CLTA Final Exam
C1) Assuming your culture's way of doing things is the best is called... a) cultural relativism b) patriotism c) natural selection d) ethnocentrism
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C1) Contemporary cultural anthropologists rank societies along an evolutionary scale from "primitive" to "advanced" to categorize human diversity. True OR False
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C1) During anthropological fieldwork, cultural anthropologists... a) learn the local language, record people's economic transactions, and study how environmental changes affect agriculture b) examine items of material culture and the rise of cities and states c) excavate sites where written historical documentation exists in order to understand the transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture d) study how language use is shaped by group membership and identify and how language helps people organize their cultural beliefs and ideologies
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C1) The moral and intellectual principle that one should withhold judgment about seemingly strange or exotic beliefs and practices is called... a) diversity b) cultural relativism c) ethnocentrism d) a waste of time
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C1) The primary ethical responsibility of anthropologists is to... a) themselves b) the people or species they study c) the agency that funds the research d) the institution in which they work e) the government of the country they work in
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C1) The process by which inheritable traits are passed along to offspring because they are better suited to the environment is referred to as... a) evolution b) natural selection c) degeneration d) genetic mutation
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C1) The subfield of anthropology that studies human diversity, beliefs, and practices is called... a) biological anthropology b) linguistic anthropology c) cultural anthropology d) archaeology
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C1) The subfield of anthropology that studies language use is called a) biological anthropology b) linguistic anthropology c) cultural anthropology d) archaeology
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C1) The subfield of anthropology that studies the material remains of past cultures is called... a) biological anthropology b) linguistic anthropology c) cultural anthropology d) archaeology
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C1) Western colonial powers understood the different customs and cultures of the people they colonized as... a) proof of their primitive nature b) basic human diversity c) a positive characteristic d) something to be celebrated and reproduced
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C1) What prompted intellectuals to start systematically explaining the differences among people? a) the writings of early explorers b) the Enlightenment c) the Industrial Revolution d) World War II
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C1) Which of the following is the most significant aspect of the salvage paradigm? a) archaeologists study other people's trash by salvaging it b) anthropologists study the natural destruction of societies c) anthropologists need to collect information from societies before they die out d) anthropologists produce paradigms to salvate the dignity of oppressed people
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C2) A cross-cultural perspective on eating insect larvae would reveal... a) taste is biologically hardwired b) that eating insects is culturally maladaptive c) that eating insects is disgusting in all cultures d) the cultural constructions of insects as food
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C2) A symbol... a) has no basis of influencing human behavior b) is something that conventionally stands for something else c) has a very limited period of cultural salience d) is the idea that people collectively build meanings through collective negotiation
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C2) All humans are born with some culture. True OR False
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C2) Anthropologists overcome ethnocentrism by... a) developing theories to explain human action b) studying a culture's customs c) defending whatever another culture does d) seeing matters from the point of view of another culture
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C2) Culture is... a) learned and shared b) a product of biology c) a product of individual psychology d) something you get when you go to the opera
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C2) Examples of social institutions are... a) numbers and the alphabet b) numbers and the alphabet c) kinship, marriage, and farming d) material artifacts
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C2) If a functionalist were to explain why the teacher lectures from the front of the classroom to students organized in neatly arranged chairs, she or he would emphasize that... a) learning happens best when students are being talked at b) this way of teaching organizes people to promote shared cultural goals c) this mode of teaching evolved over time d) the teacher is the symbolic head of the class
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C2) The most enduring and ritualized aspects of culture are referred to as... a) values b) norms c) traditions d) symbols
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C2) The process of learning culture from a very young age is called... a) enculturation b) ethnocentrism c) symbolism d) acculturation
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C2) Three broad theories of social structure dominate the social sciences. They are... a) Functionalism, conflict, and interactional b) Colonialism, conflict and functionalism c) Darwinism, racism and multiculturalism d) Progressive, conservative and general
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C7) According to Itzaj and many Native American beliefs... a) water is the elixir of life b) cutting down trees brings good luck c) humans and nature exist in the same realm d) humans and nature exist in separate realms
...
C7) It has been proven that overpopulation will inevitably lead to global famine. True OR False
...
C7) One of the primary reasons indigenous leaders criticize the dominant model for administering protected environmental areas is... a) they focus too much on integrating animals b) they don't charge enough to visitors for entering the area c) they don't allow big-game hunting d) they (the administrators) assume nature must be uninhabited by people
...
