Clinical Psychology Exam 1 Study Guide

The first edition of the DSM was published in ______. A. 1926 B. 1896 C. 1980 D. 1952

D. 1952

Compared to clinical psychologist, counseling psychologists tend to _______ A. work with clients whose degree of psychopathology is greater B. work in settings such as hospitals C. work in settings such as inpatient psychiatric units D. work in settings such as college counseling centers

D. work in settings such as college counseling centers

Compared to PhD programs, PsyD programs __________ A. are more likely to require a research-based dissertation B. are more often housed in "professional schools" rather than departments of psychology in universities C. typically place greater emphasis on research-related aspects of training D. prepare their graduates to work as researchers in academic settings

B. are more often housed in "professional schools" rather than departments of psychology in universities

Authors such as Pedersen (1990, 1999, 2008) have labeled ______ as the "fourth force" in the history of psychology. A. multiculturalism B. humanism C. the prescription privileges movement D. behaviorism

A. multiculturalism

The most common professional activity of clinical psychologists since at least the 1970s is ______ A. psychotherapy B. research/writing C. teaching D. diagnosis/assessment

A. psychotherapy

Regardless of the methods used to train clinical psychologists to be culturally competent, an essential ingredient is that the trainee ______. A. reaches a deeper appreciation of his or her own cultural identity B. reads detailed descriptions of a variety of cultural groups in the form of professional books or peer-reviewed articles C. enrolls in courses taught by faculty members whose cultural background is different from that of the trainee D. conducts research with participants from culturally diverse backgrounds

A. reaches a deeper appreciation of his or her own cultural identity

The growing popularity of Amazon Mechanical Turk, or MTurk, is an example of ______. A. the use of technology in clinical psychology research B. a shopping platform that sells self-help and other books useful for therapy patients C. an Internet-based intervention for social anxiety disorder D. the implementation of technology in the delivery of online psychotherapy services

A. the use of technology in clinical psychology research

The ______ places importance on multiple perspectives, including those that recognize the uniqueness of each individual, as well as the similarities between each individual and other individuals. A. tripartite model of personal identity B. etic approach C. behavioral approach D. evidence-based psychotherapy movement

A. tripartite model of personal identity

Which of the following statements is FALSE? A. Currently, when the American Psychological Association considers accrediting a graduate program in psychology, there are criteria related to multiculturalism that must be met. B. Although none have yet emerged, the American Psychological Association plans to introduce new divisions within its organization devoted to cultural issues such as gender, religion, sexual orientation, and ethnicity. C. The APA ethical code instructs psychologists to work with cultural sensitivity and competence. D. The Society for the Study of Ethnic Minority Issues is an APA division that illustrates clinical psychology's current focus on multicultural issues.

B. Although none have yet emerged, the American Psychological Association plans to introduce new divisions within its organization devoted to cultural issues such as gender, religion, sexual orientation, and ethnicity.

______ refers to the extent to which change in the dependent variable is due solely to change in the independent variable. A. External validity B. Internal validity C. Test-retest reliability D. Split-half reliability

B. Internal validity

Which of the following is TRUE regarding psychologists' work with managed care companies? A. Managed care companies often take a hands-off approach with psychologists, allowing them great flexibility in the type and quantity of treatment they provide. B. Managed care companies can deny payment for care that they believe is unnecessary, even when the psychologist deems it necessary. C. Managed care companies typically pay more than clients who pay directly. D. A client's use of managed care to pay for psychological services does not impact his likelihood of receiving a diagnosis.

B. Managed care companies can deny payment for care that they believe is unnecessary, even when the psychologist deems it necessary.

