CLUST20B Readings

Douglas Massey. Racial Formation in Theory and Practice

"From a racial formation perspective, race is a matter of both social structure and cultural representation; carries idea of racial projects that create the links that led to racial formation (ex. Being "color blind"); A common thought among the population is that a difference in social behavior can be attributed to a difference in race (as if that characteristics of someone can be fixed by the color of their skin); Talks about how race first started off as a biological concept; idea of hegemony - later become a way for slaves to reach emancipation (took ideas of racial rule and used it turn against their rulers); social stratification Beginning in the 1970s, Mexicans were becoming subjects of racialization and were seen as exploitable and excludable. This was due to both achieved (acquired through the course of living) and ascribed (set at birth) characteristics. We construct generalizations/schema to make social judgements of others. Our emotions when associated with certain people lead to prejudice This all comes together to make a stereotype content model which models the warmth and competence of certain groups. We like warm groups that are similar to us. We despise cold groups that are different from us, like the Chinese. Mexicans have also been framed as the racialized other. They have been placed on the wrong side of the color line in which they aren't enslaved like blacks, but don't have the same privileges of white Europeans. They have become expendable workers.

Turner, James. "Black Students and Their Changing Perspective."

Black students went from being ashamed of being black and seeking to assimilate to embracing the motherland--as Malcolm X said--and rejecting integration. "Nationalism is a logical and natural development to an oppressive situation."

Angel Island Poetry, 1910.

1910: US establish immigration station- 200,000 potential immigrants most from china were processed and detained there in dehumanizing conditions. Moreover, legitimate citizens were more likely to be detained than undocumented immigrants because they hadn't memorized all of the answers to the questions. Treated more as prisoners than immigrants at a holding station.

Douglas S. Massey. 2013. American's Immigration Policy Fiasco: Learning from Past Mistakes.

1965 Immigration act gave rise to mass undocumented migration Immigrants continued to come at the same rate as before, but now just under the undocumented label Narrative of latinos as threats inflamed us public opinion and pushed it in a more conservative, restrictionist direction Militarization of the mexico-us border did not lower the rate of undocumented migration into the US USA Patriot act strengthened border enforcement and increased pressure on both legal and illegal immigrants in the US Surge in Central American immigration stemmed from the US-Contra intervention which raised levels of violent and social disorder in the region, pushing thousands northwards as refugees Impossible to stop immigration across such a large border Conditions that supported mass undocumented migration in the past disappeared Not since the days of slavery have so many US residents lack the most basic social, economic, and human rights

Liu, Michael, Kim Geron and Tracy Lai, "Swelling Rhythm: The 1960s Era and Conditions for Change" and "The Birth of the Movement: Stepping Toward New Values and Community,"

1965 marked a dramatic growth in Asian Americans. This wave of professionals allowed Asian Americans to have more developed, qualified organizations and institutions that pushed Asians Americans into mainstream american politics.

Heavyweight champion Muhammad Ali with civil rights leader Martin Luther King https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XOhvupjhS3U

Blacks are all victims of the same systems of oppression despite their differences, such as religion

Lee Williams and Lee Williams II, Chapter 4, The Tulsa Riot and Chapter 5, The Chicago Riot in Anatomy of Four Race Riots

Blacks were the victims of both riots. The rising racial tension between the blacks and whites in each of the cities contributed to the initiation of the riots. Sexual, social, and economic changes played a role in the tulsa uprisings. While social injustice and rising economic competition charged the chicago riots.

Tiya Miles. The South Doesn't Own Slavery

All of the Confederate monuments and statues should be taken down. It shows that there is still racial discrimination and racial oppression. Detroit and many other cities across the country have street, school, town hall names named after slaveholders. These names should be removed immediately. (Not restricted only to the South, but also across the country).

Petersen, William. "Success Story, Japanese-American Style."

Although Japanese Americans have been subject to notorious prejudice, their history proves that they have risen above all attempts to hamper their progress. Immigration laws, denial of access to many jobs, internment camps during WWII, and many other injustices were done to the Japanese Americans. Education was the key to Japanese success in the United States.

Zentgraf, Kristine M. "Immigration and Women's Empowerment Salvadorans in Los Angeles."