C7) The Serpent Mound in Ohio, and Woodhenge in Missouri are examples of... a) religious myths that are fictions b) modern science c) primitive art by an artist d) information about solar and lunar patterns embedded in art and religion
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C7) Throughout human history, humans have tended to adapt to the land in a way that is supportive of population size, a practice referred to as... a) climate change b) carrying capacity c) cultural relativism d) environmental determinism
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C7) Traditional ecological knowledge is... a) extremely valued by Westerners b) not well known in the West because some species and ecological interactions exist in only one place c) not useful in the contemporary world d) rarely shared in local languages
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C7) What is "fortress conservation"? a) an approach to national parks that includes building high-security fences and walls for protection b) the protection of old walled cities, castles, and forts c) an approach to conservation that allows for human-animal interaction d) an approach to conservation that assumes that people are threatening to nature
...
C7) Which part of the Zapotec agricultural system does not correspond well to Western ecological understandings? a) Taxonomy b) Planting practices c) The idea that maize has a soul d) Harvesting practices
...
Most people are unaware of the structure of a language until someone speaking it makes a mistake.
...
C1) A key principle of the holistic perspective developed by Franz Boas is... a) understanding the racial diversity of the human species b) identifying the holes peoples's understanding of their worlds c) a goal of synthesizing the entire context of human experience d) that people are fundamentally ethnocentric
....
C1) Even though anthropologists use parts of the scientific method, some don't see what they do as science because... a) the complexity of social behavior prevents any completely objective analysis of human culture b) they do not do research in a laboratory c) they use only qualitative methods d) ethnography is part fiction
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C1) Research that involves interviews, observations, images, objects, and words is a __________ study. a) qualitative b) historical c) scientific d) quantitative
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C1) Techniques that classify features of a phenomenon and count, measure, and construct statistical models are collecting and analyzing... a) qualitative data b) historical data c) ethnographic data d) quantitative data
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C1) The subfield of anthropology that studies human evolution, including human genetics and human nutrition, is called a) biological anthropology b) linguistic anthropology c) cultural anthropology d) archaeology
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C2) "Owning" culture... a) happens inevitably over time b) makes it better c) is a naturally occurring process as a result of globalization d) means controlling symbols that give meaning
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C2) An ____________ approach to culture, such as that promoted by Geertz, Turner, and Douglas, emphasizes that culture is a shared system of meanings. a) functionalist b) structuralist c) interpretive d) determinist
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C2) Because our values and beliefs include many elements of life such as clothes, food, and language means that culture is... a) static b) integrated c) a system d) symbolic
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C2) If you wanted to understand the norms of a society, you would be most likely to focus on... a) ceremonialized aspects of a society b) everyday interactions c) the symbolic use of the body d) the principles and values people hold dear
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C2) Norms are stable because... a) culture doesn't change b) people learn them when they are older c) people learn them when they are young d) they are the same in every culture
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C2) The idea that Ongee ancestors make tidal waves and earthquakes would be understood by an interpretive anthropologist as... a) a reflection of underlying binary structures of thought b) an adaptive response to nature's dynamics c) a psychological disturbance d) a way of explaining how the world works
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C2) The idea that cultures pass through stages from primitive to complex is known as _______________. a) social evolution b) exorcism c) dominion theology d) socio-cultural growth
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C7) "Mother nature" and "natural resources" are a good example of... a) metaphors of human-nature interaction b) ecosystems c) idioms d) cultural landscapes
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C7) A social movement that addresses the linkages between racial discrimination and injustice, social equity, and environmental quality is... a) political ecology b) demography c) political economy d) environmental justice
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C7) All knowledge systems about nature, including science, are culturally based. True OR False
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C7) Early British settlers in the 1600's mistakenly perceived the new landscape in North America as an unpeopled wilderness when, in fact, is was a/an... a) an anthropogenic landscape b) sustainable development c) an ecosystem d) a cultural landscape
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C7) Environmental anthropologists accept the idea that all indigenous people are environmentalists. True OR False
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C7) Interest within environmental anthropology concerned with how non-Western societies classify natural phenomena is called ___________. a) enthnocategorization b) linguistics c) ethnoscience d) science
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C7) The concept that people have images, knowledge, and concepts of the physical landscape that affect how they will actually interact with it is called... a) an ecosystem b) a cultural landscape c) a metaphor d) a subsistence strategy
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C7) The view that nature and environmental conditions shape the characteristics and lifeways of a group of people is known as environmental _____________. a) collapse b) determinism c) relativism d) balance
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C7) Which of the following reasons explains why a collaborative approach to conservation can be so challenging? a) scientists and conservationists are often skeptical of indigenous knowledge claims b) collaboration is unnecessary for sustainable development c) indigenous communities do not have scientifically rigorous knowledge which is necessary for conservation d) the fact that indigenous people often refuse to continue living on their land undermines conservation goals
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A good illustration of the naturalization of race is...