______ tests assume that people reveal their personalities by their responses to ambiguous stimuli, while ______ tests offer straightforward scoring and interpretation guidelines and are often in multiple-choice or true-false format. A. Objective personality; projective personality B. Projective personality; objective personality C. Projective intelligence; objective intelligence D. Objective intelligence; projective intelligence

B. Projective personality; objective personality

Psychometric Equivalence occurs when A. constructs used in the research have the same meaning across the different groups/cultures in the study B. a scale being used in the research has similar reliability and validity across different cultural groups in the study C. None of the other choices D. The study measures acculturation

B. a scale being used in the research has similar reliability and validity across different cultural groups in the study

Being a scientist for clinical psychologists A. Involves thinking critically and being sufficiently skeptical in clinical practice B. all of the choices are true C. Involves using the results/findings of research to guide one's professional activities D. Involves conducting research

B. all of the choices are true

A(n) ______ design is often used by clinical psychologists when they cannot adequately access the target population or situation, so they approximate it to the extent possible. For example, they may ask participants to imagine themselves in a particular situation. A. between-group B. analogue C. mixed-group D. within-group

B. analogue

The first psychological clinic ______. A. was founded by Lightner Witmer B. both of the other descriptive answers C. none of the other answers are correct D. had patients that were primarily children with school-related problem

B. both of the other descriptive answers

Currently, the most popular singular psychotherapy orientation among clinical psychologists is the ______ orientation. A. psychodynamic B. cognitive C. humanistic D. behavioral

B. cognitive

Based on the discussion in the textbook, a good definition for clinical psychology should _______ A. focus solely on the treatment of patients B. contain reference to the science, theory, and practice of this broad field C. exclude the behavioral components that contribute to psychological processes D. include an emphasis on research and publication

B. contain reference to the science, theory, and practice of this broad field

The ______ perspective recognizes and emphasizes culturally specific norms and considers a client's behaviors, thoughts, and feelings within the context of that client's culture. A. etic B. emic C. behavioral D. individual

B. emic

Clinical psychology graduate programs that subscribe to the practitioner-scholar model of training _________ A. typically award the PhD, rather than the PsyD, degree B. emphasize practice over research C. equally emphasize research and practice D. Emphasize research over practice

B. emphasize practice over research

Dr. Smithton initially creates a new PTSD treatment under highly controlled laboratory conditions. He then shares the treatment with practitioners who subsequently implement the treatment with real-world patients. The practitioners report that Dr. Smithton's PTSD treatment is very helpful for their patients. The benefit the practitioners' patients experienced seems to support the ______ of Dr. Smithton's treatment. A. power B. external validity C. internal validity D. design

B. external validity

Social workers ______ A. typically earn a doctoral degree B. focus on the interaction between an individual and components of society C. undergo training that places heavy emphasis on research methods and psychological testing D. emphasize the biological causes of mental illness

B. focus on the interaction between an individual and components of society

Josephine is an undergraduate student wants to increase her odds of getting into a clinical psychology graduate program. Based on recommendations provided in the textbook, which of the following is the best advice you could provide to Josephine? A. avoid undergraduate courses in statistics and research methodology. These classes often lower an applicant's GPA B. get to know your professors. Build a positive, professional relationship with them so they can write meaningful, persuasive letters of recommendation for you C. do not seek out clinically relevant experience while an undergraduate. Graduate programs prefer to train "fresh" graduate students, not students who have already acquired some skills through part-time experiences D. limit yourself to one road to becoming a clinical psychologist. For example, once you have decided you want to earn a PhD from a scientist-practitioner program, do not consider other training options

B. get to know your professors. Build a positive, professional relationship with them so they can write meaningful, persuasive letters of recommendation for you

"Although a cultural group may have a collective tendency, its individual members may vary greatly from that tendency." This statement best illustrates the ______ inherent in every culture. A. homogeneity B. heterogeneity C. unidimensionality D. bidimensionality

B. heterogeneity

Which of the following is NOT a recent professional effort to emphasize issues of culture that was discussed in the textbook? A. creation of journals that focus on cultural issues B. implementation of a standardized diversity training program required for psychologists to maintain their licenses C. publication of books that focus on cultural issues D. modification of the APA ethical code to include discussion of multicultural issues

