drink the first bottle of contrast two (2) hours prior to your exam time. • Drink the second bottle of contrast one (1) hour prior to your exam time. • When you arrive in the CT Department you will be asked to drink a cup of contrast just prior to your exam, with the possibility of having an injection of IV contrast at this time. *Barium contrast is not absorbed into the body; it passes through your colon which may cause loose stools. It can cause bowel movements within the 2 hour period that you are consuming the Readi-CAT. Contact your physician or come to the Emergency Room if you experience any shortness of breath or chest pain after drinking the contrast material. Please allow time for traffic and parking. We ask that you arrive in the Radiology Department 30 minutes prior to your exam for insurance verification and final exam preparation. If for any reason you are unable to keep this appointment, please try and give 24 hours notice. If you need to cancel or reschedule please call (413) 447-2114 ext. 4414. Our staff is available 24 hours a day to assist you with any questions or concerns that you might have. Fill in the Blanks: What forms of literacy and numeracy might she need to employ here? Barbara needs to use _______ literacy and ______ numeracy. Please check your spelling.

document basic

Angela is a senior Health Sciences major who has the flu. She feels awful. But, today is Tuesday, the day she is assigned to present with her group partner, Keisha, for their final Ethics presentation. She texts Keisha and Keisha replies: "You better come to class! We both bombed the midterm. We need this good grade. Just to come school for our class and go home." Angela's mom says, "You have an obligation to others NOT to go to school--there's a chance you'll make everyone sick in the class. Stay at home." She is stumped. Both Keisha and her mom seen right. How would ethics scholars describe Angela's situation? It is.... (choose the word/words that best fit) an outcome ethical dilemma moral distress technical competence

ethical dilemma

___________________ is the systematic study and reflection of morality religion values sociology ethics

ethics

___________________ is the systematic study and reflection of morality religion values sociology ethics

ethics

This is a legal term that describes the situation when: a person in whom another person has placed a special trust or confidence to watch out for the best interests of the other party. paternalism disclosure standard fiduciary relationship special consent form

fiduciary relationship

According to Osborne, the REALM and METER are excellent examples of: Tests for learning a patient's fasting blood glucose level formal health literacy assessment tools ethics tests for new professionals before they go into the field none of the above

formal health literacy assessment tools

Every member of society, except perhaps the most isolated recluse, joins or is swept into one ore more subgroups of society by virtue of being a member of a religious group, a workplace culture, a club, a service organization, an ethnic cluster or other deep affiliation. The moral guidelines adopted by these groups constitute what? moral repugnance group morality moral character sociology

group morality

In the video about Richmond, CA, called "Living in Disadvantaged Neighborhoods is Bad for Your Health", what disease are they saying seems to be connected to chronic worry and stress (like that experienced by the dad, Gwai Boonkeutin, the video--remember he was the one worried about work and about his son getting into trouble)? heart disease gluten intolerance hepatitis HIV

heart disease

In our text this week, we saw that the following are examples of [I]. These are examples of behaviors by health professionals, clinical investigators, and health care administrators that are unethical or incompetent. So, this term is something we DON'T want to see in our professionals: severe substance abuse the apparently inability to exercise sound professional judgement theft from patients or institutions sexual abuse of patients severe depression paranoia or mental disorders

impairments

Check your spelling. Fill in three words. The following are categories of the ________ _________ of _______: Health care as right Health care as a response to a basic need Health care as commodity

material principles of justice

What idea is this an example of? Steve and Stan are cousins. They are the same age and grew up in Hartford, CT in the same neighborhood. Both are in pretty good health--they play hockey together with kids from the neighborhood. Steve is a high school drop out; had some trouble with the law, but has met a new girlfriend who has helped him get a job at the local Olive Garden as a bus boy. Stan is a "nerd"--he's always excelled in school and has a college scholarship to Yale. One day, Steve and Stan are out partying and get into a serious car accident. Both get kidney damage and both need a new kidney. A matching kidney (from their other cousin, Patty) is available. After discussion, the doctors decide that Stan should get the kidney and that Steve should be put on the waiting list. They think that pay back through his hard work and deserves the kidney more. His health is an "investment" into the future. They are less sure of what kind of future Steve will have; as he seems to struggle with reading and math. lottery approach procedural justice health care as a commodity merit justice