Although many Salvadoran woman faced increased hardship when coming to the US, they reported more that their lives were more positive in the United States. They felt more empowered as they experienced greater autonomy, independence and confidence. Woman got more say and men got less say--woman worked so they had some power, men had the same status as in their old country but faced racism and language barriers.

Deloria, Vine. 1970. This Country Was a Lot Better When the Indians Were Running It.

Argues for applying traditional ways to modern problems. Cites the Occupation of Alcatraz as a way of doing this. It also talks about how "educated" Indians, would come back to the rez and try to improve conditions, but nothing changed. They don't need outside information (their ancestors had thrived without it), their history holds these answers. Addresses Native American's fight for self-determination, sovereignty, and a united community.

U.S. News and World Report. "Success Story of One Minority in the U.S."

Argues that Chinese town has low crime rate in high populated areas because of the hardworking willingness of the Chinese. Also the author ascribes the low welfare due to strong family bonds. This is also the reading on the Tiger mom that Doctor Matsumoto talked about.

Asian Pacific American Legal Center and Asian American Justice Center, A Community of Contrasts

Asian Americans are the county's fastest growing racial group. Language barriers continue to limit opportunities for millions of Asian Americans Asian american educational attainment varies widely among ethnic groups Some asians struggle economically

Roberts, Steven V. "Longtime Allies on Rights Split By Bakke Case."

Bakke Case. Bakke is a white guy who was denied medical school at UC Davis. The article shows how Jews were pro-black because they did not want to limit their education. But at the same time the NAACP said that this would be temporary as currently racial status was not equal.

Malcolm X https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1qCl8m_KvJk https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NhB8r5Rx-FQ

Black people need to embrace their culture and reject assimilation/integration. Claims that blacks should attend their own schools to attain racial dignity and prevent racial subservience complexes before attending any other school

Lomawaima, K. Tsianina. "Domesticity in the federal Indian schools: The power of authority over mind and body."

Boarding schools relied heavily on the idea of reforming the external characteristics as a way to change the values and customs of Indian children. By controlling everything from the way they dressed to the way they acted. They targeted girls and taught them their domestic duties that seemed fit for this new culture. Whites exercised their power against the values and bodies of children in order to erase Native culture and create a class of homogenized, marginalized, and "obedient" peoples. Lomawaima argues that for Indian girls, the boarding schools were a process of civilization that was derived from what ideals of the Victorian model of middle-class domesticity/Cult of True Womanhood.

Talese, Gay. Honor Thy Father

Colombo and Gambino wanted to stop Italians from being associated with organized crime. Colombo had adopted the style of the civil rights movement, was staging his campaign in the street in front of television cameras. Gambino was more into patient suffering, acting quietly, and saying nothing.

Smedley, Audrey and Brian D. Smedley. Changing Perspectives on Human Variation in Science

Describes the belief that race originates from biology and how different races are "more able" than others; then describes the shift into the belief of how race is actually a social construct; argues that there is no compatibility between race and natural selection and people of one race are not biologically "inferior" to those of another.

Jacqueline Jones, "Freed Women?: The Civil War and Reconstruction."

Despite the title of "free," black women were still seen as lowly in comparison to both white women and black males, but they established themselves a role in the household as wives, mothers, and "upholders of cultural tradition," and asserted importance of family in truly being free. Following the war, freed women were not necessarily "free". They were bound by their economic responsibilities and their desire to keep their families together. They suffered disparities at the hands of harsh white landowners they came to work under and the double standards they faced in the hands of society, while also enduring the shift in the political scene of America after the war. Perceived freedom to mean not a release from back-breaking labor but rather the opportunity to labor on behalf of their own families and kin within the protected spheres of household and community.

George Lipsitz "Possessive Investment in Whiteness"

Ever since Europeans came to America, a possessive investment in whites has been created that gives whites obvious benefits and priorities over minority groups; As time went on, this investment in whiteness carried on and ultimately led to differences between whites and minority groups like amount of loans and housing (institutionalized racism) Because the government gave whites loans to get houses in suburban areas, they were given better education and the compounding value of a house for generations.

