Clinical Psych- Exam Qs

The most effective intervention for cigarette smoking involves the use of nicotine replacement therapy, skills training and Select one: A.social support. B.stimulus control. C.self-help manuals. D.relaxation training.

Correct Answer is: A Nicotine replacement therapy seems to be most effective when it is combined with guidance and support, and social skills training that focuses on avoiding relapse. The correct answer is: social support.

Which of the following is the reason why many experts recommend 6 to 8 sessions as the duration of crisis intervention therapy? A.Six to eight sessions is about how long many crises last. B.Most people who are experiencing a crisis would not be able to endure the anxiety evoked by long-term psychotherapy. C.Most people who are experiencing a crisis cannot afford long-term psychotherapy. D.Individuals in a crisis state are usually so unbalanced that their unconscious mental contents have become conscious; as a result, the assessment and exploration phase of dynamic therapy is not necessary.

Correct Answer is: A A crisis occurs when a person's normal ways of adapting and coping are insufficient to meet the demands of a highly stressful situation. Intervention focuses on resolution of the immediate problem and restoration of the person to a previous level of functioning and coping. The assumption is that the person's problems do not represent a mental illness or any type of pathology; instead, the reaction, though maladaptive and inadequate, is viewed as understandable, under the circumstances. Since global personality change is not a goal, the duration is 6 to 8 sessions, in line with the normal evolution of a crisis.

A therapist assisting a family in bringing the unconscious issues within the family to a conscious level would most likely be utilizing: Select one: A.object relations family therapy B.existential family therapy C.systemic family therapy D.structural family therapy

Correct Answer is: A Only object relations family therapy is a psychodynamic therapy, which is interested in the impact of unconscious issues or intrapsychic phenomena on current family relationships or behavior.

The term "incongruence" as defined by Carl Rogers refers to a chasm between A.the real self and the ideal self. B.self-as-object and self-as-process. C.the perceived self-concept and the real self. D.the person's current maturity level and the person's potential.

Correct Answer is: A According to Carl Rogers' theory, which underlies his person-centered approach to psychotherapy, the healthy person is one striving toward self-actualization, which means that he is open to experience, creative, trusting of his feelings, flexible in his self-concept, and striving to meet his full potential as a human being. He contrasted the self-actualizing tendency with incongruence, which refers to a conflict between the real (or perceived) self and the ideal self. Incongruence results from conditions of worth being placed on the person, by oneself and/or others, which means that the person is only positively regarded under certain conditions. By contrast, unconditional positive regard fosters the self-actualizing tendency, and Rogers identified unconditional positive regard--along with genuineness and empathy--as one of three therapist attitudes crucial to the success of person-centered therapy.

Which of the following is not an aspect of crisis theory? Select one: A.overwhelming emotions are the prime motivators for change B.crisis theory emphasizes the cognitive and behavioral elements of a crisis C.people in crisis tend to follow a predictable sequence of responses D.crisis intervention will be more successful when a client is able to understand how his or her behavior is related to the crisis

Correct Answer is: A According to crisis theory, people in crisis tend to follow a predictable sequence of responses* and a key goal of crisis intervention is to help individuals in crisis learn more effective coping so that they can respond more adaptively when having similar experiences in the future. Crisis management strategies often include grief work; active listening; encouraging the open expression of feelings; increasing understanding of the crisis; promoting greater acceptance of reality; exploring constructive ways of coping; linkage to a social network; decision counseling; and reinforcement of newly learned coping behaviors. While addressing a client's emotions, including overwhelming ones, is a part of crisis intervention, crisis theory and crisis intervention also emphasize the cognitive and behavioral elements of a crisis*. Although crisis theorists do predict that crisis intervention will be more successful when a client is able to understand the crisis situation (e.g., how his or her behavior is related to the crisis)*, neither insight nor the resolution of internal conflicts is considered a prerequisite for change or problem-solving during crisis intervention (* These are correct statements which makes them incorrect options).

A student seeks counseling at the university counseling center due to feelings of failure as a student. When asked about his grades, he states that his grade point average is 3.9 but thinks that he should be doing better. He is most likely using which of the following cognitive distortions? Select one: A.arbitrary inference B.overgeneralization C.personalization D.selective abstraction

Correct Answer is: A Arbitrary inference occurs when one draws a specific conclusion without supporting evidence, or even in the face of contradictory evidence. This best applies to the student in this question. Despite having a nearly perfect GPA, the student believes he's a failure and should be doing better. Overgeneralization is the application of a general rule based on a few isolated incidents. Personalization is attributing external events to oneself without evidence of a causal connection. And selective abstraction is the tendency to focus on certain details of a situation or event while disregarding other, more salient information.

In addition to improved interpersonal relationships, a primary goal of interpersonal therapy (ITP) is: Select one: A.alleviating or reducing symptoms. B.satisfying needs in responsible ways. C.resolving underlying conflicts. D.living in an authentic, meaningful way.

Correct Answer is: A Based on a medical model, interpersonal therapy (ITP) views mental disorders as illnesses and focuses on symptom reduction in addition to improving interpersonal relationships.

A therapist seeing a family consisting of a couple and their son asks the father to describe the relationship between the mother and her son. The therapist is using which of the following techniques? Select one: A.circular questioning B.embedded suggestion C.joining the family D.process interruption

Correct Answer is: A Circular questioning involves asking questions that highlight differences among family members or define relationships between them. Usually, it will involve asking a family member about the perceptions of the relationship between other family members, as in this question. The technique is designed to provide information about family processes to the therapist and other family members, to get family members to see problems from different perspectives, to lead to further exploration, and to form the basis for further circular questioning. It is particularly associated with the Milan Systemic School of family therapy.

A couple comes to therapy complaining that all their conversations end in arguments. This is characteristic of which pattern of communication? Select one: A.symmetrical B.complimentary C.pseudohostility D.mystification

Correct Answer is: A Communication patterns can be characterized as either symmetrical or complimentary. In symmetrical communication there is equality between the partners, however, this can result in competition and conflict. In the complimentary communication pattern there is inequality, with one partner taking a dominant role and the other a subordinate role. Pseudohostility presents as superficial bickering in order to avoid real conflicts. In mystification, the person uses denial to mask what is really going on.

From the perspective of rational emotive therapy (RET), emotional disturbances are maintained primarily by Select one: A.self-indoctrination. B.environmental consequences. C.social pressure. D.denial.

Correct Answer is: A Ellis, the founder of RET, viewed behavioral disorders as stemming from both biological predisposition and early life experiences but argued that their maintenance was due primarily to self-indoctrination. Specifically, during early childhood, children tend to internalize the critical attitude of their parents and then perpetuate that attitude as they grow older.

The prevalence of mental disorders in people over 65 is: A.higher than any other age group B.lower than any other age group C.higher, and includes cognitive impairment D.The same as the under 65 population

Correct Answer is: B Contrary to what may be expected, the prevalence of mental disorders in people 65 and older is lower than any other age group; only cognitive impairment shows a definite age-associated increase in incidence.

George Kelly emphasized that: A.people view the world through cognitive schemas B.individuals progress from infantile dependency to mature interdependency C.psychopathology is caused by past traumatic events D.psychopathology is caused by a maladaptive "style of life"

Correct Answer is: A George Kelly was perhaps the first cognitive theorist and introduced his "psychology of personal constructs" in 1955. A construct, which is synonymous with a schema, is a cognitive template through which the world is interpreted. Personal Construct Therapy: George Kelly's personal construct therapy combines cognitive, behavioral, and humanistic concepts and focuses on how the client experiences the world. It also assumes that people choose the ways that they deal with the world and that there are always alternative ways for doing so. According to Kelly, a person's psychological processes are determined by the way he or she "construes" (perceives, interprets, and predicts) events, with construing involving the use of personal constructs. As defined by Kelly, personal constructs are bipolar dimensions of meaning (e.g., good/bad, socially acceptable/socially unacceptable, friendly/unfriendly) that begin to develop in infancy and may operate on an unconscious or conscious level. No two people have the same set of personal constructs or ways of organizing their constructs. individuals progress from infantile dependency to mature interdependency This choice represents a major tenet of Self-in-Relation Theory. psychopathology is caused by past traumatic events This is contrary to what Kelly believed. He believed that individuals' interpretations of events are more important than the events themselves. psychopathology is caused by a maladaptive "style of life" This uses the language of Adler.

A person's negative attitudes toward an individual because of his or her sexual orientation is referred to by Gregory Herek (2000) as: Select one: A.sexual prejudice B.homophobia C.homosexism D.gay inequality

Correct Answer is: A Gregory Herek, an authority on prejudice against lesbians and gay men, suggests the use of the term "sexual prejudice" to refer to all negative attitudes based on sexual orientation, whether the target is homosexual, bisexual, or heterosexual. Herek suggests that "sexual prejudice" is a more appropriate term than "homophobia" - which refers to heterosexuals' dread of being in close quarters with homosexuals and homosexuals' self-loathing.

The term "collaborative empiricism" is associated with: A.Aaron Beck B.Albert Ellis C.Fritz Perls D.Donald Meichenbaum

Correct Answer is: A In Beck's cognitive-behavioral therapy "collaborative empiricism" refers to the collaborative relationship between client and therapist using a rational, logical approach to examine the client's thoughts and assumptions - which are treated as hypotheses to be tested.

A young child starts to act out while waiting for the food to be served at a restaurant. According to systems theory, in order to restore the family to its previous state of equilibrium, the parent will: Select one: A.use negative feedback to restore homeostasis B.use negative feedback to unbalance the system further and bring the child back into line C.use positive feedback to restore homeostasis D.use positive feedback to correct the child's behavior

Correct Answer is: A In systems theory, feedback refers to information from within the system which results in changes in either the existing homeostasis or the maintenance or restoration of homeostasis. Positive feedback alters the system to accommodate novel input or a new state of equilibrium and negative feedback maintains or restores the status quo of the system. If a child misbehaves while the family is at a restaurant, negative feedback occurs when the parent corrects the misbehaving and restores homeostasis.

IPT believes that depression is primarily caused by: Select one: A.Disturbances in early life especially related to attachment B.Biochemical factors C.Disturbances in cognitive functioning D.Faulty cognitions

Correct Answer is: A Interpersonal therapy, described by Klerman and Weisman (Klerman G..L., Rounsanville B.. Chevron E., and Weissman M., 1984 Interpersonal Psychotherapy of Depression. New York: Basic Books) relates depression to difficulties with social roles and interpersonal relationships. These are traceable to a lack of strong attachments early in life. The primary goals of IPT are symptom reduction and improved interpersonal functioning.

Which of the following would most likely be utilized by a therapist whose work is based on Minuchin's structural family therapy? Select one: A.giving homework, enactment, making a family map B.taking a family history, issuing paradoxical directives, tracking C.taking a family history, joining the family, making a genogram D.reframing, issuing paradoxical directives, exploring multigenerational transmission processes

Correct Answer is: A Minuchin's structural family therapy focuses on modifying aspects of the family structure (e.g., rules, boundaries, coalitions) that underlie family dysfunction. Homework is commonly assigned as a way of bringing about concrete change in the family's behavior; enactments are role-plays that Minuchin often used to evaluate and modify the family structure; and family maps, or diagrams of the family's boundaries, are constructed to help families and the therapist understand the family structure. The other options can be eliminated because they include an intervention that focuses on the family's past whereas structural family therapy tends to focus on a family's present functioning.

Psychodrama seeks to examine and resolve difficult situations through guided dramatization and the release of creative forces inherent in the individual. The issue or problem to be explored in the psychodrama is chosen by the: Select one: A.protagonist B.antagonist C.director D.audience

Correct Answer is: A Most associated with Jacob L. Moreno, psychodrama employs experiential methods, role theory, sociometry and group dynamics to facilitate insight, personal growth, and integration on cognitive, behavioral and affective levels. Psychodrama provides participants a safe, supportive environment in which to practice new and more effective roles and behaviors. There are three distinct components of group interaction in a classically structured psychodrama session: the warm-up, the action and the sharing phases. In the warm-up phase, the group theme is identified and a protagonist (which is the the correct option), individual(s) who represents the theme in the drama, is selected. In the action phase the problem is dramatized and the protagonist explores new methods of resolving it. Then in the sharing phase, group members or the audience* may express or share their associations, experience or connection with the protagonist's work. The other components of psychodrama include: auxiliary egos*, or group members who assume the roles of significant others in the drama; the director*, a trained psychodramatist who guides participants through each phase of the session; and the stage, the physical space in which the drama is conducted (* incorrect options).

Which of the following statements is true regarding electromyograph (EMG) biofeedback? A.It is more effective in treating tension headaches than migraine headaches. B.It is more effective in treating migraine headaches than tension headaches. C.It is equally effective in treating tension headaches and migraine headaches. D.It is ineffective in treating tension and migraine headaches.

Correct Answer is: A Overall, biofeedback works equally well for tension and migraine headaches. However, a different modality of biofeedback is used for each of these conditions. EMG biofeedback, in which the person is trained to decrease muscle tension of the facial and/or neck muscles, is the most commonly used modality for biofeedback treatment of tension headaches; this is why "more effective in treating tension headaches than migraine headaches" is the best answer. For migraine headaches, thermal hand warming biofeedback, whereby the person is trained to warm his or her hands, is the most commonly used modality.

A therapist using Beck's cognitive approach to therapy would rely primarily on which of the following to induce desirable changes in a depressed client? Select one: A.Socratic questioning B.interpretation C.reflecting D.clarification and explanation

Correct Answer is: A Questioning is a very important strategy in Beck's cognitive therapy and, in fact, the majority of communications by the therapist take the form of questions designed to help the client consider particular issues, options, and so on.

According to research on mothers who exhibit parental alienation syndrome and are going through a custody evaluation, the pattern of scores on the MMPI-2 would most likely be: Select one: A.low F scale score and elevated L and K scale scores B.low K and F scale scores and elevated L scale score C.low L and F scale scores and elevated K scale score D.low L and K scale scores and elevated F scale score

Correct Answer is: A Research indicates many parents undergoing a custody evaluation produce defensive MMPI-2 score patterns. Siegel and Langford (1998) expanded on these findings by examining the MMPI-2 profiles of mothers with parental alienation syndrome and those without, who were going through a custody evaluation. Results showed mothers with parental alienation syndrome had a lower F scale score and higher L and K scale scores than mothers without parental alienation syndrome

Solution-focused brief therapists in group work: Select one: A.utilize questioning B.focus on identifying an individual's problem C.use a directive, expert stance. D.emphasize insight as the main mechanism of change.

Correct Answer is: A Solution-focused brief therapy, also referred to as solution focused or brief therapy, is a form of psychotherapy based on social constructionist philosophy that focuses on solutions rather than problems or their causes. Underlying this approach is the assumption that clients possess the resources needed to achieve their goals. The solution-focused therapist works with people to generate solutions to their problem using direct and indirect compliments and future-oriented questions such as the miracle question.

An African-American client who is referred to an African-American therapist states that he has been cheated because he is getting sub-standard care. According to the minority identity development model, this person is in which stage of development? A.conformity B.dissonance C.resistance D.introspection

Correct Answer is: A The Minority Identity Development (MID) model defines five stages of identity development in African-Americans and other minority groups who share an experience of oppression. The stages are Conformity, Dissonance, Resistance and Immersion, Introspection, and Synergistic Articulation and Awareness. In the first stage, Conformity, the person is likely to have strong negative feelings toward one's own culture and strong positive feelings toward the dominant culture. Thus, an African-American who feels cheated by having to see an African-American therapist would likely be in the Conformity stage of development.

