CLPS Exam 1

Wagner's Memory Model & outcomes

*If stimulus is absent in STM → presentation is surprising → RESPONSE *If stimulus is present in STM → presentation is expected → NO RESPONSE

true about the measurement of conditioned inhibition

1. Bidirectional response systems, summation tests, and retardation tests can be used to measure inhibition. 3. The summation test always precedes the retardation test. 4. Conditioned inhibition can be difficult to distinguish from other behavioral processes.

These are true

1. Humans and nonhuman animals will act to produce a stimulus that signals when an aversive event will occur. 2. Evidence that S/P was preferred to NS/NP supports the preparatory response hypothesis. 3. Evidence that S/NP was preferred to NS/NP supports the safety signal hypothesis.

Describe the operations used to study elementary learning processes

1. Present a stimulus 2. Arrange a relationship between two stimuli 3. Arrange a relationship between behavior and a stimulus

True statements about zebrafish

1. They are tetrachromatic 2.The t1-t2 design has been used to study stimulus learning 3.Learning about a moving visual stimulus has been demonstrated in 5 dpf zebrafish larvae

What is true of the "Dear Enemy" Effect?

1. Two territorial animals become less aggressive toward each other once territorial boundaries are established over time. 2. The effect supports Wagner's Memory Model because it shows that context matters for habituation.

Examples of Pavlovian Conditioning

2. A chemo patient feels nauseous at the sight of a nurse from the hospital where she receives chemo. 3. A child who suffers from bed-wetting sleeps on a pad that wakes him up with a bell every time he wets the bed. The child begins to wake up as his bladder is getting full. 5. A group of farmers decide to combat the coyotes that often kill their sheep. They feed the coyotes some lamb meat that has been injected with a chemical that would make the coyote sick. After a few such feedings, the coyotes leave the live flock of sheep alone.

What is an operational definition of learning?

A description of the procedure used to study that learning process

What is a conditioned inhibitor?

A stimulus that signals the omission of an expected US.

example of sensitization

A woman who is anxious from previous experiences with bed bugs sees a drop of blood on her nightgown, assumes the bed bugs are back, and jumps out of a window.

t1-t2 framework

Experience occurs at t1 Assessment occurs at t2 Different opportunities for learning are presented at t1 If behavior differs at t2, then learning occurred at t1

According to Dual Process Theory, a response to a stimulus (S) is the sum of which two processes?

Habituation and sensitization

Dual Process Theory & Interstimulus Interval (ISI) and Habituation

Habituation will fade over time → shorter ISI will yield better habituation

Dual-Process Theory Explains Dishabituation

Introduction of novel stimulus → Sensitization ● Activates the state system ● No longer habituated to S1 → Response to S1 will increase *The novel stimulus is the dishabituator

Memory Model Explains Dishabituation

Introduction of the novel stimulus → Replaces habituated S1 in STM S1 is surprising again (absent from STM) → RESPONSE

Memory Model & Interstimulus Interval (ISI) and Habituation

Learning association between context and S leads to habituation Learning is better with spaced presentations of S → longer ISI will yield better habituation

Wagner's Memory Model

Reference Memory (long-term memory) Working Memory (short-term memory)

Classical/Pavlovian conditioning is studied using which elementary learning operation?

Relation between two stimuli

Which of the following statements is not true about the Rizley & Rescorla (1972) experiment discussed in class?

The response to S2 was reduced by extinction of S1

Which of the following conditions remove(s) habituation?

Time Presentation of a novel stimulus

Notation

Unconditioned stimulus (US) Unconditioned response (UR) Neutral stimulus (NS) Conditioned stimulus (CS) Conditioned response (CR)

A parent who wants to effectively punish their child for bad behavior should ___________

Use a strong, effective punishment the very first time

Which of the following are true about flavor aversion learning?

a)Learning can occur after a single trial. b) Each scapegoat flavor should be novel and used only once. c) The best way to prevent AVN is to induce PVN.

tolerances

a decrease in response to a drug over the course of repeated administrations (i.e. users need to administer increasing amounts of a drug over time to achieve the desired effect)

Describe Relation between two stimuli (Pavlovian Conditioning)

a. Before conditioning i. Unconditioned stimulus (US) → unconditioned response (UR) ii. Neutral stimulus → no response b. During conditioning i. US and neutral stimulus → UR ii. Conditioned stimulus (CS) → conditioned response (CR) 3. Relation between behavior and stimuli (Operant Conditioning) a. Skinner: changed behavior by manipulating reinforcement contingencies

Habituation

an operation in which a stimulus is repeatedly presented

Tolerance develops from____________

compensatory responses from the body, which increase in strength as a drug is administered more frequently

A good theory will

explain the data we already have make novel predictions be falsifiable

True or False? Professor Colwill would argue in favor of the principle that a weak stimulus is better at producing habituation than a strong stimulus.

false

Behavior is a(n) ___________ scale.

ordinal

Sensitization process

produces increases in responsiveness; occurs in state system

In the classical/Pavlovian conditioning paradigm, Pavlov's idea that the CS will elicit the same response as the US such that CR=UR is called ___________.

stimulus substitution

Davis & Wagner

study exposing rats to tone intensity and number of stimulation study Q: do different stimulation presentation sequences affect habituation?

According to Wagner's Memory Model, habituation is learning an association between __________.

the context and the stimulus

What does Siegel's Study (rats & hot plates) test?

tolerance

True or False? The Dual Process Theory predicts that a short inter-stimulus interval (ISI) will yield better habituation than a long ISI.

true