Bryonn Bain and Tongo Eisen-Martin. 2017. Lyrics Matter: Why Hip Hop and Spoken Word Work In Prisons and Public Schools

Discusses the narrative of imprisoned juveniles when it comes to unconventional educational programs that portrayed as being a waste of money or almost as a reward to kids who are supposed to be punished. Lyrical Minded is an an arts-based literacy course focused on music and poetry. The fictional representation of the Lyrical Minded program in The San Francisco Chronicle highlighted this program as too expensive and as overly vulgar. The truth though was that the funds were already allocated for alternative educational projects. The rated R label on the CD's was meant to make parents sit down with their children to analyze and understand the lyrics. Through this program the kids learn technical skills, leadership and organizational skills, and the documentary film "Lyrical Minded 415" they made was able to showcase to their families, peers, and administrators their transformations. This "arts-based education helps young people process harsh realities."

Connie Tirona Recalls Growing Up Filipino American (1930s and 1940s)

Filipinos experienced prejudice and discrimination. Segregation in town, people of color despised for walking to the other side of town. Attended a catholic school, Tirona and her sister were the only people of color at that school. "Some of my friends were Greeks and Italians. They were white people but never thought about color."

Denetdale, Jennifer. "Return to 'The Uprising at beautiful Mountain in 1913': Marriage and Sexuality in the Making of the Modern Navajo Nation,"

Focuses on one case of a Dine Navajo man who was persecuted by US the US government for practicing polygamy. The author then uses this case to make a larger argument about how the US government forced patriarchal, heteronormative cultural values on Indigenous people and tribes, many of whom accepted different gender identities and sexual orientations and had a matrilineal system within their communities as a part of settler colonialism. Indigenous who did not follow American cultural values were criminalized. Colonial powers forced Indigenous people to attempt to assimilate to American ideals while still being at the bottom of the social hierarchy. Primary source narrative of animalistic Indian savages who had to be "reasoned" with by American goverment officials demonstrates the narrative of American Exceptionalism; Narrative of Indian "uprising" demonstrates colonial positioning of Indians as a "pocket of stubbornness" within the larger sphere of the colonial empire Argues that the internalization of these ideals adds to self regulation of American ideals by Indians and also to the erasure of Indigenous identity and sexuality.

Center for Leadership on Urban Solutions. An Open letter to Our Friends on the Question of Language.

Formerly incarcerated are referred to using terms that devoid of humanness and identify them as "things" rather than people They are asking to be referred to as people rather than these harmful terms Calling people ex-cons, inmates, etc. indicates a lack of understanding of who they are and what they can be If they cannot be thought of as people, then all other efforts for reform and change are compromised

Taishi Matsumoto Bemoans Limited Employment Opportunities for Nisei

Fruit stand worker. Bemoans the social and financial circumstances he lives under which restrict him from working the job of his dreams. Hopes to one day have spare money to follow his dream and open a business. "I feel like a square peg, in a round hole."

Flora Belle Jan Longs for Unconventionality and Freedom, 1924

Her parents wanted her to grow up to be a good Chinese girl, but she is an American and does not want to accept all the "old Chinese ways and ideas" As she got older she saw that "American life is also full of conventionality and foolish customs" but began to study and write about them Her writing upset other Chinese-Americans living in the United States

Roxanne Dunbar Ortiz. Introduction: This Land.

Idea of "manifest destiny" and Terra Nuillus that prompted Americans to spread out west and conquer new land; Native peoples did not fit into the idea of multiculturalism since they were "territorial and treaty-based people"; the "United States is a colonialist settler-state"; Native society was economically penetrated and then controlled without hegemony.

Brenda Stevenson, "Slavery and Anti-Slavery in Antebellum America,"

Intersectionality: African American women having to fulfill expectations of slaves and women, raise children but also do the work. Intersectionality - Slaves shown as strong men who should work in the fields and women (who were punished more) stereotyped as weaker humans who need to work inside (gender and race); Slave women had a sexual component that further created their controlling image (Mammy and Jezebel; women blamed for their fertility if child isn't born); anti-slavery organizations like New England Anti-Slavery Society used agency to combat slavery(media like the Liberator)

Poetry from Khmer Girls in Action (KGA)

It is a Cambodian young women group that works on issues of immigrant and refugee rights, reproductive justice, and building Khmer American identity. Young women of color are often marginalized in social justice movement.