Using a psychoanalytic approach, the sequence of interventions would be: A.confrontation, clarification, interpretation, working through B.clarification, confrontation, interpretation, working through C.confrontation, interpretation, clarification, working through D.free association, catharsis, interpretation, working through

Correct Answer is: A The first stage of psychoanalytic interventions is confrontation, in which the analyst points out that the client's behavior is connected to an unconscious conflict or motivation. The second stage is clarification, in which there is an exploration to better understand the client's unconscious motives. Interpretation is the third stage and includes a hypothesis about the source and meaning of a thought or behavior and is intended to illicit greater insight and understanding. Regardless of how correct or well-timed an interpretation may be, there must be a final stage of working through, during which the client gradually assimilates the insights into his or her personality.

A class designed to teach senior citizens how to avoid financial scams, led by former con artists, would be considered: Select one: A.primary prevention B.secondary prevention C.tertiary prevention D.rehabilitative consultation

Correct Answer is: A The key issue in these prevention questions is not the age of the target population, but rather, whether or not they already have the identified problem, and if so, whether it's in an early stage (secondary prevention) or full-blown (tertiary prevention). Since the question did not indicate that these senior citizens have already been victims of financial scams, this class would be considered primary prevention. Primary prevention is aimed at preventing problems before they occur in the first place by targeting high risk groups.

According to many experts in cross-cultural psychology and counseling, Western assumptions about psychology, as compared to non-Western assumptions, are characterized by all of the following except Select one: A.an emphasis on context. B.an emphasis on linearity. C.abstraction. D.an emphasis on individualism.

Correct Answer is: A The study of psychology and the practice of psychotherapy require the application of certain assumptions about human beings in general and what constitutes healthy behavior. Many such assumptions are culturally driven and Western assumptions may not always apply across cultures. For instance, one author makes a distinction between high-context and low-context cultures. The distinction refers to a culture's tendency to cater towards in-groups. In high context cultures, which cater towards in-groups, people expect meanings to be embedded in the context of situations, because they expect others around them to have similar experiences and expectations; thus, much more is left unsaid. By contrast, in low-context cultures, where there is a less of an expectation of similar experiences, people search for meaning in words, phrases, and abstract concepts. From the perspective of this framework, Western cultures, contrary to the first choice, are low in context. The other choices describe characteristics of Western culture that may influence counseling and psychology. Linear thinking, or the notion that each cause has an effect and each effect has a cause, is an underlying assumption that may cause difficulty in communicating with clients from cultures where events may be viewed as causally unconnected. Abstraction is also more characteristic of Western culture, as noted in the discussion above about context. And many Western psychological theories emphasize the importance of individual happiness and control of one's destiny, whereas in other cultures, functioning as part of the family or community without thinking oneself may be more highly valued.

According to Sue and Sue (2003), culture influences certain aspects of communication and potentially impacts interactions between individuals from diverse cultural backgrounds. One of these culturally influenced characteristics of communication is paralanguage, which refers to: Select one: A.rate of speech, pauses, loudness of voice, and other vocal cues B.culturally shared meanings for words or phrases C.facial expressions, posture, gestures, eye contact and other bodily movements D.personal and interpersonal use of space

Correct Answer is: A The term paralanguage is used to refer to vocal cues, other than words or language, individuals use to communicate meaning. The term kinesics is used to refer to bodily movements such as facial expressions, posture, gestures, eye contact and the term proxemics refers to the perception and use of personal and interpersonal space (which are incorrect options).

A psychologist who drinks five cups of coffee before each therapy session in order to be alert has discussed that she needs to make a change and will likely begin planning in the next few months. She is still considering what that change will entail. Prochaska and DiClemente (1992) would say that she is in the following stage of change. Select one: A.contemplation B.preparation C.action D.maintenance

Correct Answer is: A This is one of those rare theories where the name of the stages actually sounds like what they signify. Prochaska and DiClemente listed five stages in the change process. The first stage is pre-contemplation when the person has little insight that there is a need for change. The second stage is contemplation; the person is aware of and considering the need for change, but has not committed to it. The third stage is the preparation which is an indication of the person's clear intent to take action in the future. Taking that action is the fourth stage. Maintenance is when our psychologist consolidates the change and takes steps to prevent the relapse

Traditional Western approaches to individual psychotherapy can best be described as: Select one: A.linear and reductionist B.non-linear and holistic C.relativistic and abstract D.elitist and futile

Correct Answer is: A Traditional Western approaches to individual psychotherapy emphasize linear causal relationships and are reductionistic, that is, they tend to explain complex phenomena in terms of relatively simple principles. Non-linear, holistic, and relativistic are terms used to describe non-western and systems approaches.

A Latina is most likely to experience her symptoms of depression as a Select one: A.spiritual or physical problem. B.family problem. C.woman's problem. D.mental or emotional problem.

Correct Answer is: A While psychological problems are often experienced as "emotional" by Anglos, members of a number of minority groups (including Latinos) often experience them as physical or spiritual in origin.

The stages of the Minority Identity Development (MID) model developed by Atkinson, Morten, and Sue (1994) reflect changes in which of the following? A.acculturation B.ego development C.locus of control D.self-awareness

Correct Answer is: A You may have had trouble with this one, but if you're familiar with the MID model and the characteristics of its stages (conformity, dissonance, resistance and immersion, introspection, synergetic articulation), you may have recognized that each stage involves a different combination of attitudes toward one's own culture and the majority culture and, therefore, reflects different levels of acculturation.

An African-American family presents for family therapy. From a systems perspective, it would be most advisable to: Select one: A.focus on multi-generational issues. B.see each family member individually. C.use behavioral techniques. D.educate family members about community resources.

Correct Answer is: A You probably could answer this one correctly by focusing on the word "systems" since, of the choices, focusing on more than one generation most implies that you would be looking at the entire family system. In addition, African-American culture, as compared to Anglo culture, tends to be characterized by a greater emphasis placed on relationships with extended family members.

BASIC ID is utilized by which of the following to assess what interventions will work for a particular client? Select one: A.Rational emotive therapy B.Multimodal therapy C.Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing D.Cognitive behavioral modification

Correct Answer is: B BASIC ID is an acronym that represents the seven areas of the client's life that are examined in Lazarus's multimodal therapy: behavior, affective responses, sensations, images, cognitions, interpersonal relationships, drugs, biological functions, nutrition and exercise. Rational emotive therapy (RET) is a form of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) in which the primary focus proposes changes in thinking will lead to changes in behavior, thereby alleviating or improving symptoms. The emphasis is on changing irrational thinking patterns that cause emotional distress into thoughts that are more reasonable and rational. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is therapeutic technique which combines techniques from cognitive-behavioral and other treatment approaches with lateral eye movements. Clients receiving EMDR are asked to recall anxiety-provoking memories and are then instructed to track the therapists' fingers which are moved from side to side. This process is repeated until the clients' anxiety is extinguished.

According to Berry's acculturation model, marginalization is characterized by: A.low involvement in the mainstream culture. B.low involvement in both the mainstream culture and the minority culture. C.low involvement in the minority culture. D.low involvement in the mainstream culture and high involvement in the minority culture.

Correct Answer is: B Berry's model of acculturation distinguishes between two dimensions -- retention of the minority culture and maintenance of the majority culture. He proposes that these dimensions are independent, which means that a person can be high on one and low on the other; high on both; or low on both. Berry uses the term "marginalization" to describe the situation where a member of a minority group does not identify strongly with either culture.

During a family therapy session, the mother and adolescent daughter constantly disagree with and criticize everything the father says. From the perspective of structural family therapy, this is an example of: A.detouring. B.a coalition. C.a triangle. D.pseudohostility

Correct Answer is: B For structural family therapists, a coalition occurs when there is an alliance (usually covert) between two family members against a third member. The term triangle could also apply to this situation because it has several definitions in the family therapy literature. Coalition is a better answer, though, because it specifically refers to the situation described in the question.

Howard et al.'s (1993) phase model of psychotherapy change does NOT include: Select one: A.remoralization B.reexamination C.remediation D.rehabilition

Correct Answer is: B The phase model of psychotherapy, an extension of the dose-response model of treatment response, was first proposed by Howard et al. in 1993 and is a client stage model that outlines a progressive, 3-stage sequence of change. The first phase, remoralization, focuses on the client's subjective well-being and occurs during the first few sessions. The second phase, remediation, focuses on symptom reduction and generally occurs between the 5th and 15th sessions. The third and final phase is rehabilitation which focuses on life functioning gains and emerges more gradually. According to this model, effective courses of treatment are initially characterized by a restored subjective sense of well-being then, as a function of this improvement, the client may benefit from interventions to provide symptom reduction or relief (e.g., decrease difficulty concentrating or sleep disruption) and finally, is able to either resume their former level of role functioning (e.g., doing well at work) or initiate new roles (e.g., obtaining a new job)

The term "success identity" is associated with: Select one: A.Eric Berne B.William Glasser C.Fritz Perls D.Carl Rogers

Correct Answer is: B According to Glasser's Reality Therapy, when an individual is capable of fulfilling his or her own needs for survival, power, belonging, freedom and fun, without harming self or infringing on the rights of others, then he or she has developed a "success identity." When the needs are met irresponsibly then the individual has developed a "failure identity." Bern is associated with transactional analysis (TA); Perls is associated with gestalt therapy; and Rogers is associated with client-centered therapy.

Hypnosis involves three factors Select one: A.Absorption, regression, dissociation B.Dissociation, absorption, suggestibility C.Suggestibility, dissociation, regression D.Regression, distortion, suggestibility

Correct Answer is: B According to Hales, Yudofsky and Talbott, (1944), hypnosis involves three factors, 1) absorption, whereby the individual is completely engrossed in a central experience, 2) dissociation, whereby the ordinary functioning of consciousness and memory are altered in some way and 3) suggestibility, whereby individuals have a tendency to be less inhibited and restricted while in the trance-like state.

When working with ethnically, linguistically, and racially diverse populations, a therapist should emphasize: A. acculturation B.client's individual goals C.the political, social, and economic affects on mental health D.which stage of identity development the client is in

Correct Answer is: B Although all of the choices offered are important to consider when working with diverse populations, a therapist should not "emphasize" any of the choices other than the client's individual goals.

When working with ethnically, linguistically, and racially diverse populations, a therapist should emphasize: Select one: A.acculturation B.client's individual goals C.the political, social, and economic affects on mental health D.which stage of identity development the client is in

Correct Answer is: B Although all of the choices offered are important to consider when working with diverse populations, a therapist should not "emphasize" any of the choices other than the client's individual goals.

A therapist typically conceptualizes cases from a psychodynamic theoretical framework and uses related techniques however, she uses an empty chair technique in a therapy session. The therapist's use of this technique is consistent with: Select one: A.theoretical integration. B.assimilative integration. C.technical eclecticism. D.common factors.

Correct Answer is: B An openness to various ways of integrating diverse theories and techniques characterizes psychotherapy integration. What differentiates psychotherapy integration from an eclectic approach is that in an eclectic approach, a therapist chooses interventions based on what works without considering a theoretical basis for using the technique, while psychotherapy integration attends to the relationship between technique and theory. Assimilative Integration is an approach to psychotherapy integration in which the therapist has a commitment to one theoretical approach but also is willing to use techniques from other therapeutic approaches.

Asian-American students often outperform their non-Asian peers on various measures of academic achievement. Research suggests that the best predictor of higher achievement in Asian-Americans is: A.estimate of ability. B.fear of academic failure. C.self-efficacy beliefs. D.effort beliefs.

Correct Answer is: B Asian-American and non-Asian students not only differ in terms of achievement but also in their attributions for academic success. Asian-Americans are more likely to cite fear of failure as the main contributor to academic success, while non-Asians are more likely to attribute successful performance to effort.

Behavioral treatments for depression focus on increasing pleasurable activities and/or Select one: A.flooding. B.social skills training. C.overcorrection. D.self-instructional training.

Correct Answer is: B Behavioral explanations for depression focus on the role of too little reinforcement and too much punishment. Behavioral interventions attempt to reverse this situation by, for example, helping clients develop better social skills so that they will have more pleasurable social interactions.

Biofeedback is often part of treatments aimed at lowering tension and arousal and increasing relaxation. For this purpose, biofeedback is being used to control the: Select one: A.sympathetic nervous system. B.parasympathetic nervous system. C.somatic nervous system. D.endocrine system. Feedback

Correct Answer is: B Biofeedback and other stress/anxiety reducing techniques are designed to induce a positive parasympathetic state since it is the parasympathetic nervous system that is responsible for rest, relaxation, and recuperation. On the other hand, if you wanted to increase blood flow to change body temperature, biofeedback would affect the sympathetic nervous system.

According to Nancy Chodorow (1978) roles in society will change only when we have a system of parenting in which men and women are equally responsible for child rearing. Chodorow feels: A.The present system doesn't reflect the gendered division of labor B.The present system teaches girls to remain attached to their mothers C.The present system teaches boys to remain attached to their mothers D.The present system cannot be explained through object relations theory

Correct Answer is: B Chodorow uses the principles of object relations theory (thus "cannot be explained through object relations theory" is incorrect) to show that girls are taught to stay attached to their same sex mother while boys are taught to differentiate (opposite of "teaches boys to remain attached to their mothers") from their mothers. Chodorow argues that the present system represents a gendered division of labor and that changes in gender relations will only occur when men and women are equally responsible for child rearing.

Cross's (1991) Black Racial (Nigresence) Identity Development Model includes the stage called Pre-Encounter. At this stage an African-American prefers a therapist: A.of their own race. B.of the Caucasian race. C.of a minority group; but not African-American. D.that is African, but not American

Correct Answer is: B Cross's Identity Development Model includes four stages. The first stage is Pre-encounter in which whites are seen as the ideal, while African Americans are denigrated. The second stage or Encounter stage leads to an interest in developing an African-American identity and a preference for a therapist of one's own race. The third stage (Immersion/Emersion) involves a struggle between old and emerging ideas about race. There is an initial idealization of African-Americans and a denigrating of whites. Toward the end of this stage the person becomes less emotionally immersed and moves toward internalization of a new identity. In the fourth and final stage (Internalization/Commitment), the individual adopts an African-American world view.

Crystallized functions are considered to be: A.dependent on cultural factors B.dependent on learning and education C.culture-free D.independent of learning

Correct Answer is: B Crystallized Intelligence (Gc) is the breadth and depth of a person's acquired knowledge of a culture and the effective application of this knowledge. According to the APA Dictionary of Psychology, crystallized abilities are those abilities "such as vocabulary and cultural knowledge, that are a function of learning and experience in a given culture. Crystallized abilities are believed to depend on physiological condition somewhat less than do fluid abilities; thus they may be better sustained in old age. They are also believed by some to derive from fluid abilities."

Depressogenic schemata such as arbitrary inference and selective abstraction are associated with: Select one: A.Lewinsohn B.Beck C.Seligman D.Ellis

Correct Answer is: B Depressogenic schemata, or cognitive distortions, such as overgeneralization, personalization, magnification, arbitrary inference, and selective abstraction are reflected statements in Beck's "depressive cognitive triad." "Lewinsohn" is associated with the findings that depressed individuals' self-evaluations reflect an unbiased perception of reality and more accurately correspond with observer evaluations, "Seligman" is associated with the theory of learned helplessness, and "Ellis" with Reactive Emotive Therapy (RET).

Cultural differences and factors have an influence on the manifestation of client symptoms. If a psychologist assumes an Asian client's somatic complaints are really reflective of a mental disorder it is an example of: Select one: A.demand characteristics B.diagnostic overshadowing C.the fundamental attribution bias D.self-perception bias

Correct Answer is: B Diagnostic overshadowing is a term to describe when a therapist's ability to recognize or consider other symptoms or conditions is "overshadowed" by one aspect of a client's symptoms or condition. Demand characteristics* are unintentional cues in the experimental environment or manipulation that allow participants to guess the hypothesis and, as a result, participants may behave differently than they would under normal conditions. The fundamental attribution bias* refers to the tendency to overestimate dispositional (personality) factors and underestimate situational factors in explaining the behavior of others. Self-perception bias* refers to an individual inferring what their internal state is by perceiving how they are acting in a given situation (* incorrect options). Diagnostic Overshadowing: Diagnostic overshadowing was originally used to describe the tendency of health professionals to attribute all of the psychological problems of individuals with Intellectual Disability to that diagnosis and ignore other possible causes, but it's also applicable to other characteristics. For example, a therapist is exhibiting diagnostic overshadowing when he or she routinely attributes the presenting problems of gay and lesbian clients to conflicts related to sexual orientation without considering other possible contributors (Sue & Sue, 2008).