merit justice

Katie is a psychologist who works with the Andersen family. She meets them for family counseling monthly, and with their son, Adrian, for individual appointments once a month to help with his social anxiety disorder and his depression. She was just informed by Betty, her admin, that the Andersen family has only three appointments left for the year on their insurance (individual or family). It's September; so there are three more months left in the year. Katie thinks that their son is doing well with his individual appointments, but the family also needs to work through some family issues (Mr. Andersen is a recovering prescription medication addict). She thinks the family needs additional appointments (three for the family and three additional for the son) to continue their progress and her training tells her that the family will suffer without these appointments, but their insurance will not budge. Mr. Andersen is already working extra hours to pay for Adrian's soccer fees and doesn't think he can get hours to pay out of pocket. Katie has to call the family to tell them the bad news--they must decide how they would like to use the three remaining appointments. For Katie, this is an example of: moral distress an outcome ethical dilemma prototype

moral distress

Which of the following might be a case where it would be legal to break a patient's confidence? Jared deals with depression and says he hates school. He is a big fan of death metal and wears all black. Carla is 19 but still lives at home with her dad and stepsister Tabitha. She is pregnant and wants to have an abortion. Her dad is a devout Christian who does not support abortion. c and a all of the above none of the above b and c a and b Danny is a seventy year old diabetes patient who hates doctors. He is rude to the staff during his entire appointment. His sixty-four year old brother, Donny, is in the waiting room and is easier to get along with. He is looking eagerly at the door that Danny has gone in; but Danny hasn't given Donny permission to come in to the appointment, although it would be smoother to work with him the nurses think.

none of the above

The textbook describes an ethic that is described as a "contribution to someone else's well-being creates a societal environment in which others are willing to contribute to one's own well-being when the need arrives". This is similar to the Christian "Golden Rule" and similar to Hindu/Sikh/Jain/Buddhist ideas of karma. You do something nice to someone today and someone will do something nice for you another day. It's called the _____ ethic.

reciprocity

_______________ __________________ contains values and ideas of duty that spring from deep religious, philosophic, beliefs about humans and their relationship with God (or the gods in some cultures), with each other, and with the natural world. This idea becomes codified in laws, customs, and policies. clinical ethics state interests values research societal morality

societal morality

Common law dictates that there is a _____ _____, a responsibility to intervene on behalf of persons under four circumstances: 1. to save their life, 2. to prevent their suicide 3. to protect them from harm as an innocent third party, 4. to protect them as a bearer of the "integrity of the professions".

state interests

______________________ is a type of morally praiseworthy conduct that goes beyond duty. utilitarianism teleological deontological superoerogatory

superoerogatory

In chapter 22, what's the technique that Osborne suggests for verifying understanding with older populations: the _______-_______ technique.

teach-back

What is the term that we have seen that is connected to our ethics theories. It says that an act is right if it helps to bring out the best balance of benefits over burdens, the best consequences overall? utilitarianism veracity deontology Paternalism

utilitarianism

______________________ is the language that has evolved to identify intrinsic things a person, group or society holds dear. ethics culture values laws

values

You should be seeing an image in this question. According to Osborne, this image below (courtesy of the CDC) might be an example of a: Current Asthma Prevalence Percents by Age, Sex, and Race, United States, 2011. Age: Child = 9.5%, Adult = 8.2%, Sex: Male = 7.2%, Female = 9.7%, Race/Ethnicity: White = 8.2%, Black = 11.6%, Hispanic = 7.3%. Source: National Health Interview Survey, National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention according to Osborne, this image above might be an example of a: health disparity visual interpretation none of the above

visual

Christian Morales is a registered dietican at Smalltown Medical Center in TeenyTown, Missouri. He's been working as part of a team that goes out and does surveys with community members about their intake of sugary drinks. After each person does the survey, they get a gift card for Trader Joes. On Thursday, after a survey session at the TeenyTown YMCA, Christian notices that Seamus Barnes, a volunteer for the program who is also a MPH student, has pocketed five TJ gift cards. Christian confronts Seamus about this and Seamus shrugs and says, "No one keeps track of these things. And, anyway, this is bad neighborhood. Our boss will assume someone stole them out of the box when we weren't looking." Christian knows that Seamus needs these volunteer hours to finish his MPH degree, but he thinks it's not ethical to take those cards intended for community members. He decides he needs to find a way to tell Dr. Liu, their boss, about what is happening. According to P&D, when Christian makes the call to Dr. Liu, he will be doing: peer evaluation academic misconduct clinical reasoning whistleblowing

whistleblowing