Sarah Deer, "Introduction: Sovereignty of the Soul," and "At the Mercy of the State: Linking Rape to Federal Indian Law,"

It is not biological in nature, using the term epidemic "depoliticizes" rape and fails to acknowledge the accountability of the perpetrator and absolves the settler state of the blame. What Supreme Court decision divested tribal courts of criminal jurisdiction over non-Indians? Oliphant v. Suquamish

Vincent, Rickey. "James Brown: Icon of Black Power."

James Brown was a influential black singer who brought a sense of black `nobility and power throughout the war. The government targeted under the Nixon administration by taking away his radio stations and influence.

Dora Yum Kim Recalls Growing Up Korean American in Chinatown (1920s, 1930s, and 1940s)

Kim felt out of place because her parents did not speak english, other Korean moms knew how to speak and interact with teachers. "I realized I was different... I was oriental." No mention of Korea in education, geography or history. Sought out newspapers, articles, clippings to learn about her Korean culture. Associated with lots of Japanese people although at the time there was hatred between the two groups. Taught Korean by other students. Went to Korean school with other Korean students. Social life affected by discrimination. Sheltered in Chinatown, would go to Chinese dances.

Wendi Yamashita, "The Colonial and the Carceral: Building Relationships Between Japanese Americans and Indigenous Groups in the Owens Valley,"

LADWP wants to build a solar ranch in Owens Valley. Native Americans and Japanese Americans pair up in order for this not to happen. There's a form of settler colonialism (carceral & colonial).

Ortiz, Ana Teresa and Laura Biggs. The Culture of Poverty, Crack Babies, and Welfare Cheats: The Making of the 'Healthy White Baby Crisis.'

Lewis, a proponent of cultural poverty, said that at the age of 6 or 7 there is a learned behavior or belief that causes multigenerational poverty. Crack has very little, if any, effect on pregnancy or etsus. Critics then said this was the reason for the culture of poverty--crack babies were less cable than regular babes. Critics said that the culture of poverty was encouraged by welfare. Because welfare was given to single mothers, more father left their children guilt free and perpetuated fatherless children. The government incentives whites to adopt blacks to stop cultural poverty Healthy white baby famine, white mothers had abortion rights so they didn't have lots of babies which is why they wanted to adopt children, was false as proven by statical data.

Mikulski, Barbara. "Who Speaks for Ethnic America?"

Liberals escape got white ethnics as racists. Black and whites need to organize their community separately to meet their own needs and come together to form an alliance based on mutual issues, interdependence and respect. Liberals need to stop saying white ethnics are a bunch of racists, they are the problem.

Zavella, Patricia. Reflections on Diversity Among Chicanas

Lots of different social location within heterogeneous groups that are just labeled together. "Social spaces created by the intersection of class, race, gender and culture."

Menjívar, Cecilia. "Liminal Legality: Salvadoran and Guatemalan Immigrants' Lives in the United States."

Mainly focused on how Liminal Legality, the state of citizenship being ambiguous, causes creates a sense of anxiety. Some won't pursue education because they are not sure whether they can stay for full term or that their degree will mean anything. They can't work sometimes, or go to school because they are technically not a citizen. So we get this class of remedial labor. Salvadorian women had to care for their children and also have their labor essential to household's survival (intersectionality) Uses liminal legality to describe the lives of Salvadoran and Guatemalan immigrants in the United States. It is the gray area between documented and undocumented.

Stokely Carmichael https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKP5_qyGs8c

Mass anti-war rallies contrasted the nonviolent protests like MLK and called for self-determination among blacks

Weed, Perry. Components of the White Ethnic Movement

Most white ethnics live in congested cities rather than rural areas and still consider themselves from their original european ancestry. "There are more poor whites in the northern metropolitan are than blacks, most are white ethnics. Most white ethnics are catholics.

Chief Oren Lyons, "Preamble," Basic Call to Consciousness

Native Americans continuing fight for self-determination. Policies like the Law of Nations, which decreed that any lands "discovered" by a Christian nation first, got the land, displaced Native people from their lands, even today (Doctrine of Discovery / "Terra Nullius"). They try to make their issues heard such as in Geneva 1977, where they sought to regain their lands, and their resources. They drafted their own declaration of Native rights, which called for the right to self-determination, and to determine their own political status and identity. They fight for social and environmental justice, and a return to common sense, in recognition of their ancestors who sacrificed so that they could be here today.