???
Anthropologists think of bride price as being about not buying anyone but compensation for rights in women---her labor, her support for family affairs, her looking after children, and rights of sexual access. What other social payment is structurally most dissimilar to a bride price payment from this perspective?
???
For the Ningerum patient to get help with his or her care and treatment, the main thing to do is
???
In many societies people resolve disputes by restoring harmony, although people are not always satisfied with this resolution. Why?
???
The ability to digest milk into adulthood is called lactose...
???
The neo-revolutionary typology of political systems would classify the role of president of the city...
????
Violence is...
????
Which of the following groups of people were instrumental in the development of categorizing humans distinct races?
????
Koko and Washo were two primates who had learned
American Sign Language
In the Melanesian conception of time, the future is spatially located...
Behind the body
C3) In order to study culture one must travel to distant, far-off places. True OR False
False
Doctors throughout the world enjpy a high degree of prestige.
False
Health and illness are objective states.
False
There are more undernourished people than obese and overweight people in the world.
False
C15) Michael Rockefeller sought carved bij poles from Asmat people because he thought they were beautiful art. The Asmat people thought of their carvings as: a) a hobby handcraft b) phallic art identified c) a ritual act restored balance to their world d) a way to make money from foreigners
Not: A
C8) A substantivist perspective on the economic life of a college fraternity would likely focus on the... a) exploitation of pledges' labor by full-fledged members b) spending the fraternity does on parties c) prestige that accrues to members who give a lot of goods and services to other members d) informal exchange of favors and goods among members
Not: B
C8) A key reason anthropologists study people's pursuit of cool things is that... a) it helps shed light on distinct cultures of Marxism b) it helps us understand the innate superiority of some people in society c) it's an important avenue through which people express and change their social relationships d) it helps the economy
Not: D
C8) The main reason men of the Malaysian Langkawi fishing community hand over their money to women is that... a) women decontaminate money by using it to sustain the household b) are the political leaders c) women are better at saving money than men d) men do not value money
Not: D
Animal systems lack the ability (found in human languages) to produce an infinite number of work combinations. This ability in human language is called ___________.
Productivity
A key feature of political anthropologist Maxwell Owusu's perspective on democracy in Ghana is that the state will work better if village chiefs play a role in decision-making....
True
C13) Beliefs, (and unbelief) get most of their power from being socially enacted repeated through rituals and other group behaviors. True OR False
True
C13) Buddhism is neither monotheistic nor polytheistic. True OR False
True
C14) Diabetics often have better control of their blood sugar when they are with supportive family members but poorer control when feeling isolated.
True
C15) The stereotype that Tahitian women we're sexually promiscuous emerged almost overnight after the arrival of Captain Samuel Wallis in 1767, when Tahitians recognized that the British had steel that the crew would exchange for sexual behaviors. True OR False
True
C6) Foragers tend to work less to survive than agriculturalists or pastoralists.
True
Nuclear family units occur in and are important to nearly every society around the world. True OR False
True
What is an "explanatory model" of a disease like cancer?
a general explanation held by individual patients and their families that accounts for the patient's symptoms, the causes of these symptoms, and how to best treat the cancer
Talking about sports as a battlefieldis an example of..
a metaphor
Linguists refer to mixed languages with a simplified grammar that people rarely learn as a mother tongue as...
a pidgin language
C4) According to anthropologist Sherry Ortner's analysis, the American flag is an example of...