The development of depressive symptomology according to Beck's cognitive theory, a diathesis-stress model, proposes _____________ serves as the vulnerability. Select one: A.a genetic predisposition B.depressogenic schema C.exposure to a negative event D.a negative attributional style

Correct Answer is: B Diathesis-stress models state that illness is the result of diathesis (vulnerability) combined with stress, with the nature of the vulnerability depending on the type of theory. Beck's theory of depression identifies the source of vulnerability as cognitive factors. His cognitive diathesis-stress model of depression suggests some people, when exposed to a negative life event (stress), are vulnerable to experiencing depression as they have depressogenic schemata (dysfunctional attitudes). A negative attributional style or types of attributions such as internal, stable, and global attributions are recognized as the diathesis in Abramson, Metalsky, and Alloy's (1989) hopelessness model of depression.

________________ refers to the phenomenon in which different circumstances and opportunities lead to similar outcomes. Select one: A.Multifinality B.Equifinality C.Homeostasis D.Entropy

Correct Answer is: B Equifinality is a systems theory concept that holds a final state or given outcome may be reached from different initial conditions and in different ways. Multifinality* refers to the phenomenon in which similar initial conditions may lead to different outcomes. Homeostasis* is the tendency to maintain balance in the system. Entropy* is a tendency for the systems' outputs to decline when the inputs have remained the same (* incorrect options). In other words, as long as energy is moving in the cycle, the system is alive, however once more energy is expended than is being inputted, the system results in entropy, or begins to die.

Communication-interaction therapy espouses that communication has both a "report" function and a Select one: A.Principle of equifinality B.Command function C.Circular model of causality D.Paradoxical strategy

Correct Answer is: B Family therapists from the Mental Research Institute in Palo Alto such as Gregory Bateson, Virginia Satir, and Jay Haley described communication as having a "report function" that contains the content or informational aspect of the communication, and the "command function", that is often conveyed nonverbally and exemplifies the relationship between the communicators. The other choices are other concepts from the Mental Research Institute. "Principles of equifinality" refers to the idea that no matter where the system change occurs, the end result is the same. "Circular model of causality" is a concept in their approach that describes a symptom as both a cause and an effect of dysfunctional communication patterns. "Paradoxical strategies" include prescribing the symptom and relabeling, or changing the label a family attaches to a problem in order to change the meaning.

From the Freudian perspective, phobias are a means of reducing anxiety stemming from an unresolved conflict. Freud explained Little Hans's fear of horses, for instance, as due to an unresolved conflict that had its origins in the: A.genital stage. B.phallic stage. C.anal stage. D.oral stage.

Correct Answer is: B Freud described Little Hans's fear of horses as displacement of anxiety stemming from an unresolved Oedipus conflict.

In Gestalt therapy, introjection, projection, deflection, confluence and retroflection are examples of: Select one: A.layers of neurosis B.resistances to contact C.natural anxiety D.neurotic anxiety

Correct Answer is: B Gestalt therapy focuses on the "here and now" which encourages clients to gain awareness and full experiencing in the present. The term contact refers to interacting with nature and others without losing one's individuality. Resistances to contact are the defenses that one develops as a self-protective attempt to avoid the anxiety necessitated by change and prevents full experiencing in the present. The question lists the five defenses or types of resistance to contact. The five layers of neurosis, proposed by Perls (1969) to describe the process of working through neurosis are: phony, phobic, impasse, implosive, and explosive. Neurotic anxiety is the result of not facing normal anxiety.

According to the concept of "homeostasis," if a married woman's depressive symptoms improve, we can expect that which of the following will be most likely to occur? Select one: A.increased support from her husband B.depressive symptoms in her husband C.rejection by all family members D.overall improvement in the family's symptoms

Correct Answer is: B Homeostasis refers to the tendency for any system to react toward restoring the status quo in the event of any change. Homeostasis is automatically disturbed as individuals in a family grow into new developmental stages or "get better" after having had depressive or other symptoms. Therefore, when someone recovers, to restore a homeostatic balance, family members may either sabotage the recovered member's improvement or become symptomatic themselves. Thus, if the woman's depressive symptoms improve, the concept of homeostasis would predict that depressive symptoms might develop in her husband.

According to Jung, the term individuation refers to: Select one: A.differentiating between self and object. B.integrating aspects of the self to form a unique identity. C.the capacity to separate one's emotional and intellectual functioning. D.experiencing a state of anonymity.

Correct Answer is: B Individuation, as defined by Jung, involves integrating the conscious and the unconscious elements of the psyche and is the goal of psychological development. differentiating between self and object. This choice describes Mahler's separation-individuation phase of early development. the capacity to separate one's emotional and intellectual functioning. This refers to Bowen's concept of differentiation, which states the greater an individual's differentiation, the better he/she is able to resist emotionally fusing with other family members. experiencing a state of anonymity. Deindividuation, which occurs under conditions of anonymity, refers to the loss of a person's identity and a loosening of normal restraints against deviant behavior. It is used to explain why someone may be more willing to behave in uncharacteristic ways when acting as a member of a group than when acting alone.

According to Marlatt and Gordon, which of the following most increases the chance of relapse in a substance abuser? A.life changes B.negative affects C.physiological cravings D.decreased treatment durations due to the limits set by managed care companies

Correct Answer is: B Marlatt and Gordon are best known for their Relapse Prevention Therapy which views substance dependence as a collection of maladaptive over-learned habits. According to their research, nearly 75% of all relapses are due to negative affects, interpersonal conflict, and social pressure.

Murray Bowen's approach to family therapy was strongly influenced by: A.gestalt therapy B.psychodynamic theory C.existentialism D.communications theory

Correct Answer is: B Murray Bowen was psychoanalytically trained and his extended family systems therapy was strongly influenced by his analytic training. For example, his transgenerational approach focuses on addressing relationship issues in one's family of origin and developing insight in order to resolve current problems.

Which of the following best describes the purpose of reframing in family therapy? Select one: A.It is a paradoxical technique designed to harness the family's resistance in the service of positive behavioral change. B.It is designed to increase the family's compliance with the therapist's directives and the treatment plan in general. C.It is designed to restore the family's homeostasis, or "balance." D.It is designed to increase the family's ability to differentiate intellectual from emotional functioning.

Correct Answer is: B Reframing is a technique of family therapy, especially structural and strategic family therapy. It involves relabeling or redefining a problem behavior in order to get the family to see it in a new light. For example, a therapist might tell a family that a child who frequently "talks back" is expressing insecurity and the need for love, rather than anger and disrespect. The purpose of reframing is usually to increase the family's compliance with treatment. In the example given, reframing might increase the family members' willingness to make changes in their own behavior, rather than focusing only on the identified patient.

Individuals who recall memories under hypnosis, compared to non-hypnotized individuals, A.have more confidence in their memories and are more likely to recall events accurately. B.have more confidence in their memories but are less likely to recall events accurately. C.have less confidence in their memories and are less likely to recall events accurately. D.have less confidence in their memories but are more likely to recall events accurately.

Correct Answer is: B Research shows that memories retrieved under hypnosis tend to be less accurate than other memories. Nonetheless, individuals who recall information while under hypnosis have greater confidence in their memories as compared to controls. In some research studies, hypnotized subjects were reluctant to admit that their memories were inaccurate even when confronted with clear evidence demonstrating this to be the case.

Stuart's operant interpersonal therapy: Select one: A.is based on object relations theory B.encourages couples to focus on positive aspects of one's partner C.discourages the use of a "quid pro quo" approach among couples D.maintains that successful marriages are based on contingent punishments

Correct Answer is: B Richard Stuart applied operant conditioning and social exchange theory in the context of marital therapy. He encourages couples to focus on positive aspects of each other and to use reciprocal reinforcement or "quid pro quo." He maintained that in successful marriages rewards exceed costs and are built on positive reinforcement, rather than negative reinforcement, punishment, or coercion.

A therapist working from the perspective of Minuchin's school of thought would examine a family system in terms of Select one: A.multigenerational transmission processes. B.subsystems and boundaries. C.fusion and differentiation. D.communication style.

Correct Answer is: B Salvador Minuchin's Structural Family Therapy is based on and extends general family systems theory. The goal is to restructure maladaptive family structures, including family subsystems and boundaries.

The best example of a secondary prevention program is Select one: A.a rehabilitation program. B.crisis intervention. C.a community education program. D.Head Start.

Correct Answer is: B Secondary prevention involves early detection and intervention for a problem in order to reduce its duration and keep it from getting worse. Crisis intervention, suicide hotlines, and screening tests are all examples of secondary prevention.

Self-in-Relation theory suggests that: Select one: A.the self progresses from infantile dependence to mature independence B.one's self depends on how one connects to others C.people prefer to be right rather than happy D.the relationships between siblings is the most important influence in the development of the self

Correct Answer is: B Self-in-Relation theory is a feminist theory which emphasizes the importance of one's connections with others, particularly a daughter's relationship with her mother. The development of the self is viewed as progressing from infantile dependence towards a mature state of interdependence. Self-in-Relation theory was primarily developed to better understand the experience and development of the self in women, although it has also been considered useful for understanding male development. According to Self-in-Relation theory, one's sense of self depends in large part on how one connects with others. The self is not viewed as an autonomous entity, but rather as a self-in-relation (Jordan, Kaplan, Miller, Stiver, & Surrey, 1991) and it is through an empathic process of connections that personal growth occurs (Straus, 1988). In contrast to the traditional Western view of human development - a progression from infantile dependence towards a state of greater and greater separation, individuation, and independence, Self-in-Relation theory views human development as a progression from infantile dependency towards a mature state of interdependency and the relational self is believed to develop though internalization of the caretaker's empathic attitude. Psychopathology is considered an inevitable outcome of disconnection from others, therefore the goal of therapy is to increase clients' interpersonal connections. The most important of these connections is the mother-daughter relationship. Self-in-relation theory suggests that mothers and daughters must learn to care for their relationships and attend to each other's well-being and development throughout their lives (Surrey, 1991). The notion of mutuality is central to this theory. That is, relationships are viewed as reciprocal, in which both affect the other, and are affected by the other. This also applies, to some extent, to the therapeutic relationship. That is, therapists should allow themselves to be affected by their clients, as well as the reverse. Self-in-Relation theory acknowledges however that the therapeutic relationship cannot be fully mutual since the client's subjective experience must remain the central focus of the relationship (Jordan, 1986).

A therapist who assigns a couple the task of looking for things in their relationship that they would like to continue is most likely using which of the following therapeutic approaches? Select one: A.behavioral B.solution-focused C.structural D.strategic

Correct Answer is: B Solution-focused therapy uses a variety of techniques including formula tasks that help clients become aware of solutions they already have in place. For example, using the formula first session task the therapist asks the clients to observe, and describe in the next session, what happens in their lives that they would like to continue to have happen.

An effective behavioral treatment to reduce the symptoms of depression is Structured Learning Therapy (SLT). SLT contains all of the following except: A.social skills training B.overcorrection C.modeling D.role-playing

Correct Answer is: B Structured Learning Therapy incorporates "social skills training," an early approach to the treatment of depression, along with "modeling," "role-playing," skill instruction, and performance appraisal (which make these the incorrect options).

Hand washing frequency by health care workers is low despite the importance of compliance for reducing rates of hospital-acquired infection. Research indicates the most effective interventions for increasing hand washing include: Select one: A.continued performance feedback and written materials B.education, continued performance feedback and reminders C.automated sinks, education and availability of moisturizing soap D.automated sinks, written materials and reminders

Correct Answer is: B Studies on interventions to increase compliance with hand hygiene practices have found that no single intervention has consistently improved handwashing frequency in healthcare workers. Individual intervention findings indicate: one-time educational interventions and performance feedback on compliance rates are associated with a short-term influence; distribution of written materials and strategically placed reminders had a modest but more sustained effect; automated sinks increased the quality of handwashing however decreased the frequency; and the availability of moisturizing soaps had little or no effect on frequency. Research suggests the most effective approach is a multifaceted one that includes education in combination with written material, reminders and continued feedback of performance. The availability of an alcohol-based hand gel, when added to the multifaceted approach also appears to result in a modest improvement in compliance.

According to Sue and Sue (2003), what represents an "invisible veil" which operates outside the level of conscious awareness? A.class-bound values B.worldviews C.cultural-bound values D.cultural-universality

Correct Answer is: B Sue and Sue state that individuals are products of cultural conditioning with their "worldviews," or values and beliefs, representing an invisible veil which operates outside the level of conscious awareness. The resulting assumption is that everyone shares the same reality and truth regardless of race, culture, ethnicity, or gender. This assumption of universality is erroneous yet seldom questioned due to being firmly ingrained in one's worldview, and often results in people operating on misinformation.

On the Halstead-Reitan, the Impairment Index is used as a measure of brain damage and: A.represents the examinee's mean score on the relevant subtests. B.is derived from the number of subtests on which the examinee scored below the criterion score. C.is a profile that makes it possible to compare the examinee's score pattern to those of people with and without brain damage. D.is calculated by totaling the examinee's scores on the individual subtests.

Correct Answer is: B The Impairment Index is calculated by adding the number of subtests on which the examinee scored below the cutoff and dividing the sum by the total number of subtests. (Originally, ten subtests were used; some experts now recommend including only seven.) The higher the Impairment Index, the greater the likelihood of brain damage.

The object relations approach focuses on the role of ________ in personality development and views it as being an innate drive. Select one: A.sexuality B.social interest C.attachment D.identity

Correct Answer is: C Object relations theory emphasizes the role of early attachments between the individual and its caregivers on the individual's personality development. It also views attachment as an innate capacity that has survival value.

The __________ is useful for assessing the cognitive ability of individuals with a language or hearing impairment. Select one: A.WRAT-4 B.Leiter-3 C.CogAT D.CAS

Correct Answer is: B The Leiter-3 (Leiter International Performance Scale-3rd Edition) can be administered without verbal instructions and does not require verbal or written responses. Therefore, it is considered a useful measure of cognitive ability for individuals who do not speak English or have a language or hearing impairment. Note: The Leiter-3 was released in 2013 as an updated version of the Leiter-R. It combines some of Leiter-R subtests, includes a new neuropsychological subtest (the Nonverbal Stroop Subtest), and is appropriate for individuals ages 3 through 75+.

A score of 85 on the Lie (L) Scale of the MMPI-2 may indicate: Select one: A.most Lie (L) Scale items were answered as "true" B.a lack of insight or denial C.similar or identical items were answered in an inconsistent way D.acute psychological distress was experienced while taking the test

Correct Answer is: B The Lie Scale is one of the original MMPI validity scales, which were designed to evaluate test-taking attitudes. A high Lie Scale score may indicate a lack of insight into one's own behavior, denial, an attempt to create a favorable impression, or the tendency to answer items "false." most Lie (L) Scale items were answered as "true" A low Lie Scale score may be the result of answering items as "true" . similar or identical items were answered in an inconsistent way Inconsistent responding is suggested by a high score on the VRIN scale. acute psychological distress was experienced while taking the test Acute psychological distress is associated with an extremely low score on the K (Correction) Scale.

Someone advocating an emic rather than an etic approach to cross-cultural psychology would argue that the study of a culture Select one: A.should be undertaken from a detached and objective position. B.should be undertaken from within the culture itself. C.should involve a comparison across different cultures. D.should use the history of the culture being studied as a reference point.