Gary Okihiro, "West and East,"

Orientalism provides representations characterized the "the East" as passive, superstitious, culturally static, and feminine as opposed to the West which was portrayed as active, rational, culturally dynamic, and masculine. These binaries, which were often gendered, did more to project and affirm what Europeans thought of themselves than provide a ethnographic account of the East. Such representations justified European conquest and imperialism. Edward Said critiques various literary and cultural representations of "the East" (ranging from North Africa, to the Middle East, to Asia) produced by European thinkers that portray those spaces and their people in exotic and exaggerated terms

The People, Respondent, v. George W. Hall, Appellant, 1854

People v. Hall; no Chinese person could testify against a white person in the California court - created the institutional racism of Chinese persons in America

Kaplan, Erin Aubry. Obama's Slave Link.

President Obama is likely the 11th generation great grandson of John Punch, the first man to ever be legally recognized as a slave. This connection actually came from Obama's white mother. This counters his image as a "new kind of black", lacking ties to slavery.

Zhou, Min. "Are Asian Americans Becoming 'White?'"

Public officials consider Asians American and whites as equal for opportunity numbers. Yet Asian americans are not white. They are culturally different. The stereotype of the "honorary white" or model minority goes hand-in-hand with that of the "forever foreigner."

Irons, Peter. JD Shelley v. Louis Kraemer: "The Contract of Restrictions" and "I Ain't Moving Nowhere!"

Racial housing Covenants were widely used in the early 20th century. This private sector construction barred blacks from buying homes in white areas so the property value of the neighborhood would not decrease. The Supreme Court Struck down Racial Covenants with Shelley case.

TallBear, Kimberly. DNA and Native American Identity

Recent advances in genetic ancestry tests have "reconfigured concepts of Native American Race and identity in the 21st century. Example of settler colonialism comes from the willingness of people using DNA testing to conflate genetic ancestry with social categories like race, ethnicity, and nationality; The government's attempt to thin native lineages by making it more difficult for people to declare their native heritage.

Angela Davis https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oqsoUujkRak https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R2BIZy0HScM

Revolution lies in principles and goals, not in violence and the way you reach them Violence as self-defense: (Example) Men in her neighborhood had to patrol every night after the bombing of the four young black girls at a church

Deborah Miranda. Bad Indians.

Settler colonialism: Mission system, massive conversion factory, run by Europeans who believed they were doing the work of God, strip them of their religion, language and culture; culture was forced upon indigenous people, erasing of indigenous bodies - Miranda has shared ancestry and culture (ethnicity) with her friends and family spread awareness about Native Americans novel or tribal memoir all about the Native American history as well as descriptions of the horrors that Native Americans went through during settler colonialism and its lasting affects. Includes poems and is written not in a traditional way.

Hill, Robert B. Who Are More Prejudice: WASPs or White Ethnics?

Statically WASPs disapprove of integrated schools more than white ethnics. White Protestants throughout the country are more likely to hold unfavorable racial views than are white ethnics at similar size communities and regions.

California Foreign Miners Tax, April 13, 1850

Tax was directed at all foreigners, at first Mexican miners and then the Chinese Required all persons not a native or citizen of the US to obtain a license in order to mine and must pay $20 (which was a shitton of money then) per month If any foreigner refuses or neglects to take out the license, it is the Sheriff's duty to summon a posse of American citizens and forcibly prevent the foreigner from continuing to mine

Theoharis, Jeanne. 'A Life History of Being Rebellious': The Radicalism of Rosa Parks

That fact that Rosa Parks is overly praised by the government as a symbol underplays the many previous years of civil rights efforts. They also underplayed Rosa Parks long civil rights involvement before the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Blacks were always fighting back. Politics of respectability - movement strategy: use of her identity at the time to gain visibility and legibility gender and age contributed to Park's respectability narration of militancy as masculine iconization as depoliticizing

Kristin Simmons, "Settler Atmospherics," https://culanth.org/fieldsights/1221-settler-atmospherics

The "settler atmospherics" that Simmons discusses refer to the literal and figurative conditions of indigenous communities. The reading's main point is that through their capitalist and militaristic actions, the U.S. targets indigenous people and communities through inflicting both environmental damage and warfare to maintain their settler colonialism within the settler atmospherics. Simmons argues that the U.S. government damages indigenous bodies and lands through a combination of militarism, capitalism, and pollution. She also asserts that this same pattern applies to Black lives and communities within the U.S. Overall, Simmons tackles the intersections of U.S. oppression and environmental racism, concluding that system of capitalism and industrialism in the U.S. cannot be separated from the environmental consequences of these systems on communities of color. Removing the long lasting impact of settler colonialism today through agency and activism