a summarizinf symbol
C13) What are people who belong to conservative religious movements that advocate a return to traditional principles called? a) Fundamentalists b) faithful c) believers d) Practitioners
a) Fundamentalists
C8) Gift exchange for Marcel Mauss is based in... a) Obligation b) Equality c) Prestige d) Profit
a) Obligation
C3) _________ is the key element of anthropological fieldwork because it is a systematic research strategy of "just hanging out." a) Participant observation b) Personal survey c) Parachute anthropology d) Thoughtful analysis
a) Participant observation
Does race have biological consequences?
a) Yes, because of racism
Food security refers to...
a) access to sufficient nutritious food to be healthy and active
The !Kung people of southern Africa are an example of what kind of society?
a) acephalous
The legal process by which an individual or council with socially recognized authority intervenes in a dispute and unilaterally makes a decision is...
a) adjudication
C3) An anthropologist interested in cultural insider's perspective on that insider's culture is seeking... a) an emic perspective. b) tunnel vision. c) an etic perspective. d) primary sources.
a) an emic perspective
C8) When you are consuming an object, the process of taking possession of it is called... a) appropriation b) surplus value c) gift exchange d) exchange value
a) appropriation
How do religious rituals function politically?
a) by legitimating community authority
When Americans recognize that people are born into a particular social position due to the economic situations of their families, they are recognizing the existence of...
a) class
C15) People's fascination with having the newest Nike shoes or iPhone is an example of which of the following anthropological concepts? a) commodity fetishism b) high aesthetic taste c) a flair for style d) repatriation
a) commodity fetishism
Anthropologist Sidney Mintz observes that most people around the world usually...
a) ear a common patterned diet of core-legume-fringe foods.
What social distinction classifies people according to descent?
a) ethnicity
Which mode of subsistence includes the search for edible things?
a) foraging
One of anthropology's insights about the foraging mode of subsistence is that...
a) foraging people have a cultural view of their environments as giving
Anthropologists are interested in the nutrition transition because...
a) it explains widespread changes in bodily form, eating patterns, and everyday life in urban settings.
C6) Eating practices are...
a) marked by identities such as identity, age, and ethnic group.
What pivotal evolutionary shift happened around 1.8 to 2 million years ago that is closely related to human foodways?
a) meat consumption increased
Why were American birth rates low from 1942 to 1946?
a) most young married men were serving in the military
C6) The human diet is...
a) omnivorous.
All biological approaches to race are problematic because...
a) one trait is assumed to be representative of other characteristics like intelligence and personal character
The ability to digest milk into adulthood is called lactase ________.
a) persistence
C3) An important ethical concern for anthropologists is to... a) protect their informants. b) protect the ethnographic data. c) protect the community at large. d) protect themselves.
a) protect their informants.
C3) The purpose of fieldnotes is to... a) provide written records of information that an anthropologist collects. b) avoid collecting personal information about informants. c) engage in deep analysis of the data. d) record results from blood samples
a) provide written records of information that an anthropologist collects.
C15) Anthropologist Daniel Miller suggested and shopping for and consuming objects are fundamentally as much ________ acts as they are economics acts. a) social b) political c) religious d) psychological
a) social
A major social impact of industrial agriculture is _________, as can be seen by the creation of a peasant class.
a) social stratification
C13) Which of the following is an example of American totemism? a) sports team mascots b) beauty c) the cross d) money
a) sports team mascots
C8) The themes of reciprocity and gift exchange are critical to anthropologists because... a) the exchange of gifts is the economy in many societies b) they are only found in pristine, untouched societies c) they are economically insignificant in market-based economies d) reciprocity is rarely embedded in social relations
a) the exchange of gifts is the economy in many societies
An explanation given for medicalizing the nonmedical is...
a) the growth in profits for insurance and pharmaceutical companies,
The social processes that make race part of the natural order of things----by producing theories, schemes, and typologies about human differences is...
a) the naturalization of race
C15) Why do films take on new meanings when shown to overseas audiences? a) the specific cultural content and images in the film lead to draw different conclusions because their culture is different b) most people in developing countries are poorly educated c) American audiences are much more sophisticated in understanding the subtle background images that help shape the filmmaker's message d) they do not take on new meanings, the essence of films are seen as evidence of how primitive or civilized different societies were
a) the specific cultural content and images in the film lead to draw different conclusions because their culture is different
C13) A rise in fundamentalism is often seen when... a) there are many changes in society b) people are in rural settings c) things are stable d) there is peacetime
a) there are many changes in society
C12) Women who practice polyandry tend to marry...