B. implementation of a standardized diversity training program required for psychologists to maintain their licenses

__________ authorizes a psychologist to practice independently. A. Successful completion of all graduate courses in an APA-accredited graduate program B. licensure C. Successful completion of the postdoctoral internship D. Successful completion of the predoctoral internship

B. licensure

The 1995 Consumer Reports study found that ______. A. the profession of the person providing the therapy made a significant difference, such that clinical psychologists produced better outcomes than psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors B. longer therapy generally produced greater benefit C. shorter therapy tended to produce greater benefit S. less than 40% of respondents reported that therapy was beneficial PreviousNext

B. longer therapy generally produced greater benefit

Supporters of ______ believe they add legitimacy to the profession of clinical psychology, establish minimal levels of competence, and decrease psychologists' reliance on clinical judgment. A. continuing education seminars B. manualized treatments C. qualitative statistical analyses D. telepsychology

B. manualized treatments

In a(n) ______ design, the researcher cannot always assign people randomly to conditions, make particular manipulations, or test certain hypotheses due to ethical, practical, or other constraints. A. analogue B. quasi-experimental C. within-group D. between-group

B. quasi-experimental

In ______ trials, researchers test the outcome of a manualized therapy on a particular diagnosis. Participants are randomly assigned to treatment or nontreatment groups, and target variables are assessed at the outset and end of the study. A. independent B. randomized clinical C. dependent D. homogenized clinical

B. randomized clinical

In the ______ acculturation strategy, an individual rejects much of his new culture and retains much of his original culture. A. assimilation B. separation C. marginalization D. integration

B. separation

Currently, ______ have passed legislation that grants prescription privileges to appropriately trained psychologists. A. 2 states B. 31 states C. 5 states D. no states

C. 5 states

______ is the way a person responds to living in a new cultural environment, particularly regarding the balance between adopting elements of the new culture and retaining elements of the original culture. A. Microaggression B. Integration C. Acculturation D. Heterogeneity

C. Acculturation

Which of the following statements is TRUE? A. DSM-II introduced a multiaxial diagnostic system. B. Each edition of the DSM has included fewer pages and diagnoses than the previous edition. C. DSM-5, published in May 2013, is the most recent version of the manual. D. Specific diagnostic criteria have been a characteristic of the DSM since its first edition.

C. DSM-5, published in May 2013, is the most recent version of the manual.

____ is the acculturation strategy in which the individual rejects both his new and his original cultures. A. Assimilation B. Separation C. Marginalization D. Integration

C. Marginalization

Which of the following is TRUE? A. Most, if not all, of the research that clinical psychologists conduct is considered culturally competent research. B. all of the choices are true C. One characteristic of culturally competent research is if the research incorporates culture in every stage of the research design. D. Research that has participants representing the varied racial/ethnic groups in the same percentages as exists in the US is automatically considered culturally competent research. Previous

C. One characteristic of culturally competent research is if the research incorporates culture in every stage of the research design.

____ variables are those variables in an experiment that are manipulated by the experimenter. A. External B. Internal C. Dependent D. Independent

D. Independent

Psychotherapy began to play a significant role in the history of clinical psychology around ______. A. 1940-1950 B. 1900-1910 C. 1970-1980 D. 1990-2000

A. 1940-1950

______ involve a thorough and detailed examination of one person or situation. A. Case studies B. Correlational studies C. Within-group design studies D. Meta-analyses PreviousNext

A. Case studies

_____ designs examine changes in a participant or group across time, often over many years. A. Longitudinal B. Cross-sectional C. Analog D. ABAB

A. Longitudinal

Which of the following is NOT true of prescription privileges for clinical psychologists? A. Missouri, New Mexico, and Alabama currently allow appropriately trained clinical psychologists to prescribe. B. The American Society for the Advancement of Pharmacotherapy was created, in part, to promote prescription privileges for psychologists. C. Advocates for prescription privileges for clinical psychologists have made the argument that other nonphysicians have been granted prescription privileges. D. Psychopharmacology training programs are available for psychologists in the U.S. military