Correct Answer is: B The emic/etic distinction was first made by an anthropologist named Pike in 1954 and has since been applied to cross-cultural psychology. The etic approach to the study of a culture involves studying it from the outside, using universally accepted means of investigation. The emic approach, by contrast, involves studying the culture from the inside and trying see it as its own members do.

When comparing feminist therapy to a more psychodynamic approach, feminist theory Select one: A.Disallows the mother's role B.Takes factors other than a woman's view of herself into consideration C.Relies much more on the emphasis of the biological mother D.Encourages women to call men to task for the oppression of women

Correct Answer is: B The feminist approach to psychotherapy rests on the assumption that social roles and socialization are important determinants of behavior. Psychological conflicts are then alternative roles and options. A primary goal is empowerment or helping women become more self-defining and self-determining.

When a psychologist takes a phenomenological approach, this means that she focuses on Select one: A.unconscious determinants of behavior. B.subjective experience. C.behavioral antecedents of behavior. D.self-actualization.

Correct Answer is: B The term phenomenology refers to subjective experience. Phenomenology formed the basis of person-centered psychotherapy, the school of psychotherapy founded by Carl Rogers. He was influenced by the work of Combs and Snygg, who defined the "phenomenal field" as "the entire universe, including himself, as it is experienced by the individual at the instant of action...it is the universe...in which each individual lives, the everyday situation of self and surrounding which each person takes to be reality." Rogers believed that the therapist's goal was to get closer to this phenomenal field; his method included listening to the person's report of recent subjective experiences, and paraphrasing or rephrasing these reports. Rogers also believed that self-actualization was a goal of therapy, but the term phenomenology refers to subjective experience, not self-actualization.

The conviction that love, friendship and occupation are the three major life tasks is most similar to the theory and beliefs of: Select one: A.Maslow. B.Adler C.Rogers. D.Berne.

Correct Answer is: B The three tasks (friendship, occupation, and love) all involve social interactions which is most consistent with Adler's emphasis on social factors and need to belong (i.e., social interest). Adler held people are primarily motivated by an innate social interest and that the goal in life is to act in ways that fulfill social responsibilities.

All of the following statements about Beck's cognitive theory of the origin and maintenance of depression are true, except Select one: A.experiences in early childhood play a role in the development of depression in adulthood. B.depressed individuals are suffering from personality pathology due to relatively stable and omnipresent dysfunctional models of the world. C.the cognitive triad of depressive cognitions is negative beliefs about the self, future, and the world. D.automatic depressive thoughts are the result of logical errors that occur when the individual tries to interpret a situation in terms of a dysfunctional schema.

Correct Answer is: B This choice is not true of Beck's theory: "depressed individuals are suffering from personality pathology due to relatively stable and omnipresent dysfunctional models of the world". According to Beck, dysfunctional schemas (i.e., models of the world) are not always present. Rather, they are activated by particular environmental events -- often, events that bear some resemblance to events earlier in life that caused the schema to develop. For instance, a business failure could activate the schema "no matter what I try, I'll fail because I'm inadequate" that might have been formed due to experiences in childhood. Unless activated by such events, schema lie dormant and don't affect functioning. You might have thought that this choice ("experiences in early childhood play a role in the development of depression in adulthood") sounded more like the psychoanalytic than the cognitive viewpoint. However, as should be clear from this explanation, Beck also believes that past experiences play a role in the development of mental illness.

According to Horn and Cattell (1966): A.crystallized and fluid intelligence become more integrated in later adulthood. B.crystallized and fluid intelligence are uncorrelated. C.crystallized intelligence develops through the use of fluid intelligence. D.fluid (but not crystallized) intelligence depends on exposure to particular cultural and educational experiences. Feedback

Correct Answer is: C Cattell and Horn distinguish between fluid and crystallized intelligence. The former is independent of specific instruction and is relatively culture free, while the latter depends on exposure to education and is affected by cultural experiences. Cattell and Horn believed that these two aspects of intelligence are highly correlated and that crystallized intelligence develops through the use of fluid intelligence.

In their often-cited research study, Sue and his colleagues (1991) found that ethnic matching of therapist and client: A.improves therapy outcome and reduces premature termination for African-American clients but not for Asian-American or Mexican-American clients. B.improves therapy outcome and reduces premature termination for Asian-American and Mexican-American clients but has less of an effect on these variables for African-American clients. C.substantially improves therapy outcome and reduces premature termination for Asian-Americans, Mexican-Americans, and African-Americans. D.is related to premature termination for African-Americans and Whites but has little or no impact on other measures of treatment outcome.

Correct Answer is: B This is a difficult question because the research is so inconsistent on this issue. However, this question is referring to a specific study, which makes it easier as long as you're familiar with that study's results. One of the things that Sue and his colleagues learned was that the effects of ethnic matching differ for different minority groups. Specifically, ethnic matching seems most beneficial for Asian- and Hispanic-Americans, so this response best summarizes their findings.

From the perspective of Beck's cognitive therapy, suicidal individuals are characterized by a high degree of hopelessness coupled with: A.maladaptive interpretations. B.poor problem-solving skills. C.the "cognitive triad." D.impulsivity.

Correct Answer is: B This is a difficult question if you are not familiar with Beck's work on suicide. Maladaptive interpretations and beliefs are, of course, an important focus in cognitive therapy regardless of the client's problem. However, since this question is asking specifically about suicide, you'd want to choose the response that fits that problem. According to Beck, suicide risk is heightened by a combination of hopelessness and poor problem-solving skills.

According to recent meta-analyses of child psychotherapy outcome studies, which of the following statements is most true? A.There are no differences between the effectiveness of behavioral and non-behavioral interventions in the treatment of children. B.Girls respond better to psychotherapy than boys, with adolescent girls responding best. C.Girls respond better to psychotherapy than boys, with younger girls responding best. D.At all age levels, boys respond better to psychotherapy than girls.

Correct Answer is: B This is one of the many areas where the results of research are contradictory and somewhat controversial. However, the most recent meta-analyses of research in this area have found that across treatment approaches, girls respond better than boys, with adolescent girls responding best of all. This is somewhat contradictory to earlier research, which found that younger children respond better than older children.Because the findings of research sometimes contradict each other, it can be frustrating to decide which is the best answer to questions such as these. Of course, you'd want to find an answer that is consistent (or not inconsistent, at least) with the results of all the research. However, if such a response is not available, you should go with the results of more recent research.

Which of the following statements is most consistent with Troiden's (1989) model of gay and lesbian identity development? Select one: A.Identity confusion and identity assumption begin somewhat earlier for females than males, but identity commitment begins earlier for males than females. B.Identity confusion, identity assumption, and identity commitment begin somewhat earlier for males than females. C.Identity confusion, identity assumption, and identity commitment begin somewhat earlier for females than males. D.There are no gender differences in the age of onset for homosexual identity development.

Correct Answer is: B Troiden's (1989) model of homosexual identity development describes four stages: Sensitization, identity confusion, identity assumption, and identity commitment. Sensitization begins before puberty and consists of homosexual feelings or experiences without an understanding of them in terms of self-identity. Identity confusion, which usually develops in adolescent males around 17 years and in females around 18 when they realize that they may be homosexual. During identity assumption, the individual comes out as a homosexual - typically from 19-21 years for males and 21-23 for females. Identity commitment is characterized by the individual adopting a homosexual lifestyle - which usually occurs from 21-24 years for males and 22-23 for females

Which of the following practices is not a behavioral technique? Select one: A.A client practices drink refusal skills with her therapist. Incorrect B.A client visualizes herself as a successful, non-drinking person. C.A client drives home a different way to avoid the places she used to drink. D.A client writes down what, how much, and with whom she drinks.

Correct Answer is: B Visualizing oneself as a non-drinking person is useful, but it is not, technically, a behavioral technique. Behavioral techniques are directly observable.

The first, non-pathologizing model of homosexual identity formation is associated with which of the following individuals? A.Troiden B.Cass C.Sophie D.Hanley-Hackenbrunch

Correct Answer is: B Vivienne Cass proposed individuals go through a six-stage, non-age specific, process of homosexual identity development. The stages are: identity awareness (conscious of being different); identity comparison (believes may be homosexual, acts heterosexual); identity tolerance (realizes is homosexual); identity acceptance (begins to explore gay community); identity pride (becomes active in gay community); and synthesis (fully accepts self and others). Richard Troiden outlined a four-stage age-graded model: sensitization, identity confusion, identity, identity assumption, and commitment. (See: Cass, V. C. (1979). Homosexual identity formation: A theoretical model. Journal of Homosexuality, 4, 219-235).Sophie postulated a four-stage coming out process: first awareness, testing and exploration, identity acceptance, and commitment. Hanley-Hackenbruch developed a three-stage model: prohibition; ambivalence/practicing or compulsion/exploration; and consolidation/integration. Two limitations shared by all four of the models are: the assumption of a stable, core sexual orientation which, at least in the final stages, excludes bisexual or transgender identity development; and the cross-cultural applicability of the developmental models.

Classical Adlerian psychotherapy: Select one: A.provides six stages as a systematic procedure B.provides twelve phases as a teaching guideline C.is a progression through twelve stages D.is a creatively practiced art without stages

Correct Answer is: C Classical Alderian psychotherapy is characterized as a diplomatic, warm, empathetic, and Socratic style of treatment. For teaching purposes, Adlerian psychotherapy can be divided into twelve stages, and within each stage, cognitive, affective, and behavioral changes are gradually advanced. The stages reflect progressive strategies for awakening a client's underdeveloped feeling of community. There are six different phases in this psychotherapy and within these phases there can be up to three stages. These are not rigid, systematized steps as therapy is considered a creative practice and unique for the individual.

A person who takes the MMPI-2 obtains a score of 62 on the depression scale. This means that Select one: A.the person is probably clinically depressed. B.the test results are not valid. C.the person's score is 1.2 standard deviation units above the mean. D.the person's score is 12 raw score points above the mean.

Correct Answer is: C A T-score is a standardized score, which means that it indicates how many standard deviation units a given raw score is above or below the mean. The T-score distribution has a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. This means that a score of 62 -- 12 T-score points above the mean -- is 1.2 standard deviations above the mean, since 10 X 1.2 is 12. The MMPI-2's validity scales are used to help determine whether an examinee's clinical scale scores provide accurate information or are biased by a response style or reflect intentional deception. An examinee's raw scale scores are converted to T-scores that have a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10, and a T-score of 65 or higher is considered clinically significant. Interpretation begins with evaluating the validity of the results by considering the examinee's scores on each validity scale and patterns on two or more validity scales. For example, malingering is suggested when an examinee receives an extremely high F scale score with a high value on the F-K index (the F Scale score is 9 or more points higher than the K Scale score) or when the L and K Scale scores are around 50, the F Scale score is slightly elevated, and the clinical score profile is "saw-toothed" (high and low scores on alternate scales). When an examinee's profile is valid, his or her clinical scale scores are interpreted. This is done using profile (pattern) analysis, which involves considering the examinee's two or three highest scores and patterns created by three or more scores. For instance, with regard to the latter, a "conversion V" pattern occurs when scores on Scale 1 (Hypochondriasis) and Scale 3 (Hysteria) are 65 or higher and at least eight points higher than the Scale 2 (Depression) score and suggests somatization of psychological problems, a lack of insight, or chronic pain that has an organic basis. And a "psychotic V" pattern occurs when scores on Scales 6 (Paranoia) and 8 (Schizophrenia) are 65 or higher and at least eight points higher than the Scale 7 (Psychasthenia) score and suggests the presence of delusions, hallucinations, and disordered thought.

When scores on the MMPI scales 1 and 3 are higher than on scale 2, this pattern is referred to as a: A.defensive profile B.passive-aggressive V C.conversion V D.psychotic V

Correct Answer is: C A conversion V pattern on the MMPI-2 occurs when the scale 2 (depression) score is significantly lower than scores on scales 1 (hypochondriasis) and 3 (hysteria). This pattern is characteristic of individuals with a tendency to somaticize psychological problems, have chronic pain with an organic etiology, have conversion disorder or other somatoform disorder. In the defensive profile pattern, the F scale score is significantly lower than scores on the L and K scales and indicates an attempt to present in a favorable light. In the psychotic V, or paranoid valley, pattern, the scale 7(Psychesthenia-Pt)(aka OCD) score is significantly lower than scores on scales 6(Paranoia) and 8(schizophrenia). In the passive-aggressive V pattern, the scale 5 (masculinity/feminitity)score is significantly lower than scores on scales 4(psychopathic deviate) and 6(paranoia)

Therapists working with elderly patients should be aware that Select one: A.elderly patients have very poor memory. B.elderly patients cannot benefit much from psychotherapy. C.individual differences among elderly patients are greater than individual differences among younger patients. D.elderly people tend to drop out of therapy prematurely.

Correct Answer is: C A number of authors have noted that elderly individuals tend to vary greatly -- even more so than younger people -- in terms of physical abilities, intellectual abilities, interests, and personality characteristics. The other choices represent myths or stereotypes about the elderly that should be avoided.

A new group being led by Dr. Domato includes members from a variety of cultural backgrounds. Dr. Domato should: A.treat group members as individuals and not assume that culture is relevant to their problems. B.focus on the sociocultural factors that underlie each group member's problems. C.help each member determine whether or not cultural biases and racism are contributing to their problems. D.allow members to decide when it is the right time to discuss cultural issues.

Correct Answer is: C APA's Guidelines for Providers of Psychological Services to Ethnic, Linguistic, and Culturally Diverse Populations applies to this situation. It specifically states that when working with members of ethnic/cultural minorities, psychologists "seek to help a client determine whether a 'problem' stems from racism or bias in others so that the client does not inappropriately personalize problems." The Guidelines do not advocate adopting a "colorblind" perspective or, at the other extreme, assuming that a client's problems are always related to cultural issues.

All of the following statements are consistent with Minuchin's concept of enmeshed or disengaged families, except: Select one: A.in an enmeshed family, parents may devote an excessive amount of attention to one symptomatic family member who serves as the "symptom bearer" for the entire family. B.enmeshed parents tend to be loving and considerate and do a lot for their children. C.in a disengaged family, excessive conflict prevents effective communication. D.in a disengaged family, parents may not notice when their children need support or guidance.

Correct Answer is: C According to Minuchin, boundaries in a family system can be described as enmeshed or disengaged; the two terms represent opposite ends of a continuum. Enmeshed boundaries are overly diffuse; the result is a family in which members are overly close and dependent. Disengagement describes boundaries that are overly rigid; members of a disengaged family tend to be isolated from each other. in a disengaged family, excessive conflict prevents effective communication. Contrary to this choice, members of disengaged families tend to avoid conflict. The other choices are true of enmeshed or disengaged families.

An African-American adult repeatedly expresses his superiority as an African-American and expresses contempt for all Caucasians. According to Cross' Nigrescence Theory, this person is most likely in which stage of development? Select one: A.Pre-encounter B.Encounter C.Immersion-Emersion D.Internalization-Commitment

Correct Answer is: C According to the Nigrescence model, during the Immersion-Emersion stage of identity development there is a tendency for African-Americans to idealize other African-Americans and the culture and denigrate Caucasian individuals and culture.

Which of the individuals listed is most associated with an emphasis on social interest? Select one: A.Berne B.Rogers C.Adler D.Perls Feedback

Correct Answer is: C Adler proposed an innate social interest primarily motivates people and acting in ways that fulfill social responsibilities is the goal of life.

Increased awareness is the primary goal of which of the following types of therapy? Select one: A.Self Psychology B.Reality Therapy C.Gestalt Therapy D.Existential Therapy

Correct Answer is: C Although increased awareness can be considered an important goal of many types of therapy, it is perhaps most central to Gestalt Therapy. Gestalt therapy strives to increase an individual's awareness of the self, the environment, and the nature of the self-environment boundary.

From the perspective of psychoanalytic theory, mania represents: A.a biological illness that psychoanalysis can do nothing about. B.acting-out of libidinous impulses. C.a regression to an infantile state. D.a defense against depression.