a) two or more brothers
A surrogate mother is a...
a) woman who agrees to have an embryo implanted in her womb
C15) When workers make only part of an object rather than the whole product, they have less of a relationship with the fruits of their labor. Karl Marx suggested that this changed relationship with the objects they were producing created a feeling of... a) freedom b) joy over what they had made c) boredom with the process of production d) alienation
alienation
C15) Which of the following groups is a prominent American Indian rights group founded in 1968? a) NAGPRA b) American Indian Movement (AIM) c) World Heritage movement d) Civil Rights movement
b) American Indian Movement (AIM)
Which English philosophers were concerned with the problem of disorder and argued that chaos is avoidable by creating strong government?
b) Hobbes and Locke
Which of the following groups were considered nonwhite racial groups?
b) Jews, Italians, and Finns
C13) Religious ideas are typically associated with beliefs about the supernatural, but what secular argument that is often used to explain the beliefs and worldviews of physicists or geneticists, who may consider themselves nonbelievers? a) We don't need to study physicists or geneticists because they are well educated and would be better to learn from their experiences b) Most religion are really no more than a particular worldview c) It would be unfair to leave scientists out of the afterlife, even if they do not believe in it d) Nonbelievers may not have a religion, but deep down they must believe in something
b) Most religion are really no more than a particular worldview
____________ is a form of persuasion in which patients believe they are taking a strong medication but they are actually taking an inert tablet, such as a sugar pill.
b) The placebo effect
C3) Which project would be best suited to parachute ethnography? a) a study of landscape change b) a study of community response to a disaster c) a study of how people become religious leaders d) being open about their research
b) a study of community response to a disaster
C15) A powerful method that uses objects to manipulate people is... a) commodity fetish b) advertising c) stealing and various kinds of fraud d) austerity
b) advertising
C15) Advertisers have trained American consumers to focus on the newest and most exciting products through their... a) constant innovations and improvements b) attempts to constantly frame their products as new and improved c) removal and destruction of old stock to make way for new products d) disparaging remarks about celebrities
b) attempts to constantly frame their products as new and improved
C3) Fieldwork involves... a) speaking through a state-provided interpreter. b) becoming involved in peoples lives. c) excavating sites without written documents. d) statistical analysis of gendered distribution of labor.
b) becoming involved in peoples lives.
When a doctor observes a patient's symptoms and prescribes a treatment that he or she thinks will act directly on the patient's body to cure the problem, the doctor is adopting which kind of treatment process?
b) clinical therapeutic process
A clan that reckons descent through both their mother and father is called a
b) cognatic clan
C12) Anthropologists have studied hundreds of different kinship systems around the world over the past century, but they all be grouped into six different patterns based on terms for which group of relatives?
b) cousins
C3) Which of the following is the defining methodology of the discipline of anthropology? a) fieldnotes b) fieldwork c) observation d) interviews
b) fieldwork
C3) If you wanted to study patterns of kin relationships in a community, which method would you use? a) comparative method b) genealogical method c) ethnohistory d) participant observation
b) genealogical method
C8) When a parent pays for a child's piano lessons, he or she is engaged in... a) delayed reciprocity b) generalized reciprocity c) negative reciprocity d) balanced reciprocity
b) generalized reciprocity
C15) On the north coast of Papua New Guinea, a religious cult leader named Barjani was remembered through which object? a) his shoes b) his hat c) his staff d) his cloak
b) his hat
Long-term damage to soil quality is typical of...
b) intensification.
Why was meat eating important for human biological development?
b) it provides high-quality protein for human brain development
C8) Why is Karl Polanyi's distinction between formal and substantive economics important? a) it laid the groundwork for the rise of Marxist theory in anthropology b) it recognizes that economies involve both how people think and the actual transactions they engage in c) it distinguishes between primitive and capitalist economic systems d) it explains why states control economies in Europe
b) it recognizes that economies involve both how people think and the actual transactions they engage in
C13) Until the 1920's anthropologists interpreted totemism as evidence of... a) solidarity b) limited intellectual capacity c) sophistication d) spiritual flexability
b) limited intellectual capacity
C8) The exchange of brass rods for the purchase of cattle or the payment of a bride price is an example of the use of... a) surplus value b) limited-purpose money c) exchange value d) general-purpose money
b) limited-purpose money
C14) What subfield of anthropology tries to understand how social, cultural, biological, and linguistic factors shape the health of human beings in different cultures?