A. Missouri, New Mexico, and Alabama currently allow appropriately trained clinical psychologists to prescribe.

Which of the following is TRUE? A. No single "best method" has emerged for training clinical psychologists to be culturally competent. B. In-class discussion of one's own cultural background has emerged as the "best method" for training clinical psychologists to be culturally competent. C. Conducting psychotherapy (under supervision) with members of varied cultures has emerged as the "best method" for training clinical psychologists to be culturally competent. D. Requiring clinical psychology graduate students to publicly proclaim a commitment to diversity has emerged as the "best method" for training culturally competent clinicians.

A. No single "best method" has emerged for training clinical psychologists to be culturally competent.

Which of the following is NOT true of Philippe Pinel? A. Pinel helped to establish compassionate treatment of the mentally ill in England. B. Pinel advocated for institution staff to record a patient's case history and ongoing treatment notes. C. Pinel wrote Treatise on Insanity, in which he argued for empathy for the mentally ill. D. Pinel created institutions where patients were given healthy food and kind treatment.

A. Pinel helped to establish compassionate treatment of the mentally ill in England.

Which of these statements is NOT consistent with ethical standards of the most recent edition of the APA ethical code? A. Researchers may coerce participation in select circumstances B. Researchers should share their data with other competent researchers for reanalysis C. Researchers should never fabricate or falsify data D. Researchers should obtain informed consent from prospective participants

A. Researchers may coerce participation in select circumstances

_____ was an early pioneer in the field of mental health who advocated for better treatment of the mentally ill in England. A. William Tuke B. Eli Todd C. Henry Murray D. Philippe Pinel

A. William Tuke

According to the textbook, which of the following should be considered when deciding how to measure psychotherapy outcome? A. all of the choices B. How should psychotherapy outcome be measured? C. What should be measured when assessing psychotherapy outcome? D. Who should rate psychotherapy outcome?

A. all of the choices

This question is about the Layered Ecological Model of the Multicultural Guidelines reviewed in class. Which of the following is/are true? A. all of the choices are true B. The professional psychologist and the person receiving/participating in professional services influence one another C. The model describes that one's family, community in which one lives, as well as government other institutions influence people D. The model emphasizes the multiple level of influences on both the professional psychologist and the person receiving/participating in the professional services

A. all of the choices are true

The term evidence-based practice includes ______. A. both the psychological treatment of a disorder and factors related to the people providing and receiving the psychological service B. factors related to the people providing and receiving the psychological service C. neither the psychological treatment of a disorder nor factors related to the people providing and receiving the psychological service D. the psychological treatment for a disorder

A. both the psychological treatment of a disorder and factors related to the people providing and receiving the psychological service

Emil Kraepelin ______. A. is considered a pioneer in the diagnosis of mental illness B. authored an objective personality test that remains widely used among clinical psychologists today C. created the first Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders D. argued for humane treatment of the mentally ill in France

A. is considered a pioneer in the diagnosis of mental illness

A(n) ______ is a statistical method of combining results of separate studies to create a summation of its findings. A. meta-analysis B. qualitative review C. ABAB design D. case study

A. meta-analysis

Based on current reviews and meta-analyses, we can say that telepsychology generally appears to work ______. A. far better than in-person forms of psychotherapy B. far worse than in-person forms of psychotherapy C. about as well as in-person forms of psychotherapy D. we cannot compare telepsychology and in-person psychotherapy because no studies exist on this topic

C. about as well as in-person forms of psychotherapy

The discipline of clinical psychology didn't come into existence until ______. A. around the turn of the 19th century B. the 1980s C. around the turn of the 20th century D. the 1950s