Correct Answer is: D According to classical psychoanalytic theory, mania occurs as a defense against depression, due to an inability of the person to tolerate or admit to being depressed.

According to current cognitive-behavioral theories, a central factor in the maintenance of anorexia nervosa symptom is: A.intense fear of gaining weight. B.positive reinforcement from family and friends for weight loss. C.the need to control eating. Correct D.a fear of sexuality and sexual maturity.

Correct Answer is: C Cognitive-behavioral therapy is commonly used to treat anorexia nervosa, and is empirically supported as an effective intervention. There are a few different cognitive-behavioral theories of the disorder, but they are similar. They emphasize two major factors in the maintenance of the disorder: an extreme need to control eating, and an extreme tendency to judge self-worth on the basis of body shape and weight. Treatment, after addressing the immediate need to begin eating and gaining weight, includes self-monitoring, examination and restructuring of distorted beliefs, and relapse prevention training.

Eysenck's 1952 study on psychotherapy outcome: Select one: A.concluded that individuals who receive psychotherapy are better off than 80% of controls B.concluded that psychologists and psychiatrists are more effective than master's level clinicians C.challenged the effectiveness of most psychotherapy treatments D.led to many other outcome studies, most of which have supported his findings

Correct Answer is: C Eysenck, in his 1952 study, found that 64% of patients in eclectic therapy and 44% of psychoanalytic patients improved versus a 72% improvement rate for untreated patients. His methodology and findings have been criticized for decades following his report and most studies since then have found psychotherapy to be superior to no treatment. concluded that individuals who receive psychotherapy are better off than 80% of controls This choice is one of the conclusions of Smith and Glass' (1978) meta-analysis. concluded that psychologists and psychiatrists are more effective than master's level clinicians This was not one of Eysenck's conclusions, and it is also contrary to a finding of Consumer Report's 1995 study which failed to find a relationship between therapist level of training and outcome. led to many other outcome studies, most of which have supported his findings This is partly correct, in that many other outcome studies did follow Eysenck's study; however, most of these have contradicted his findings. Indeed, even Eysenck modified his conclusion in 1985 by indicating that at least one therapy, behavior therapy, is superior to placebo or no treatment.

Freud's psychosexual stages of development are based on: A. various levels of consciousness B.interpersonal conflicts which develop during specific age intervals C.areas of the body that experience sexual excitability in a fixed sequence D.five levels of basic human needs which can be hierarchically ordered

Correct Answer is: C Freud's psychosexual stages are based on the erogenous zones or areas of the body which become particularly sensitive to erotic stimulation during different developmental stages. various levels of consciousness This refers to Freud's structural model of the unconscious, preconscious, and conscious. interpersonal conflicts which develop during specific age intervals This refers to Erickson's theory of personality development. five levels of basic human needs which can be hierarchically ordered This refers to Maslow's theory.

When a psychologist working out of the Adlerian model serves as a consultant in a school, they: Select one: A.Work primarily with the school B.Identify the areas of inferiority within the system C.Primarily educate the parents and teachers through an emphasis on preventive interventions D.Reverse roles--having the teachers see themselves as children and the students as parents in the family school system.

Correct Answer is: C In general, consultants work with the teachers and parents rather than individual students. With the Adlerian model, preventive interventions are emphasized and the consultants educate the parents and teachers.

_________________ is a present-oriented, structured and time-limited treatment that integrates biological and psychosocial approaches. Select one: A.Motivational interviewing B.Solution-focused therapy C.Interpersonal psychotherapy D.Reality therapy

Correct Answer is: C Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) is a manualized psychotherapy first designed for the treatment of nonbipolar, nonpsychotic major depression with the focus on the problems of depression and interpersonal distress. IPT focuses on interpersonal aspects of depression and uses the biopsychosocial model which frames depression as a medical illness occurring in a social context The goal of IPT is to alleviate symptoms with interpersonal relationships as a point of intervention. IPT has been found to be effective for the treatment of depression patients from adolescence to late life, for women with postpartum depression and for patients with medical comorbidity

Research on the use of mental health services by members of minority groups indicates that: Select one: A.utilization rates are lower for members of all minority groups than for whites. B.utilization rates are higher for members of all minority groups than for whites. C.utilization rates are higher for members of some minority groups and lower for members of other minority groups compared to whites. D.utilization rates for members of minority groups are about the same as the rates for whites.

Correct Answer is: C It's difficult to draw any general conclusions about utilization rates because the research findings are inconsistent. However, a 1991 study by Sue et al. (which is frequently cited in the literature) reports underutilization by Asian-and Latino-Americans and overutilization by African-Americans. The results of other studies also suggest that there are group differences in utilization rates, so this response ("utilization rates are higher for members of some minority groups and lower for members of other minority groups than for whites") is the best.

The theory that proposes convergent and divergent thinking as dimensions of intelligence is associated with: Select one: A.Galton B.Thurstone C.Guilford D.Cattell

Correct Answer is: C J.P. Guilford identified 120 elements using factor analysis that he proposed in sum comprise intelligence. Convergent thinking is the ability to group or analyze divergent ideas usually leading to a unifying concept or single solution. Divergent thinking is the ability to generate creative, new ideas or to elaborate or branch off from traditional approaches, such as in brainstorming or "thinking out of the box." Galton* postulated that intelligence is an inherited trait distributed normally across the population. Thurstone* applied his method of factor analysis to intelligence leading to his proposed theory of Primary Mental Abilities (that individuals possess varying degrees of sub-components of intelligence). Cattell's* theory distinguished between fluid and crystallized intelligence (* incorrect options).

A white man comes to a stage where he does not want to have racist views. According to Helms, which stage of identity development is this person in? Select one: A.Reintegration B.Pseudo-independence C.Immersion-Emersion D.Autonomy

Correct Answer is: C Janet Helms (1984) originally developed her White and People of Color Racial Identity Model to try and help resolve interracial tension in cross cultural psychotherapy. She developed a white racial identity model that reflects abandonment of racism and the development of a nonracist white identity. At the Immersion-Emersion level of identity development, people embrace their whiteness without rejecting members of minority groups and attempt to determine how they can feel proud of their own race without being racist. In Reintegration, people resolve their conflicts by adopting the position that whites are superior. In Pseudo-Independence, people become dissatisfied with reintegration and re-examine their beliefs about racial inequalities. In Autonomy, Whites internalize a nonracist white identity and seek out cross-racial interactions.

Narrative therapy is associated with which of the following interventions? Select one: A.the miracle question B.discovering faulty cognitions C.externalizing conversations D.the scaling question

Correct Answer is: C Michael White and David Epston's narrative therapy is a postmodern therapeutic approach that explores the importance of the life stories people tell and the differences that can be made through the telling and re-authoring of these stories. A narrative therapist helps clients to deconstruct the meaning of the reality of their lives and relationships, showing the difference between the reality and the internalized stories of self, encouraging them to re-author their lives according to alternative and preferred stories of self-identity and ways of life and think of their lives within the framework of different stories. The re-authored stories externalize a client's condition or problem. "The person is not the problem. The problem is the problem." Some narrative techniques include encouraging patients to write stories, letters, essays or poems and recalling experiences in which a concern was vanquished or they responded to another individual with cathartic satisfaction.

Minuchin, the founder of structural family therapy, defines "triangulation" as occurring when Select one: A.the child and one parent "gang up" on the other parent. B.the parents either consistently attack or protect the child. C.each parent demands that the child side with him/her. D.two members of the family consistently challenge the therapist's authority. Feedback

Correct Answer is: C Minuchin defines three types of "rigid triangles" that involve chronic boundary disturbances - triangulation ("each parent demands that the child side with him/her"); detouring ("the parents either consistently attack or protect the child"); and a stable coalition ("the child and one parent 'gang up' on the other parent").

Research on the impact of therapist experience on therapy outcome suggests that Select one: A.there is a strong positive relationship between experience and outcome. B.there is a moderate relationship between experience and outcome, with the relationship being strongest when the client's symptoms are mild to moderate. C.there is a moderate relationship between experience and outcome, with the relationship being strongest when the client's symptoms are severe. D.there is, contrary to what might be expected, no predictable relationship between experience and outcome.

Correct Answer is: C Most research studies report a moderate relationship between a therapist's experience and the outcomes of therapy for the client overall, but a somewhat stronger relationship when the client's symptoms are severe. This makes sense: Experience would seem to be more important for very troubled clients. See A. Roth and P. Fanagy, What Works for Whom? A Critical Review of the Psychotherapy Research, New York, Guilford Press, 1996. Note that in the Clinical Psychology section, we report that there is little relationship between therapist experience and outcome. This finding is based on older research, and you should use the newer information included in this explanation.

Recent research indicates the most effective treatment for antisocial behavior in juvenile offenders is: A.behavioral-reinforcement B.structured family intervention with parental training C.multi-systemic therapy D.victims family therapy

Correct Answer is: C Multisystemic Therapy (MST), targeting chronic, violent, or substance abusing juvenile offenders at high risk of out-of-home placement, is consistent with social-ecological models of behavior and findings from causal modeling studies of delinquency and drug use. The approach views individuals as being nested within a complex network of interconnected systems that encompass individual, family, and extrafamilial (peer, school, neighborhood) factors. MST is a goal-oriented, intensive family- and community-based treatment that addresses the multiple determinants and factors in each youth's social network that are contributing to his or her antisocial behavior. It is provided using a home-based model of services delivery with a typical treatment duration of approximately 4 months. Intervention strategies include strategic family therapy, structural family therapy, behavioral parent training, and cognitive behavior therapies. MST interventions typically aim to improve caregiver discipline practices, enhance family affective relations, decrease youth association with deviant peers, increase youth association with prosocial peers, improve youth school or vocational performance, engage youth in prosocial recreational outlets, and develop an indigenous support network of extended family, neighbors, and friends to help caregivers achieve and maintain such changes. MST has demonstrated long-term reductions in criminal activity, drug-related arrests, violent offenses, and incarceration.

All of the following are true regarding Feminist Object Relations Theory except: A.it emphasizes the importance of the maternal relationship with the child. B.it proposes that gender differences are the result of girls being taught to remain attached to their mothers while boys are taught to separate from their mothers. C.it proposes that girls develop a healthier self-object when raised primarily by their father due to earlier separation from their mother. D.it proposes that mothering "reproduces itself" since mothers perpetuate the oppressiveness of the division of labor.

Correct Answer is: C Nancy Chodorow was one of the first to apply a feminist perspective to an Object Relations model. In The Reproduction of Mothering (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1978) she focused on the relationship between mother and child and how gender differences result from the mother being the primary caretaker. The division of labor which occurs in families (although less so in recent years), is characterized by women being more involved in affective, interpersonal relationships than men. This is inevitably passed on to both boys and girls who 'reproduce' this sexual and familial division of labor.

A therapist interested in evaluating the defenses that impact an individual's current maladaptive behavior patterns would be a practitioner of: Select one: A.personal construct therapy B.reality therapy C.object relations therapy D.solution-focused therapy

Correct Answer is: C Object relations therapy, as a psychodynamic therapy, involves an interest in defenses and transferences. Associated with Melanie Klein amongst others, object relations therapy incorporates traditional psychodynamic strategies such as the influence of unconscious processes underlying an individual's relationships, and identifying and interpreting defenses against anxiety and transferences. George Kelly's "personal construct therapy" combines cognitive, behavioral, and humanistic concepts. It emphasizes the effect of the individual's perspective on his/her experience of the world. Developed by William Glasser, "reality therapy" focuses on an individual's present issues and problems. Steve de Shazer and other strategic family therapists developed "solution-focused therapy" which focuses on the here-and-now and identifying solutions to problems.

According to Bowen, to reduce tension between them, family members often resort to: Select one: A.scapegoating. B.retribalization. C.triangulation. D.emotional divorce.

Correct Answer is: C Of the terms listed in the responses, only two are associated with Bowen (triangulation and emotional divorce). Bowen described triangles as a means of reducing tension and conflict between two family members who refocus their attention on the triangulated member.

The Stroop test demonstrates loss of response inhibition following: Select one: A.temporal lobe damage. B.parietal lobe damage. C.frontal lobe damage. D.severation of the corpus callosum.

Correct Answer is: C Performance deficits on the Stroop test demonstrate a loss of response inhibition following frontal lobe damage. Subjects are presented with a list of color words (blue, green, red, and so forth) with each word printed in colored ink, but not in the color denoted by the word (for example, the word "yellow" is printed in blue, green or red ink). The subject's task is to name the ink color in which each word is printed as quickly as possible. A correct response requires the inhibition of reading the color name. Patients with left frontal lesions are often unable to inhibit reading the words and thus were impaired at this task.

In the transtheoretical model, "zero temptation and 100% self-efficacy" is: A.an unrealistic expectation of behavioral change. B.the definition of successful behavioral change. C.the result of complete behavioral change in the termination stage. D.the result of 'decisional balance' in the maintenance stage.

Correct Answer is: C Prochaska and DiClemente's transtheoretical or stages of change model distinguishes between six stages of change: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and termination. Many descriptions of the model only include the first five stages because the termination stage of "zero temptation and 100% self-efficacy" is not necessary for success and rare for most behaviors. Maintenance is when a person has maintained action, consolidates the change and is actively working to prevent a relapse. For many, the maintenance stage lasts forever and the model accepts temptation or the potential for relapse, such as an occasional craving for a cigarette or a drink, as normal and an opportunity to learn. At each stage, an individual weighs the pros and cons of adopting a new behavior, Prochaska and DiClemente called this weighing "decisional balance."

Schema therapy was developed to treat the chronic characterological aspects of disorders. A key aspect of this approach is the use of a technique referred to as: A.treatment failure reassessment B.early maladaptive schema C.limited reparenting D.emotive therapy

Correct Answer is: C Schema therapy integrates elements of cognitive-behavioral, attachment, Gestalt, object relations, constructivist, and psychoanalytic therapy to treat chronic characterological aspects of disorders (versus acute psychiatric symptoms) by addressing the core psychological themes typical of individuals with characterological disorders. These core themes are referred to as "early maladaptive schemas" . Early maladaptive schemas are self-defeating emotional and cognitive patterns that begin early in development and repeat throughout life. Note, according to this theory maladaptive behaviors develop as response to schemas and are driven by schemas but are not part of schemas. The therapist works with clients in addressing their schemas utilizing cognitive, affective, behavioral, and interpersonal strategies including: exploring the therapist-client relationship, maladaptive coping styles and using emotive techniques. When clients repeat dysfunctional schema-based patterns, the therapist confronts them empathically with reasons for change and supplies a partial antidote to needs that were not adequately met in childhood. Through this "limited reparenting," clients gain the ability to view their characterological problems as ego-dystonic and become more empowered to give them up. More recently schema therapy has also been blended with mindfulness meditation to add a spiritual dimension. Schema therapy has been found to be useful in treating chronic depression, anxiety, eating disorders, long-standing difficulties in maintaining intimate relationships and substance abuse relapse.

______________ preventions are offered to individuals identified as being at high risk by a screening test or some type of screening procedure. Select one: A.community B.primary C.secondary D.tertiary

Correct Answer is: C Secondary prevention techniques are presented to individuals who have been identified as being at high risk by some type of screening procedure whereas primary preventions* are offered to groups of individuals who have been identified as being at high-risk. Tertiary preventions* are for people who have already developed a disorder and are aimed at reducing relapse and other negative consequences (* incorrect options).

A father and his 19-year-old son present for therapy due a variety of conflicts in their relationship. The father is a businessman and the son is an artist. What techniques would a solution-focused family therapist use? A.Joining and restructuring. B.Paradoxical directives and reframing C.Miracle and scaling questions D.Non-directive listening and interpretation

Correct Answer is: C Solution-focused therapists use a variety of techniques designed to identify solutions to client's problems. The miracle and scaling questions are two such techniques used by solution-focused therapists. The miracle question invites the client to imagine what it would be like if his/her problem was suddenly gone. The scaling question invites each family member to rate a situation to see how the problem is perceived by others. Joining and restructuring is used by structural family therapists. Paradoxical directives and reframing is used by strategic family therapists. Non-directive listening and interpretation is used by object relations family therapists.