b) medical anthropology
C8) From an anthropological perspective, the main reason Wall Street banks are not the bastions of individualism and cold rationalism many think they are is that... a) certain bankers think more like Marxists than neoclassical economists b) personal relationships and local knowledge are critical to successful transactions c) bankers can be quite compassionate and donate money to many worthy causes d) the government heavily regulates the decisions bankers make
b) personal relationships and local knowledge are critical to successful transactions
C8) Economies in which people seek high social rank, prestige, and power instead of money and material wealth are known as... a) capitalist b) prestige economies c) surplus value d) market exchange
b) prestige economies
C3) Ethical issues facing ethnographers include all of the following except... a) ensuring informant confidentiality. b) protecting informant's blood samples and other biological information. c) controlling and protecting access to fieldnotes. d) being open about their research.
b) protecting informant's blood samples and other biological information.
The social, economic, and political processes of transforming populations into races and creating racial meanings is called...
b) racialization
C13) What is a life cycle ritual that marks a person's or group of persons' transition from one social state to another? a) animism b) rite of passage c) magic d) totemism
b) rite of passage
A good example of disguised discrimination is when...
b) shopkeepers or security guards follow black customers through stores
C13) A key feature of religious beliefs and behavior is that they are rooted in: a) dogma b) social behavior and social action c) phenomena d) historical documents
b) social behavior and social action
C10) In Latin America, "blackness" and "whiteness" are based on...
b) social behaviors
C15) Repatriation is... a) returning to the country of your ancestors b) the act of returning human remains or cultural artifacts to the communities of the descendants of the people to whom they originally belonged c) tracing the physical evidence of the movement of the cultural objects from one culture to another. d) seizing the cultural resources of one culture to benefit another
b) the act of returning human remains or cultural artifacts to the communities of the descendants of the people to whom they originally belonged
C8) According to Marshall Sahlins, when production is organized by families it is... a) neoclassical economics b) the domestic mode of production c) less valued d) capitalism
b) the domestic mode of production
Matrilineal descent is traced through which relative?
b) the mother
Medical anthropologist Nancy Sheper-Hughes uncovered a large criminal network engaged in the black market sale of
bpdy parts
C8) A good illustration of the Marxist concept of surplus value is... a) a factory owner prevents labor unions from forming in the factory b) a worker improves her or his efficiency by not taking bathroom breaks c) a worker makes one $30 sweater every hour in a factory but gets paid only $15 d) a worker shows up to work late and gets his pay reduced, generating more profit for the owner
c) a worker makes one $30 sweater every hour in a factory but gets paid only $15
C3) Research committed to making social change and improving the lives of marginalized people is... a) rapid appraisal. b) development anthropology. c) action anthropology. d) participant observation.
c) action anthropology.
Soldiers returning from ware often have which of the following symptoms...
c) anxiety disorders
C9) The importance of a phenomenon like "revenge suicide" in Papua New Guinea is that it...
c) demonstrates that the non powerful have ways of exercising political power
C8) According to anthropologists, what social institution is the structured patterns and relationships through which people exchange goods and services? a) holistic systems b) political systems c) economic systems d) kinship systems
c) economic systems
When social norms dictate that someone from a particular clan must marry outside of that clan, anthropologists say that the clan is...
c) exogamous
If you live in a household with your mom and dad, your grandfather, as well as your aunt and two cousins, you live in what kind of family?
c) extended family
What do anthropologists call the structural process of forgetting whole groups of relatives?
c) genealogical amnesia
C6) A cultural relativist would be most likely to emphasize that pastoralists...
c) have developed effective social institutions and knowledge that ensure long-term sustainability of the landscape.