C. around the turn of the 20th century

________ is defined as awareness, knowledge, and skills needed to function effectively in a pluralistic democratic society A. empathy B. unconditional positive regard C. cultural competence D. evidence-based practice

C. cultural competence

The current edition of the DSM includes a glossary listing ______, which represent psychological problems observed in groups from various parts of the world. A. diversity directives B. multicultural considerations C. cultural concepts of distress D. culture-bound syndromes

C. cultural concepts of distress

_________ is described as "the primary mediator or filter for interacting with the world; it is the lens by which we experience and define reality and orient ourselves to others, the unknown, an to our subjective experience." Marsella, 1987 A. ethnicity B. language C. culture D. diversity

C. culture

John is an undergraduate psychology major. He wishes to become a clinical psychologist. In order to reach this goal, John must _________ A. earn a bachelor's degree in psychology B. complete 300 clinical internship hours while an undergraduate student C. earn a doctoral degree in clinical psychology D. earn a master's degree in clinical psychology

C. earn a doctoral degree in clinical psychology

Carrie is writing a personal statement to include with her application to a clinical psychology graduate program. Which of the following should she NOT include in her personal statement? A. more detailed discussion of clinical or research experiences listed on her vita B. her research and clinical interests C. overly personal or revealing information, such as a mental health diagnosis D. discussion of her clinical psychology career aspirations

C. overly personal or revealing information, such as a mental health diagnosis

The _________ typically consists of a full year of supervised clinical experience in an applied setting and takes place before the doctoral degree is awarded A. first year of graduate school in a PsyD program B. postdoctoral internship C. predoctoral internship D. First year of graduate school in a PhD program

C. predoctoral internship

The most common work setting for clinical psychologist since the 1980s is ________ A. university psychology departments B. medical schools C. private practice D. psychiatric hospitals

C. private practice

Some studies of manualized therapy have found that therapists who demonstrate flexibility while using manuals ______. A. produce worse client outcomes and are less successful in getting clients engaged in therapy B. cause irreparable harm to clients C. produce better client outcomes and are more successful in getting clients engaged in therapy D. are subject to malpractice lawsuits

C. produce better client outcomes and are more successful in getting clients engaged in therapy

The DSM is published by the ______. A. American Psychotherapy Association B. National Association of Social Workers C. American Psychological Association D. American Psychiatric Association

D. American Psychiatric Association

_____ significance in an efficacy or effectiveness study refers to how two groups differ in real-world terms. It answers the question, "Is there a meaningful difference between the groups?" A. Statistical B. Theoretical C. Control D. Clinical

D. Clinical

Which of the following is TRUE? A. It is generally unacceptable practice for a clinical psychologist to openly and directly acknowledge cultural differences with a client. B. It is generally acceptable practice for a clinical psychologist to begin treating a culturally dissimilar client with no knowledge of that client's culture, and to require a client to explain all culturally relevant information to the clinical psychologist. C. Most research suggests that cultural self-awareness on the part of a clinical psychologist does little to improve treatment effectiveness. D. Cultural self-awareness is generally important for all psychologists, regardless of their own cultural backgrounds.

D. Cultural self-awareness is generally important for all psychologists, regardless of their own cultural backgrounds.

______'s work directly resulted in the establishment of more than 30 state institutions for the mentally ill throughout the United States. A. Eli Todd B. Philippe Pinel C. William Tuke D. Dorothea Dix

D. Dorothea Dix

____ refers to the success of a therapy in actual clinical settings in which client problems may be diagnostically complex. A. Efficacy B. Exposure and response prevention C. Internal validity D. Effectiveness

D. Effectiveness

Typically, clinical psychologists must pass the _______ in order to become licensed A. Counselor Education Unity Psychology Examination (CEUPE) B. Examination for Psychological Practice with Independent Persons (EPPP) C. Continuing Education Units Psychology Examination (CEUPE) D. Examination for Professional Practice in Psychology (EPPP)