An individual characterized by a history of marital problems, substance abuse, delinquency or exhibiting acting out behaviors is most likely to score highest on which MMPI-2 clinical scales? A.Clinical Scale 5 B.Clinical Scales 6 and 7 C.Clinical Scales 4 and 9 D.Clinical Scale 0

Correct Answer is: C The 4-9/9-4 code (highest scores on Scales 4 and 9) is associated with acting out behaviors and is characteristic of people with a history of marital problems, alcohol and drug abuse, delinquency, and sex offenses. Clinical Scale 4 is the Psychopathic Deviate scale and Clinical Scale 9 is the Hypomania scale. Scale 5 is the Masculinity/Femininity scale, an example of which would be the 4-5/5-4 code associated with denial of homosexual impulses or behaviors. Clinical Scale 6 is the Paranoia scale; Clinical Scale 7 is the Psychasthenia scale and the codes 4-6/6-4 and 7-9/9-7 are associated with dysphoria and anhedonia. Scale 0 is the Social Introversion scale. Code 9-0/0-9 is associated with egocentrism and grandiosity.

The Black Racial Identity Development Model developed by Cross (1971), is used to assess the stages of African-American racial identity development, which are: Select one: A.conformity, dissonance, resistance and immersion, introspection, and articulation and awareness B.separation, marginalization, assimilation, and integration C.pre-encounter, encounter, immersion-emersion, and internalization D.encounter, resistance, integration, and awareness

Correct Answer is: C The Black Racial Identity Development Model is based on Cross' (1971, 1978) stages of African-American identity development. The stages are pre-encounter, encounter, immersion-emersion, and internalization. conformity, dissonance, resistance and immersion, introspection, and articulation and awareness This choice includes the stages of Atkinson, Morten, and Sue's Minority Identity Development Model. separation, marginalization, assimilation, and integration This refers to Berry's Acculturation model, which consists of independent dimensions, rather than stages.

An accident victim has been partially stabilized in a hospital emergency room and is being transferred to an intensive care unit for continued assessment and treatment. At this point, which of the following is commonly used to evaluate for brain injuries? Select one: A.Rancho Los Amigo Scale B.AVPU Scale C.Glascow Coma Scale D.Disability Rating Scale

Correct Answer is: C The Glasgow Coma Scale is a standardized test that rates three categories of patient responses: eye opening, best motor response, and best verbal response. The eye opening tests indicate the function of the brain's activating center, the best verbal response indicates the condition of the central nervous system within the cerebral cortex, and the best motor response examines the ability to move arms and legs. The levels of responses indicate the degree of nervous system or brain impairment with "1" being the lowest possible score in each category. Using these scores, which range from 3 to 15 to form the Glascow Coma Scale, brain injuries are classified as mild, moderate or severe. The Rancho Los Amigo Scale is an evaluation of eight levels of cognitive functioning administered in acute rehabilitative settings following release from intensive care. The AVPU Scale is primarily used after injury occurs or as pre-hospital information. It rates if someone is alert, responds to voice, responds to pain or is unresponsive. The Disability Rating Scale or DRS is for gauging general level of disability (e.g., self care, dependence on others) from "none" to "extreme vegetative state."

Of the following tests, which would be most useful for identifying the personality traits and personal problems of a 15 year old? Select one: A.Bender-Gestalt-II B.MMPI-2 C.MACI D.MCMI-III

Correct Answer is: C The Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory (MACI) is intended for clients aged 13 to 19 years whose reading ability is at or above a sixth-grade level. The MACI scales focus on broad and long-standing personality attributes and are designed for identifying personal problems, such as confusion about self and peer and family difficulties, and individuals likely to display acting out behavior, anxious feelings, or suicidal tendencies. The MCMI-III, a self-report personality inventory, is the adult version of the MACI which also assesses both acute clinical states and long-standing personality traits. Both are designed to be used in clinical, residential, and correctional settings (i.e., with patients undergoing clinical assessment or psychotherapy). The Bender-Gestalt-II is used primarily as a brief measure of visual-motor integration and screening tool for neuropsychological impairment for individuals aged 3 years and older. While it can be used to assess an adolescent, it is not as useful as the MACI for assessing personality. The MMPI-2 is designed for individuals aged 18 and over who have at least an eighth grade reading comprehension level. It is a self-report personality inventory that reports an examinee's performance in terms of clinical and validity scales; commonly, the individual's personality is assessed through "profile analysis," a method of score interpretation that involves examining subtest or scale score patterns. A version of the MMPI-2 called the MMPI-A is available for adolescents (ages 14 to 18).

According to Atkinson, Sue, and Sue, the ideal outcome of racial/cultural identity development is Select one: A.full acceptance of one's own culture. B.giving individual identity priority over cultural identity. C.recognizing that all cultures have acceptable and unacceptable aspects. D.recognizing the impact of racial/cultural oppression on one's mental health.

Correct Answer is: C The final stage in Atkinson et al.'s racial/cultural identity development model is referred to as the "integrative awareness stage." Individuals in this stage recognize that all cultures have both positive and negative aspects and decide which aspects they want to accept or reject.

In treating a patient with Dissociative Identity Disorder, the first thing a cognitive therapist would do is: Select one: A.set treatment goals. B.label the maladaptive beliefs that cause or contribute to the patient's problems maintaining a coherent sense of identity. C.be supportive and try to establish a therapeutic alliance. D.attempt to establish inter-personality communication.

Correct Answer is: C The literature on both cognitive therapy and the treatment of multiple personality (Dissociative Identity Disorder) strongly emphasizes the need to develop a strong therapeutic alliance in the initial stages of therapy.

The WAIS-IV is appropriate for individuals ages: Select one: A.10 through 70. B.12 through 65. C.16 through 90. D.18 through 85.

Correct Answer is: C The normative sample for the WAIS-IV included 2,200 individuals ranging in age from 16:0 to 90:11. The WISC is ages 6 through 16 WPPSI-IV is for children ages 2 years, 6 months through 7 years, 7 months.

Studies have been conducted to determine the relationship between number of therapy sessions and outcomes. Some of these studies demonstrate that, after only a few sessions, clients are most likely to show improvement in terms of which of the following? Select one: A.insight B.interpersonal skills C.sense of hopelessness D.stress

Correct Answer is: C The primary benefit of a few sessions of therapy is its impact on feelings of despair and hopelessness, which many new therapy clients feel. Apparently, the reduced sense of hopelessness is due to the fact that the client begins to feel that therapy may actually be of some help.

Cognitive behavior therapy, compared to operant behavior treatments, has been found to be: Select one: A.less effective across most diagnostic categories. B.superior with more intelligent clients. C.approximately equally effective with all types of disorders. D.more effective with addictive disorders.

Correct Answer is: C The question is about the research showing that all types of treatments are about equal with all types of disorders. Outside of Agoraphobia, Specific Phobias (including school phobia), and sometimes some physiological problems, such as enuresis, psychological treatments tend to be about equal in their efficacy.

Delinquency in adolescence is most associated with: Select one: A.low income families and low IQ score. B.a mother who works outside the home and an unemployed father. C.weak parental supervision and parental rejection. D.harsh physical punishment and unreasonable rules.

Correct Answer is: C The research is far from consistent on this issue. However, lack of parental supervision is frequently found as a correlate of delinquency along with a hostile relationship between parent and adolescent and parental rejection. Low SES, low IQ score, single-parent homes, and harsh discipline have weaker relationships with delinquency.

An elevated F score on the MMPI-2 (i.e., the F is greater than 70 and the K is very low) indicates that the: Select one: A.person is answering in a socially desirable manner. B.score should be considered in relation to the total profile. C.person is likely being careless or deliberately malingering. D.total profile can be considered valid.

Correct Answer is: C The validity scales on the MMPI-2, of which the F is one, are checks on response styles. Specifically, the F scale indicates if the person is answering in a deviant way, or is perhaps actually deviant. The higher the F, the more the answers suggest that the person is attempting to appear odd, disturbed, etc.

The Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (Vineland-II) is most likely to be used to facilitate the diagnosis of which of the following? Select one: A.learning disabilities B.conduct disorders C.autism spectrum disorders D.adjustment disorder

Correct Answer is: C Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, Second Edition (Vineland-II) is used to evaluate personal and social skills of people from birth to age 90 and is organized around four behavior domains: communication, daily living skills, socialization, and motor skills. VABS is one of the most frequently used measures of adaptive functioning and is the leading instrument for supporting the diagnosis of intellectual and developmental disabilities. It is also used to identify individuals who have developmental delays, mental retardation, autism spectrum disorders, ADHD, brain injury, or dementia and for assisting in the development of educational and treatment plans. Although cognitive IQ tends to remain stable, problems in adaptation can improve with remedial training.

Irvin Yalom concludes that, unless careful selection criteria are used, the majority of group therapy patients may drop out of therapy discouraged and without benefit. He also proposes that the most important criterion for deciding who to include in group therapy is: A.willingness to learn from others. B.previous group experience. C.motivation. D.psychological mindedness.

Correct Answer is: C Yalom argues (and the research backs him up) that group therapy patients must be highly motivated not only for therapy in general but also for group therapy in particular.

A therapist working from the perspective of Beck's cognitive therapy would approach the treatment of Panic Disorder by Select one: A.having the client identify maladaptive thoughts that precede panic attacks and then restructuring those thoughts. B.connecting the panic attacks to the client's overall attributional styles. C.teaching the client methods of self-reinforcement to use when he or she is not having a panic attack and methods of self-punishment to use when he or she is having one. D.identifying and modifying the client's interpretation of panic attacks and their associated physical symptoms.

Correct Answer is: D Cognitive therapists believe that Panic Disorder is connected to "catastrophic misinterpretations" of bodily sensations, symptoms, and mentation. The client's "overcastrophization" of early signs of the attack such as hyperventilation results in a full-blown attack. Thus, at least initially, therapy focuses on identifying and modifying the client's misinterpretations of symptoms and thoughts immediately before and during the attack.

According to the theory of psychopathology on which Beck's model of cognitive therapy is based, which of the following is true regarding the role of schema? A.Dysfunctional schemas always cause problems, even if they are not associated with symptomatic behavior. B.Certain types of schema, known as "core schema" are not accessible to the conscious mind. C.Schemas govern cognition but not other psychological phenomena such as memory, affect, or motivation. D.Dysfunctional schema develop over the course of life experience beginning in childhood.

Correct Answer is: D According to Beck, schemas are relatively stable cognitive patterns on which attention to and interpretations of external events are based. In a depressed individual, the person's interpretation of external events is distorted to fit the schema. For example, a person who views him- or herself as worthless and deserving rejection will tend to interpret the statements and behaviors of others as rejection. Beck believed that life experiences, beginning in childhood, provide the basis for forming schemas. As an example, the belief that all losses are irreversible is a core schema that may have been formed due in large part to the death of a parent in childhood. Let's briefly go through the other choices.

Gregory Herek (1992) ascribes violence against gays and lesbians to: A.stigmatization. B.bigotry. C.homophobia. D.heterosexism.

Correct Answer is: D According to Gregory Herek, violence against gays and lesbians is attributable to a combination of psychological (individual) and cultural heterosexism. Heterosexism is defined as an "ideological system that denies, denigrates, and stigmatizes among nonheterosexual forms of behavior, identity, relationships, or community" (p. 150).

An individual's symptoms of tension headaches, nausea, hyperventilation and heart palpitations would be most likely to be interpreted by a client-centered therapist as relating to: Select one: A.overwhelming environmental stress B.being unable to fulfill one's own needs C.unresolved intrapsychic conflicts D.denied threats to the self-concept

Correct Answer is: D According to client-centered therapy, when an individual's natural tendency toward growth and actualization is disrupted by incongruence between the self and experience (e.g., others' evaluations differing from one's self-concept), personality and behavioral problems arise. Denying or distorting the experience is one way of dealing with the incongruence. According to Rogers, denial and distortion leads to anxiety which may result in visceral symptoms such as those listed in the question.

Which of the following statements is a major assumption of crisis theory? Select one: A.insight must precede change B.overwhelming emotions are the prime motivators for change C.internal conflicts preclude problem solving D.people can learn to cope with stress

Correct Answer is: D According to crisis theory, people in crisis tend to follow a predictable sequence of response and a key goal of crisis intervention is to help individuals in crisis learn more effective coping so that they can respond more adaptively when having similar experiences in the future. Crisis management strategies often include grief work; active listening; encouraging the open expression of feelings; increasing understanding of the crisis; promoting greater acceptance of reality; exploring constructive ways of coping; linkage to a social network; decision counseling; and reinforcement of newly learned coping behaviors. While addressing a client's emotions, including the overwhelming ones*, is a part of crisis intervention, crisis theory and crisis intervention also emphasize the cognitive and behavioral elements of a crisis. Although crisis theorists do predict that crisis intervention will be more successful when a client is able to understand the crisis situation (e.g., how his or her behavior is related to the crisis), neither insight* nor the resolution of internal conflicts* is considered a prerequisite for change or problem-solving during crisis intervention (* incorrect options).

In their discussion of mental health services for Latino clients, Rogler et al. (1987) describe three ways to increase the cultural sensitivity of therapy for members of this group. These methods include all of the following except: Select one: A.incorporating elements of Latino culture into therapy. B.increasing the accessibility of mental health services for Latino clients. C.selecting standard treatments that best fit Latino culture. D.obtaining cultural sensitivity training.

Correct Answer is: D Although all of the actions described in the responses could be called culturally sensitive, only the first three were described by Rogler and his colleagues, which makes "obtaining cultural sensitivity training" the correct response.

Whether sex therapy results in sustained change over time appears to vary depending on the presenting problem. According to outcome research on sex therapy, which of the following is not true? Select one: A.Sex therapy for vaginismus is highly effective in the short and long-term. B.Sex therapy for erectile dysfunction is highly effective in the short and long-term. C.Low sexual desire in men shows a relatively poor treatment response in the short and long-term. D.Low sexual desire in women shows a relatively poor treatment response in the short-term but is highly effective in the long-term.

Correct Answer is: D Although research on the results of sex therapy is limited, findings indicate that sex therapy for vaginismus* and erectile dysfunction* is highly effective in the short- and long-term (one to six years). Results for premature ejaculation however suggest short-term success but less permanent results. Low sexual desire in men shows a relatively poor treatment response* in the short- and long-term and the long-term results of treatment for low sexual desire in women is also relatively poor (* incorrect options). Some studies suggest clients that receive an occasional "booster" session, post-treatment may maintain better improvement through preventive measures and even though some individuals had returned to pretreatment dysfunctions in sexual behavior, sex therapy yielded an improvement in the way a many felt about their sexuality.

An African-American client refuses to work with a non African-American therapist under any circumstances. From the perspective of Atkinson, Morten, and Sue's Minority Identity Development Model, Select one: A.the client's reaction is typical and expected due to lifelong experiences of racism. B.the client's reaction reflects a failure of racial identity development. C.the client may be in the dissonance stage of identity development. D.the client may be in the resistance and immersion phase of identity development.