C15) For anthropologists the most important aspect of any object is... a) its aesthetic quality b) the value of the object at an auction c) how it emerges from and exists within a set of human social relationships d) how the use of its raw materials affects the environment
c) how it emerges from and exists within a set of human social relationships
C3) The people anthropologists gather data from are called... a) partners. b) employees. c) informants. d) subjects.
c) informants
A process that increases yields and includes prepping soil, technology, a large labor force, water management, and plant and soil modification is....
c) intensification
C3) Which term refers to the knowledge about other people that emerges from relationships? a) objective b) subjective c) intersubjective d) ethnographic
c) intersubjective
Anthropologists are interested in a situation like the way the new heart drug BiDil was created and approved because...
c) it shows how cultural, political, and economic processes can work together to promote the idea that race is biologically based
You and your sibling are fighting over who gets to use the family car. When your parent intervenes and seeks a solution that is agreeable to both of you, it is an example of...
c) mediation
Which of the following social structures was identified as way that African societies maintained order?
c) religious practices and beliefs
C8) In Malaysia capitalist entrepreneurship is... a) usually successful b) about profit accumulation c) respectful of Islamic and Malay obligations and values d) about economic action
c) respectful of Islamic and Malay obligations and values
C15) Fijian objects were seen by most collectors as evidence of a.. a) complex society interested in social status b) peaceful community, whose members lived in harmony with the world c) savage and bloodthirsty society d) deeply religious society, whose members spent more time in performing religious rituals than on agriculture
c) savage and bloodthirsty society
C10) The importance of structural functionalism is that it...
c) showed that non-Western societies have order without formal government.
When anthropologist Robert Welsch got sick in Papua New Guinea, most of the villagers attributed his symptoms to...
c) sorcery
Which theory was used to explain how stateless societies maintained social order and equilibrium?
c) structural-functionalism
C13) The core of Anthony F.C. Wallace's understanding of religion was belief in... a) the afterlife b) God c) supernatural things d) Jesus
c) supernatural things
Which of the following do Americans traditionally inherit patrilineally?
c) surnames
C13) Clifford Geertz proposed an interpretive approach to religion, arguing that religion was a system of ______. a) rules b) deceptions c) symbols d) myths
c) symbols
C15) The idea that things have social lives refers to which of the following? a) a belief in animism because objects are often linked to particular spirits b) most objects that anthropologists study are either relics or sacred objects c) the fact that objects are deeply intertwined with people's lives d) they are imbued with life via sacred ceremonies
c) the fact that objects are deeply intertwined with people's lives
C13) Geertz's approach to religion is a style of analysis that looks at the underlying symbolic and cultural interconnections within a society; this is often referred to as... a) synthetic anthropology b) structural-functionalism c) the interpretive approach d) neo-evolutionism
c) the interpretive approach
C13) Hawaiians and other Polynesians traditionally believed in that mana, sacred or supernatural power, existed within certain objects, at sacred spaces, and in persons, including all of the following except... a) the sites where rituals were performed b) the chiefs shadow c) the sun d) things the chief had touched
c) the sun
C3) A word that best describes participant observation is... a) easy. b) comfortable. c) unstructured. d) obvious.
c) unstructured.
C13) The way a people conceptualizes the world provides a set of unquestioned assumptions about the world and how it works. Anthropologists call these conceptualizations a _____. a) bias b) superstition c) worldview d) philosophy
c) worldview
Words that came from the same ancestral language and originated from the same word are called
cognate words
In some cultures, bride price (wealth) or dowry is a way of acquiring a bride: dowry is...
d) a large sum of money or in-kind gifts given to a daughter to ensure her well-being in her husband's life.
A key difference between caste and social class is...
d) caste divides people in terms of moral purity, class in socioeconomic terms.
Clans come in three types: matrilineal, patrilineal, and...
d) cognatic.
C15) Marx theorized that when objects begin to take on mystical powers and engender obsessive desire and worship it is called... a) magic b) an appreciation for aesthetics c) artistic sensibility d) commodity fetish
d) commodity fetish
Negative or unfair treatment of a person because of his or her group membership or identity is called...
d) discrimination
C6) Foodways are subject to large-scale industrial processes, trade relationships, and trends, suggesting that they are...
d) dynamic.
C6)The structured beliefs and behaviors surrounding the production, distribution, and consumption of food is referred to by anthropologists as....
d) foodways.
C15) The earliest engagement anthropologists had with material culture happened where? a) in the flea market of Paris, where artists like Pciasso bought African art objects that inspired many of their paintings b) in the great palaces of Asia in Mesopotamia, Egypt, and China c) in the gift shops of the world's great art museums, which sold cheap examples of primitive art d) in museums where objects from around the world were originally seen as evidence of how primitive or civilized different societies were
d) in museums where objects from around the world were originally seen as evidence of how primitive or civilized different societies were
The "one drop rule" enlargement the slave population by...
d) including the mixed-race children of slaveholders in the enslaved population
The social system that organizes people in families based on descent and marriage is called _______.
d) kinship
The exercise of political power requires...
d) legitimacy???