D. Examination for Professional Practice in Psychology (EPPP)

In 1952, ______ made the (now refuted) claim that there was no proof that psychotherapy was efficacious. A. Lightner Witmer B. John Watson C. Dianne Chambless D. Hans Eysenck

D. Hans Eysenck

Eli Todd is most notable for ______. A. coining the term clinical psychology B. creating an inkblot personality test that is still used by many clinical psychologists C. creating the first widely used test of intelligence D. advocating for humane treatment of the mentally ill in the United States

D. advocating for humane treatment of the mentally ill in the United States

The result of the Boulder conference was an agreement among clinical psychology training directors that ______. A. PhD clinical psychology training standards should be revised at least every 10 years B. PhD clinical psychology training should focus on clinical practice C. research was the most essential facet of PhD clinical psychology training D. both practice and research were important parts of PhD clinical psychology training

D. both practice and research were important parts of PhD clinical psychology training

Michael's career goal is to become a clinical psychologist who researches the treatment effectiveness of new psychotherapy interventions for bipolar 1 disorder He envisions his work setting in academia or at a national research institute. When selecting clinical psychology graduate programs to which he will apply, Michael should focus on programs that adhear to the _____ model of training A. scientist-practitioner B. learner-seeker C. practitioner-scholar D. clinical scientist

D. clinical scientist

Once a clinical psychologist is licensed, many states require the accumulation of a specific number of _______ in order to renew the license A. state board phone conferences B. seminar certificates C. postgraduate courses D. continuing education units

D. continuing education units

Modifying psychological treatments that work for members of diverse cultures is known as ______. A. rebounding B. cultural channeling C. ethnic facilitation D. cultural adaptation

D. cultural adaptation

Compared to effectiveness studies, efficacy studies of psychotherapy outcome generally have ______. A. greater external validity B. significant funding from the American Counseling Association C. little or no criteria for who is allowed to participate D. greater internal validity

D. greater internal validity

Lane is attending a clinical psychology graduate program that subscribes to the Boulder Model of training. Which of the following would Lane NOT experience in his program if it truly adheres to the Boulder Model? A. an approximately equal emphasis on research and clinical training B. completing original research, such as a dissertation C. training in psychotherapy and statistics D. minimization of clinical training with a heavy emphasis on research training

D. minimization of clinical training with a heavy emphasis on research training

Guidelines regarding the use of new technologies by clinical psychologists include all of the following EXCEPT ______. A. ensure client confidentiality as much as possible by using encryption or similar methods B. obtain informed consent from clients about the services they may receive, the technologies that may be used to provide them, and the confidentiality of the communication C. be knowledgeable about emergency resources in any community from which your clients may seek services D. offer clients the option of using secure methods for conducting therapy sessions online

D. offer clients the option of using secure methods for conducting therapy sessions online

The ABAB design is an example of a(n) ______. A. between-groups design B. meta-analysis C. analogue design D. single case experiment

D. single case experiment

Psychiatrists _______ A. can prescribe medication in all 50 states, while clinical psychologists can prescribe only in 2 states B. earn the same degree and receive the same license as clinical psychologists C. are most likely to use psychotherapy and other "talking cures" to treat patients D. tend to emphasize biological aspects of clinical problems to a greater extent than clinical psychologists

D. tend to emphasize biological aspects of clinical problems to a greater extent than clinical psychologists

Websites such as psychologicaltreatments.org and effectivechildtherapy.org best illustrate ______. A. a trend toward providing psychotherapy services online, rather than in person B. the ever-increasing presence of the Internet in individuals' lives C. the APA's commitment to release all of its major publications online D. the continued growth of and focus on evidence-based practice in clinical psychology

D. the continued growth of and focus on evidence-based practice in clinical psychology

True/False: The authors of DSM-5 have been universally praised for the care that was taken to avoid the overexpansion of mental disorders and overdiagnosis.

FALSE