Correct Answer is: D Atkinson, Morten, and Sue's Minority Identity Development Model is based on the notion that the phases of development are rooted in the struggle to form a strong sense of self- and group identity in the face of oppressive conditions. They identified five phases of cultural identity development that blend into each other, without clear boundaries: 1) conformity, in which individuals reject the values of their own racial group and strive to assimilate into the dominant culture; 2) dissonance, a transition phase where positive attitudes towards the dominant culture and negative attitudes toward one's own group are examined and questioned; 3) resistance and immersion, which involves unconditional acceptance of one's own racial group and complete rejection of the dominant culture; 4) introspection, where the person questions the monolithic viewpoints of the previous stage, is able to see positive as well as negative aspects of the dominant culture, and focuses more on individual identity issues; and 5) synergistic articulation and awareness, which is characterized by a secure balance between personal and racial identity, the desire to eliminate all forms of oppression as opposed to just oppression aimed at one's own group, and appreciation of positive aspects of the dominant culture. From the perspective of this theory, the resistance and immersion phase of development would most likely include rejecting any possibility of working with a therapist of a different racial group. It is true that such a refusal could be due to lifelong experiences of racism, as stated by the choice "the client's reaction is typical and expected due to lifelong experiences of racism." However, because you are asked to answer from the perspective of the Minority Identity Development Model, the correct answer is a better option.

Which of the following therapeutic approaches refers to changing or adapting to the environment by altering one's own behaviors or responses? Select one: A.emic B.etic C.alloplastic D.autoplastic

Correct Answer is: D Autoplastic ("self-change" ) refers to changing or adapting to the environment by altering one's own behaviors or responses. An emic perspective involves focusing on the intrinsic distinctions that are meaningful to members of a particular culture or society. An etic perspective involves focusing on extrinsic distinctions that have meaning for the observer of the culture or society. Alloplastic refers to changing or adapting to the environment by effecting changes in the environment.

When working with African-American families, Nancy Boyd-Franklin recommends: Select one: A.An eco-structural approach B.A multisystems approach C.A matrilineal approach D.Both a and b

Correct Answer is: D Boyd-Franklin (1989) recommends the use of a multisystems (ecostructural) approach when working with African-American families. During both the assessment and treatment processes this approach targets the individual, the immediate and extended family, nonblood relations and friends, church and other community services.

A difference between the brief dynamic therapies and crisis intervention is: Select one: A.brief dynamic therapies focuses on specific symptoms B.crisis intervention focuses on specific symptoms C.crisis intervention views the patient's symptoms as pathological D.brief dynamic therapies views the patient's symptoms as pathological

Correct Answer is: D Brief dynamic therapies emphasize specific symptoms, viewed as pathological, and addresses underlying personality issues with emphasis on altering the normal level of functioning. Crisis intervention also focuses on specific symptoms; however, crisis intervention views symptoms as expected responses to acute trauma and seeks to return the person to the pre-trauma level of functioning.

The head of a psychological clinic hires a consultant to help therapists deal with some particularly difficult cases at the agency. This is an example of Select one: A.consultee-centered administrative consultation. B.client-centered administrative consultation. C.consultee-centered case consultation. D.client-centered case consultation.

Correct Answer is: D Client-centered case consultation involves working with the consultee (here, the therapists) to develop a plan to work more effectively with a particular client or clients (here, the clinic's patients). By contrast, in consultee-centered case consultation, the focus is on problems in the consultee (e.g., psychological problems, lack of skill) rather than on problems in the clients. And in both client-centered and consultee-centered administrative consultation, the focus is on program-wide administrative problems, rather than on problems in individual clients or therapists.

A therapist is working with a newly arrived refugee client about her difficulties in acculturation. The therapist does not have firsthand experience as a refugee or immigrant, but knows what it is like to move from one city to another, transfer employment, lose work, and experience the loss of family or friends. That the therapist is able to understand, accept, and feel the client's situation, while simultaneously maintaining a separate sense of cultural self is an example of: Select one: A.cultural encapsulation B.cultural universality C.active empathy D.cultural empathy

Correct Answer is: D Cultural empathy means a therapist understands and appreciates cultural differences in a way that extends the boundaries of traditional empathy, retaining his or her separate cultural identity while simultaneously aware of and accepting the cultural values and beliefs of the client. It is a way of relating interpersonally with the ability to accurately understand the experience of culturally diverse clients and the ability to communicate this understanding effectively with an attitude of concern across cultures. Cultural encapsulation*, according to Gilbert Wrenn (1962), refers to when a therapist defines reality according to one set of cultural assumptions, becomes insensitive to cultural variations, disregards evidence disproving their assumptions, depends on technique-oriented or quick-fix solutions to problems and judges others from their own self-reference criteria. Cultural universality* refers to the assumption that Western concepts of normality and abnormality can be considered universal and equally applicable across all cultures. Active empathy* refers to when therapists actively communicate appreciation about all aspects of clients' lives (* incorrect options).

A couple avoids any marital conflict by focusing their attention on their child's problems. According to Minuchin's Structural Theory, this is an example of: Select one: A.triangulation B.enmeshment C.joining D.detouring

Correct Answer is: D Detouring is a type of boundary problem in which the spouses avoid tensions between themselves by blaming or overprotecting their child. Triangulation occurs when each parent attempts to get the child to side with him or her against the other. Enmeshment results from very unclear boundaries that promote dependence. Joining is a therapeutic technique used to blend into the family system.

According to Janet Helms' (1995) White Racial Identity Development Model, the fourth status of racial identity development is: A.immersion-emersion B.disintegration C.reintegration D.pseudo-independence

Correct Answer is: D Helms' White Racial Identity Model (1984, 1995) consists of two Phases (Abandonment of Racism and Defining Non-racist White Identity) with six specific racial identity statuses equally distributed between the two phases: 1) Contact Status, 2) Disintegration Status, 3) Reintegration Status, 4) Pseudo-independence Status, 5) Immersion/Emersion Status, and 6) Autonomy Status. The first status, "contact" , is characterized by ignorance and disregard of any racial differences. The next stage, "disintegration" *, involves awareness of racial inequalities which results in moral confusion and conflict. The third status, "reintegration" *, involves Whites being viewed as superior to minorities. Next is "Pseudo-Independence" , which is marked by dissatisfaction with reintegration. Then is "Immersion-Emersion" *, during which people embrace their whiteness without rejecting minorities (* incorrect options). The last status, "Autonomy" , is reached when a person internalizes a nonracist White identity, whereby similarities and differences are acknowledged but are not perceived as threatening.

In consultee-centered case consultation, the consultant's role is most similar to which of the following? Select one: A.collaborator B.coach C.confidant D.supervisor

Correct Answer is: D In his discussion of consultee-centered case consultation, Gerald Caplan notes that, especially when the target of the consultation is the consultee's lack of skill, this form of consultation most resembles "technical supervision." In client-centered case consultation, the consultant helps the consultee resolve a problem he or she is having with a particular client. The consultant assesses the situation to determine the cause of the problem and provides the consultee with recommendations for resolving the problem. In consultee-centered case consultation, the consultant identifies and addresses deficiencies in the consultee that are interfering with the consultee's ability to provide effective services to members of a particular group of clients. The deficiencies may be due to a lack of knowledge, inadequate skill, or other factor. For example, Caplan found that consultee ineffectiveness was sometime due to "theme interference," which is a loss of objectivity that occurs when a consultee's reactions to a particular type of client (e.g., adolescents with substance use problems, adults with borderline personality disorder) are affected by the consultee's previous experience with that type of client. In program-centered administrative consultation, the consultant works with program administrators to determine why an existing program is not having the desired outcomes. It involves collecting information about the program from the administrators and other sources to derive recommendations for improving the program. In consultee-centered administrative consultation, the consultant works with program administrators to improve their ability to effectively design, implement, and/or evaluate future programs.

According to the theory underlying Gestalt therapy, introjection involves: Select one: A.viewing other people's emotions as one's own B.failing to develop a healthy "social interest" C.blaming oneself for the problems of others D.interpreting the values of the larger society as one's own

Correct Answer is: D Introjection involves absorbing the values or behaviors of others, including the larger society, without really understanding or assimilating those values or behaviors. Introjection represents a disturbance in the boundary between self and others -- the person does or believes things that are not reflective of a self that is clearly distinct from others in the environment. This choice ("viewing other people's emotions as one's own") is incorrect because it is primarily values, not emotions, that are absorbed from the environment in Gestalt therapy's view of introjection.

According to Janet Helms, a White member of a city council meeting, which consists of members from different racial and cultural backgrounds, is most likely to work cooperatively if the member is in which stage of development: A.contact B.integration C.reintegration D.autonomy

Correct Answer is: D Janet Helms developed the White Racial Identity Development Model, which consists of six stages. "Contact", the first stage, is characterized by ignorance and disregard of any racial differences. The next stage is "disintegration" which involves awareness of racial inequalities which results in moral confusion and conflict. This is followed by "reintegration", in which Whites are viewed as superior to minorities. "Pseudo-Independence" is marked by dissatisfaction with reintegration. "Immersion-Emersion" follows, during which, people embrace their whiteness without rejecting minorities. "Autonomy", the last stage, is reached when a person internalizes a nonracist White identity, whereby similarities and differences are acknowledged but are not perceived as threatening. Note that "Integration" is not one of the stages in Helms' model; rather, it refers to Berry's Acculturation Model, in which a minority has a high retention for the minority culture and high maintenance of the mainstream culture.

In working with a triangulated family, a structural family therapist would Select one: A.work with the most differentiated family members in order to reduce their emotional reactivity. B.use a paradoxical intervention by taking steps to increase the family's initial level of triangulation. C.train the family in communication skills and techniques. D.upset the family's balance by blocking the family from its normal interactional pattern.

Correct Answer is: D Minuchin, the founder of structural family therapy, defines triangulation as a family boundary problem in which each parent demands that the child side with him or her against the other parent. According to Minuchin, the therapist's goal in this and other situations in which parents attempt to deflect conflict onto children is to restructure the parent-child and spousal subsystems so they function correctly. This involves introducing some stress into the family system to upset the family's balance and block the family from its normal way of interacting. For example, Minuchin describes strategies such as prohibiting children from talking about symptomatic behavior with their parents, rewarding parents for their capacity to nurture and support each other, and restructuring the parents in a coalition against their child.

Which of the following factors are considered most important for competent multicultural counseling? A.commitment, sensitivity, and technique B.sensitivity, instillation of hope, and acceptance C.acceptance, awareness, and flexibility D.awareness, knowledge, and skills

Correct Answer is: D Multicultural competence is most often attributed to one's level of awareness, knowledge, and skills. "Awareness" refers to awareness of one's own beliefs, values, and stereotypes. "Knowledge" refers to knowledge of the worldviews of clients with different cultural backgrounds. And "skills" refers to the skills that are most appropriate for clients with different cultural backgrounds

The techniques of "externalizing" a problem, relative influence questioning, and bringing an "outside witness" into the therapy session are most associated with A.Structural Therapy B.Systemic Therapy C.Dialectical Behavioral Therapy D.Narrative Therapy

Correct Answer is: D Narrative Therapy is premised on the notion that our identities are based on the stories we tell ourselves about our lives, or our narratives. Narrative therapists work to help people (they reject the term "client') fully describe these stories, and restructure and reframe their stories and thereby their identities. The therapist adopts a co-operative and egalitarian stance, and works to help the person discover his own narrative rather than imposing one. Some techniques associated with Narrative Therapy include 1) naming the problem, which encourages focus, precision, and control; 2) externalizing the problem, which involves framing the problem as having an effect on, rather than being within, the person (e.g., "depression invaded your life"), the goal being to separate the problem from the person's identity; 3) relative influence questioning, which involves contrasting the effect the problem has had on the person's life with the effect that the person's life has had on the problem (i.e., the control over the problem the person has had); 4) deconstructing unique outcomes, whereby the therapist encourages the person to focus and expand on experiences that are not consistent with a problem-saturated narrative; and 5) outsider witness, in which a third party is brought into the therapy session and the person tells this witness his revised or developing life narrative. Therapy ends when the person's story is revised to the point that it is rich enough to sustain a healthy future.

Studies of cognitive-behavioral therapy for rheumatoid arthritis indicate: Select one: A.pain intensity and joint inflammation is reduced however there is little or no effect on psychological functioning B.pain intensity and joint inflammation is reduced and, in some cases, there is a positive effect on psychological functioning C.psychological functioning is improved however there is little or no effect on joint inflammation or pain intensity D.psychological functioning is improved and, in some cases, there is a positive effect on joint inflammation and pain intensity

Correct Answer is: D Research findings on the effect of multi-component cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) for rheumatoid arthritis indicate that CBT has positive effects on psychological and social functioning. The results of CBT for the physical symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis are inconsistent and vary by study. Some studies found CBT did reduce joint inflammation, impairment and pain intensity, therefore this response ("psychological functioning is improved and, in some cases, there is a positive effect on joint inflammation and pain intensity") is the best answer as this inconsistency is addressed by the qualifier "in some cases."

The most correct statement that can be made about biofeedback as a therapeutic treatment for pain reduction is that Select one: A.the significant effects found can be accounted for by the type of instrumentation employed. B.it is effective for certain types of patients only. C.its effectiveness has diminished over the years. D.it is probably no different from relaxation training in its effectiveness.

Correct Answer is: D Research on the efficacy of biofeedback for pain reduction indicates that it is as effective as treatments such as relaxation training. This is true for the treatment of most disorders or conditions, however in cases such as the treatment of Raynaud's Disease or migraine headaches, some studies suggest that biofeedback is the treatment of choice.

During the first of structural family therapy's three steps, which of the following techniques is most useful? Select one: A.constructing a family map B.relabeling and reframing C.enactment D.tracking and mimesis Feedback

Correct Answer is: D Structural family therapy entails three overlapping steps: joining, evaluating/diagnosing, and restructuring. Joining is the initial step in structural family therapy. Tracking (identifying and using the family's values, life themes, etc.) and mimesis (adopting the family's behavioral and affective style) are methods used to join the family system. Constructing a family map* is a technique used for the structural diagnosis of the family. Relabeling and reframing* are restructuring techniques. Enactment* is used to facilitate diagnosis and restructuring of the family (* incorrect options).

Which of the following is not a characteristic of Western culture-bound values? Select one: A.cause-effect approach B.openness and intimacy C.clear distinction between mental and physical well-being D.strict adherence to a schedule

Correct Answer is: D Sue and Sue (1999) described three premises from the Western perspectives of counseling, based on the assumption of individualism, that can have an effect on the therapeutic relationship. They are identified as class-bound values, culture-bound values and language variables. Class-bound values include valuing of time boundaries or a strict adherence to time schedules, an ambiguous and unstructured approach to problem solving, and the emphasis on long- range goals and solutions. Culture-bound values focus on individualism versus collectivism, cause and effect relationships for client problems*, emphasis on emotional/verbal expressiveness, active participation and openness to discussing intimate aspects of the client's life*, and the separation of physical and mental well-being* (which makes these options incorrect). Language variables are those in which standard English and verbal communication are stressed.

In terms of worldview, Sue and Sue (1990) propose that minority groups are increasingly more likely to exhibit an Select one: A.external locus of control and responsibility. B.internal locus of control and responsibility. C.external locus of control, internal locus of responsibility. D.internal locus of control, external locus of responsibility.

Correct Answer is: D Sue and Sue (Counseling the Culturally Different, New York, John Wiley, 1990) indicate that minority group members are becoming increasingly aware of their own ethnic identity and adopting a worldview that reflects an internal locus of control and an external locus of responsibility. external locus of control and responsibility. An external locus of control and responsibility is more characteristic of a "placater" who adopts a passive role. internal locus of control and responsibility. Internal locus of control and responsibility is characteristic of the Westernized approach to counseling and white middle-class clients. external locus of control, internal locus of responsibility. An external locus of control and internal locus of responsibility is more characteristic of "marginalized" individuals who have been oppressed by the dominant group.