C3) Which method is an extended conversation that can shed light on how social institutions change over time? a) ethnohistory b) genealogy c) participant observation d) life histories
d) life histories
C13) A voodoo doll is a good illustration of... a) totemism b) animism c) magic that follows the law of contagion d) magic that follows the law of similarity
d) magic that follows the law of similarity
Nearly all societies draw on more than one medical tradition simultaneously, a process which is called...
d) medical pluralism
Which of the following refers to the family into which one is born and raised?
d) natal family
C8) Which economic theory studies how people make decisions to allocate resources like time, labor, and money in order to maximize their personal satisfaction? a) cultural economics b) Marxism c) Substantivism d) neoclassical economics
d) neoclassical economics
For a big man in a nonstate society, what is the most powerful and valuable tool?
d) persuasion
Control over symbolic, material, and human resources are important dimensions of...
d) political power
When a woman marries more than one man she is practicing...
d) polyandry
C15) Typically archaeologists find it easiest to study changing styles and fashions through which of the following classes of object? a) bones b) tools c) burials d) pottery
d) pottery
For anthropologists, political power refers to how...
d) power is used to attain goals for the good of the community.
A performed, usually unfavorable, opinion about people who are different is...
d) prejudice
A preformed, usually unfavorable, opinion about people who are different is
d) prejudice
C8) The collection of goods in a community and the subsequent redivision of those goods among members of a society is called... a) exchange b) capitalism c) production d) redistribution
d) redistribution
Censuses interest anthropologists because they...
d) reveal the government's role in classifying and categorizing people.
C13) Stylized performances involving symbols that are associated with social, political, and religious activities are called... a) ceremonies b) witchcraft c) magic d) rituals
d) rituals
C13) In some Pentecostal and charismatic Christian religions adherents experience an ecstatic religious happening (often associated with shamanism), which is known as... a) pilgrimage b) praying c) meditation d) speaking in tongues
d) speaking in tongues
C13) The earliest anthropologist to compare religious and spiritual beliefs around the world was E.B. Tylor. For him the heart of religious beliefs was the belief in... a) magic b) the sacred c) totems d) spirits
d) spirits
C3) An anthropologist might consider doing "anthropology at a distance" because... a) he or she has a sample research funding to go into other field sites. b) statistical evidence suggests that participant observation is unnecessary. c) there is little data about the field site produced by others. d) there is conflict or violence in the field site.
d) there is conflict or violence in the field site.
C3) Using life history interviews, researchers are able to... a) detect genetic traits lined to disease. b) what myths society tells its members. c) what plants are used for. d) understand how a person's age affects his or her role in the community.
d) understand how a person's age affects his or her role in the community.
Arthur Kleinman, a medical anthropologist who conducted research in Taiwan, argued that the key to understanding differences in perspective between doctors and patients is that healers and patients often have different...
d) ways of explaining what is happening to the sick persons.
Animal cell systems...
do not combine calls to make new call meanings
What is the most striking difference between a physician's approach to a sick patient and a medical anthropologists perspective?.
doctors will focus on the clinical processes that explain disease, while medical anthropologists will want to look at the illness from all perspects
C4) The study of how people classify things in the world is called
ethnosicence
Health and illness
have much variation throughout different cultures and societies
What is the "subjectivity of illness"?
how people understand and experience their condition on a personal level
Which of the following is a feature of language?
it consists of sounds organized into words according to some sort of grammar
If you studied speech patterns such as those analyzed in Robin Lakoff's study of gendered speech, you might find that "talking like a lady"...
marginalizes women's voices in work contexts
The study of how sounds combine together to make meaningful units is called...
morphology
Anthropologist Sherry Ortner distinguished three kinds of culturally powerful symbols that include all of the following except..
narrative symbols
Most people are unaware of the structure of a language in real settings rather than as a set of grammatical rules, they are focusing on...
parole
The individual sounds used in languages to symbolically produce meaning are called...
phonemes
Brent Berlin and Paul Kay found that if a language had only three color terms, they would always be black (dark), white (light), and ________.
red
A stoplight is a visual example of which of the following?
sign
Which of the following activities or behaviors is not part of the American sick role?
they are expected to try to get better and assist in their care as much as possible