The nonverbal measure of intelligence developed specifically for deaf and hearing-impaired children is: Select one: A.Leiter International Performance Scale B.Columbia Mental Maturity Scale C.The Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test D.The Hiskey-Nebraska Test of Learning Aptitude

Correct Answer is: D The Hiskey-Nebraska Test of Learning Aptitude has 12 subtests and was specifically developed and standardized for deaf and hearing impaired children between the ages of 3 and 16. The other response choices are also non-verbal tests of intelligence. Leiter International Performance Scale The Leiter International Performance Scale is appropriate for children with reading or speaking problems between the ages of 2 and 18. Columbia Mental Maturity Scale The Columbia Mental Maturity Scale yields IQ scores for children ages 3 years 6 months through 9 years 11 months and is also appropriate for children with speaking or reading difficulties as well as with sensorimotor disorders. The Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test The Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test can be used with ages 2 years 6 months through adulthood and is appropriate for children with expressive language disorders and a limited expressive vocabulary but not hearing problems.

The __________ is useful for assessing the intelligence of individuals who have speech or motor impairments. Select one: A.Slosson Tests B.Woodcock-Johnson C.CAS D.PPVT-4

Correct Answer is: D The PPVT-4 (Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, 4th Ed.) assesses receptive vocabulary and provides an estimate of verbal intelligence for examinees ages 2 years, 6 months to 90+ years. It requires the examinee to point or otherwise indicate the picture that best corresponds to the word that is verbally stated by the examiner and is useful for evaluating examinees with a speech or motor impairment.

What type of therapy is being practiced if a psychotherapist uses a method called WDEP to teach a patient new ways of coping? A.Cognitive therapy B.Family systems therapy C.Rational emotive behavioral therapy D.Reality therapy

Correct Answer is: D The WDEP system is a feature of Reality Therapy, developed by Glasser and based on Choice theory. In Reality Therapy, the emphasis is on personal responsibility and balance of five basic needs: survival (i.e., breathing, digesting, and sweating); to love and belong (i.e., need for friends and family); power (i.e., self-esteem, recognition, and competition); freedom (i.e., make choices); and fun (i.e, play, laughter, learning, recreation). Reality therapy uses questioning techniques and the WDEP system provides a questioning framework with each letter representing an identifying idea: W - exploring the client's wants and perceptions, D - direction or what client is doing (acting, thinking, feeling, physiology) to get what they want, E - evaluate whether client's behavior is getting him/her closer or further from goal, and P- planning or creating and implementing a workable plan to make positive changes. Other techniques used in this therapy include role playing, the use of humor, confronting the client, and helping the client formulate plans.

Studies on the effects of increasing age on cognitive abilities during adulthood have identified a "classic aging pattern." In terms of WAIS-IV subtests scores, this pattern suggests that which of following subtests are least likely to be affected by age? A.Arithmetic and Cancellation B.Block Design and Matrix Reasoning C.Picture Completion and Visual Puzzles D.Information and Vocabulary

Correct Answer is: D The classic aging pattern consists of highest scores on measures of knowledge (e.g., the Information and Vocabulary subtests of the WAIS-IV) and lowest scores on measures of reasoning (e.g., the Block Design and Matrix Reasoning subtests of the WAIS-IV).

Based on the psychotherapy outcome research, your best estimate of the percentage of therapy clients showing measurable improvement at the end of therapy is: A.25%. B.45%. C.60%. D.75%.

Correct Answer is: D The right answer to this question really depends on which research study is being asked about since the reported rates of improvement vary from study to study. However, 75% is the number referred to most often in the literature and is the best answer to this question.

The "Big Five" personality factors were based on which of the following approaches? Select one: A.cognitive-behavioral B.industrial-organizational C.classical test theory D.lexical

Correct Answer is: D This is one of those obscure questions which could appear on your examination. A lexical approach was first used by Sir Francis Galton in the 1880's. "Lexical" refers to the use of a dictionary, in this case, to identify personality traits. It is an atheoretical approach and was used to identify the Big Five Personality traits by performing a factor analysis on all the personality traits found in the dictionary. The Big Five traits are: conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, openness, and emotional stability/neuroticism. These five traits are believed to underlie all other personality characteristics.

Irving Yalom (1985) felt the most important therapeutic factors in groups were: A.Altruism, universality, installation of hope B.Instillation of hope, catharsis, existential factors, C.Cohesiveness, altruism, universality D.Interpersonal learning, catharsis and cohesiveness

Correct Answer is: D Yalom felt the most important factors in group process were interpersonal learning, which gave members an opportunity to learn valuable interpersonal skills, catharsis, where group members are able to openly express their feelings in front of other members, and group cohesiveness where group members feel a sense of cohesiveness and friendliness with other group members. However the importance of these factors is relative. Higher functioning group participants rate interpersonal learning and universality as more important. In lower functioning clients the instillation of hope is deemed most important.

According to family therapists: Select one: A.when one family member improves, others will improve also. B.no member of a family will improve unless all members improve. C.if the identified patient improves, the family system will improve. D.if the family system changes, the identified patient will improve.

Correct Answer is: D You needed to approach this question from the point of view of a system. A system means that everything functions together. Knowing just that little piece, you probably could have gotten to the correct answer: once the system changes, the individuals will change. The work is at the systems level, not at the individual level. The alternative stating that "no member will improve unless all members improve" comes close to this idea, but it's not exactly the point of system theory. And, besides, you don't have to have all members improving before any one member improves. According to systems theory, individual symptoms can remit, however, without systemic change, other problems (either in that individual or in another family member) will arise.

A patient obtains a T-score of 100 on the MMPI-2's F scale. This score indicates that A.the examinee is trying to fake good. B.the examinee is disoriented and confused. C.the examinee is defensive. D.the entire test should be considered invalid.

Correct Answer is: DThe F, or Infrequency, scale is one of the MMPI-2's validity scales. It contains items that are answered in the scored direction very infrequently. Elevated scores on this score (i.e., T scores above 65) can occur for a number of reasons, including "faking bad," confusion and disorientation, and cognitive deficits. Mildly to moderately elevated scores on the validity scales can be interpreted clinically; however, scores of about 90 or greater could indicate random responding and completely invalidate the test.

. On the MMPI-2, a low K indicates: 1. openness. 2. guardedness. 3. malingering. 4. random responding.

Correct Answer: 1. openness. Feedback: The K scale on the MMPI measures guardedness or defensiveness. Based on the elevation on the K scale, a certain number of points are added to some of the clinical scales to correct for degree of guardedness. A low score on scale K suggests openness, while a high score on scale K indicates guardedness (Response 2). A high score on the F scale, which reflects infrequently endorsed items, could indicate malingering (Response 3) or random responding (Responses 4).

What does Beck's Cognitive Theory posit about negative thinking in depressed people? • 1. Negative thinking occurs automatically but within conscious awareness. • 2. Negative thinking occurs automatically and sometimes without awareness. • 3. Negative thinking occurs outside of conscious awareness. • 4. Beck's theory does not specify whether negative thoughts occur within or outside of conscious awareness.

Correct Answer: 2 Feedback: According to Beck, the negative thinking that characterizes people with depression, typically occurs automatically, and sometimes without awareness, ruling out Response 1. On the other hand, it is not the case that automatic thinking only occurs outside of conscious awareness (Response 3). Beck does address the issue of conscious awareness (ruling out Response 4).

Which theorist believes that maladaptive behavior results from people's attempts to make up for perceived or real disabilities as children? 1. Freud. 2. Adler. 3. Horney. 4. Jung.

Correct Answer: 2 Feedback: Adler originated the notion of the inferiority complex. He believed that children experience a sense of inadequacy, based on both real and perceived limitations. To overcome these feelings of inadequacy and achieve a sense of mastery, they develop a lifestyle (personality), which can be either adaptive or maladaptive. In Adlerian therapy, the lifestyle is examined: mistaken goals and faulty assumptions are discovered and, ideally, modified to be more personally and socially constructive. Adlerian Psychology is also known as Individual Psychology.

Marlatt's approach to the treatment of substance abuse: 1. is an abstinence-based model akin to AA which views relapse as a setback. 2. sees relapse as a natural part of recovery that can be minimized but not avoided. 3. focuses on treating the whole family as a dysfunctional unit, rather than simply working with the identified patient. 4. sees substance use as a defense against experiencing painful underlying affect.

Correct Answer: 2. Feedback: Marlatt is a Cognitive Behavioral Therapist who is well known for his model of relapse prevention. Unlike AA and other abstinence-based programs, he attempts to minimize the effects of relapses by teaching recovering addicts to view them as inevitable experiences which can be learned from. Part of his model also includes encouraging addicts to attribute relapses to external factors rather than to internal ones. High risk factors are identified for relapses (e.g., boredom or marital arguments) and new methods for dealing with them are developed (e.g., listening to music or calling a friend).

Howard's meta-analytic studies of psychotherapy outcome have found that by the end of six months of treatment ____ percent of client's are measurably improved: 1. 25. 2. 50. 3. 75. 4. 90.

Correct Answer: 3. 75. Feedback: Howard et al (1986) found that 50% of patients were measurable improved by the end of the eighth session (Response 2), and that 75% of patients were measurably improved by the end of six months.

According to Sue & Sue's Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model, a client who is more comfortable with his or her own race and less comfortable with others is likely to be in the stage of: 1. dissonance. 2. introspection. 3. conformity. 4. immersion.

Correct Answer: 4. immersion. Feedback: In the stage called resistance and immersion, the culturally different person experiences a strong sense of identification with, and commitment to, his or her minority group, and rejects the dominant values of society and culture. In the conformity (Response 3) stage, which is the first stage of this model, the minority person is distinguished by unequivocal preference for the dominant culture's values and the tendency to adopt negative stereotypes about his or her own minority culture as well as all other minority groups. In the dissonance stage (Response 1), the person experiences a growing awareness that not all values of the dominant group are beneficial, which leads to questioning and challenging of attitudes and beliefs. In the introspection stage (Response 2), the person begins to discover that the level of intensity of negative feelings directed toward the majority culture is draining, and also recognizes that many elements of the majority culture are highly functional and desirable.

According to Derald Wing Sue's locus of control and locus of responsibility theory, an individual who feels helpless and oppressed by outside forces such as prejudice would fit which quadrant? A.External control--internal responsibility B.Internal control--internal responsibility C.External control--external responsibility D.Internal control--external responsibility

Correct Answer: C Worldview refers to the manner in which people perceive, evaluate and react to the situations they encounter. As described by Sue and Sue (2013), a person's worldview is affected by cultural conditioning and can act as an "invisible veil" that operates outside his or her conscious awareness. They conceptualize worldview as consisting of two dimensions - locus of control and locus of responsibility: -People with an internal locus of control and internal locus of responsibility (IC-IR) believe they are the masters of their own fate and are responsible for their own successes and failures. - People with an internal locus of control and external locus of responsibility (IC-ER) believe they could shape their own lives if given a chance but that others are responsible for their outcomes. - People with an external locus of control and internal locus of responsibility (EC-IR) believe they have little control over their lives but assume responsibility for their own failures. - People with an external locus of control and external locus of responsibility (EC-ER) believe they have little or no control over their lives and are not responsible for their own outcomes. Sue and Sue propose that the IC-IR worldview is characteristic of mainstream American culture and that the other three worldviews may be characteristic of members of some minority groups. For example, members of a minority group who have an IC-ER worldview may feel they have the ability to control their own lives but that prejudice and discrimination are blocking them from doing so.

During a session with a family, a psychologist relies heavily on embedded suggestion, process interruption, normative comparison, and observer perspective. The psychologist is drawing on techniques from which school of therapy? A.Solution-focused B.Cognitive-behavioral C.Systemic D.Narrative

Correct Answer: C (Milan's systemic family therapy types of reflexive questions: 1) Future oriented questions2) Observer perspective questions 3) Unexpected context change questions 4) Embedded suggestion questions 5) Normative comparison questions 6) Distinction clarifying questions 7) Questions introducing hypotheses 8) Process interruption questions other techniques include: Hypothesizing: Hypothesizing involves collecting data about a family to determine what is maintaining the family's problem and identify appropriate interventions. Hypotheses determine what questions are asked of family members, and their responses provide new information that may lead to revised hypotheses and new questions. Neutrality: Systemic family therapists maintain a position of neutrality by attending to and accepting the perceptions of all family members. Circular Questioning: Circular questioning involves asking each family member about his or her perceptions of a family relationship or a specific event in order to introduce new information into the system and help family members recognize the similarities and differences in their perceptions. Positive Connotation: Positive connotation involves reframing a problematic behavior as beneficial or good (e.g., as motivated by good intentions) to establish rapport and reduce resistance to treatment. Paradoxical Prescriptions: Paradoxical prescriptions are tasks that require family members to engage in the problematic behavior to help them understand that the behavior is under their control. Family Rituals: Family rituals are tasks designed to alter family games by requiring family members to change their behaviors in a specific circumstance (e.g., asking family members to exchange roles or collaborate on a new routine when disciplining their disruptive child or preparing a meal).

Stanley Sue and Nolan Zane recommend that counselors pay attention to which two basic processes when working with ethnic-minority clients? A.Structure and process B.Knowledge and eliciting of client response C.Problem assessment and resolution D.Credibility and giving

Correct Answer: D

The clinical scales of the MMPI-2 were developed using empirical criterion keying. This means that A) items which distinguish between specific subgroups of people are retained for the final version of the test. B) items that have high correlations with the previous version of the test are retained for the final version of the test. C) items that have high correlations with other tests designed to measure similar constructs are retained for the final version of the test. D) items which appear to measure what they are designed to measure are retained for the final version of the test.

Correct answer is A In empirical criterion keying, items are assessed to determine how well they distinguish between prespecified criterion groups (e.g., between depressed and non-depressed individuals). The items that best distinguish between the groups are maintained for the final version of the scale or the test.

According to family therapist Nancy Boyd-Franklin, therapists working with African American families should: 1. conceptualize family problems as stemming from the socio-political climate of racism, rather than from the psychopathology of individual members. 2. address issues of acculturation. 3. rebalance hierarchies that are too matriarchal. 4. consider meetings outside of the traditional office setting to include members of clients' support systems.

Correct answer: 4 Feedback: Nancy Boyd-Franklin has developed a multi-systems approach to working with African American and other minority families. She encourages meetings outside of the consultation room and actively involving the different systems that influence clients, such as the school, the church, and the extended family. Although she recognizes and deals with issues of racism (Response 1), she specifically discourages a "victim mentality," in which all problems are seen as stemming from racism. Issues of acculturation (Response 2) are not an emphasis in her approach. It is a myth that African American families are matriarchal (Response 3); research demonstrates that there is more sex role flexibility in African American families as compared with Caucasian families.

According to Carol Gilligan, women's moral concerns tend to focus on: 1. self-actualization. 2. rules and regulations. 3. equality. 4. caring and compassion.

Correct answer: 4-caring and compassion Carol Gilligan is famous for her book In A Different Voice: Women's Conceptions of Self and Morality. In it, she criticized Kohlberg's theory of moral development for being based on men. She contended that male morality is more law and rule-centered (Response 2) whereas female morality is based on caring and compassion. Although she is considered a feminist, the question is not asking about feminist therapy, so equality (Response 3) is not the correct answer.

A score of 15 on the Beck Depression Inventory-II denotes: Select one: A.severe depression B.moderate depression C.mild depression D.minimal depression

The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) assesses various aspects of depression through 21 individual items that the taker rates from 0-3 on a severity scale. Scores ranging from 0 to 13 indicate minimal depression. Scores from 14-19 indicate mild depression, 20-28 indicates moderate and 29 or higher reflect severe depression.

A minority group member who is a client of yours expresses very strong negative feelings towards her own culture in a therapy session. This client is most likely in which stage of the Minority Identity Development model developed by Atkinson, Morten, and Sue? A) resistance B) dissonance C) conformity D) denial

The Correct Answer is "C" The authors mentioned in the question have developed a model of cultural identity development in minority group members, called the Minority Identity Development (MID) model. The model's five stages are conformity, dissonance, resistance and immersion, introspection, and synergetic articulation and awareness. Individuals in the conformity stage prefer the dominant culture's values to those of their own culture. They are likely to have feelings of racial self-hatred, negative beliefs about their own culture, and positive feelings toward the dominant culture.