K-Sue Park, The ACLU Needs to Rethink Free Speech

The ACLU needs to have a better position on things. Freedom of speech isn't equal for all communities (ethnicities). Blacks/Latinos (minorities) get threatened with killing them or lynching them if they speak against whites. Protesters at Trump's inauguration are now facing felony riot charges.

Mohawk, John. "Introduction" in Basic Call to Consciousness

The American Indian Movement was in response to declining Native American Population, political power, and the abject poverty in reservations. The Trial of Broken Treaties was when Native Americans occupied a federal building in the capital, the first time since the War of 1812. Indigenous people under the International Indian treaty Council tried to create law pertaining to Indigenous people--even if they could not be enforced.

Norman Asing, To His Excellency Governor Bigler, (1852)

The Chinaman uses agency to speak out the institutional racist laws placed by the Gov. of California; common belief that Chinese immigration was "dangerous" and the Asing aims to disapprove this

Uyematsu, Amy, "The Emergence of Yellow Power in America,"

The Yellow Power Movement has been set into motion by the Black Power Movement to fight against white institutionalized racism toward Asian Americans. The position of Asian Americans in the U.S. is not seen as a problem because they have achieved middle-class incomes. However, they still try to gain acceptance and are placed into subordinate positions. "They have become white in every respect but color" (8). There are two sources of division among Asian Americans that challenges the unity of Yellow Power Movement: Different national origins, Ideological differences

Barker, Joanne. "Introduction: Critically Sovereign,"

The essay assumes that gender and sexuality are core elements of imperialist-colonialist state formations and explores the gendered, sexist, and homophobic discrimination and violence on which those formations are based upon. Shows how the politics of gender and sexuality are central to sorting out the challenges to Indigeneity and Indigenous rights posed within an imperial and colonial formation. The process of colonialism has led to the "remaking" of the Diné in the image of a white man, but without the full benefits given to white male citizens. The U.S. imposition over the Diné included efforts to remake Navajo individuals into citizens who embrace American heteropatriarchy, as well as the creation of a Navajo nation that was formed to privilege heteropatriarchy as normative. Aims to analyze the persistent racialized and sexualized images of Indigenous women in society via "public spaces of fashion, film, music, and politics" that undermine the legitimacy of Indigenous claims to sovereignty and self determination. It also speaks about how colonialists have more narrow philosophies concerning sexuality- perpetuating a heteronormative archetype. Colonialists have racialized and classified gender and sexuality in such a way to further "a liberal humanist normalization of compulsory homosexuality" male dominance, and white privilege. In reality, critical Indigenous scholars have reported that Indigenous people do not equate biology and identity, and there are actually mutiple identifications of gender and sexaulity that defy this 'binary logic' and are much more spiritual- connecting to desire, pleasure and social structures. The reading then goes onto declassifying the gender and sexuality constructs of Indigenous people through gender studies and feminist studies Then it loops back to the main thesis point: that being ignorant of Indigenous teachings about gender and sexuality and marginalizing and sexualizing their people results in an overall undermining of their collective rights- affecting them in their claim of land, sovereignty and civil rights principles. The formation of the binary gender after colonialism, in comparison to the "two spirit" in Native groups.

Poetics of the Oppressed. Chapter 4 in Augusto Boal. Theater of the Oppressed.

The goal was to change the people from passive spectators in the theater into subjects, actors, transformers of action Combination of roles the a person must perform imposes on him a mask of behavior Dominated group suffers the most constant, daily, and omnipresent repression which becomes concrete in the figure of the dominated person The spectator must be a subject, an actor on an equal plane with those generally accepted as actors, who must also be spectators

Kaplan, Karen. Ancestry in a Drop of Blood.

The government has made it more difficult for people with native ancestry to declare themselves as being part of a native tribe. One of the ways they do this is through DNA testing and required ID cards; this has led to settler colonialism within Native American groups, as colonization in the past has carried through and created social boundaries and restrictions.

Jerry Kang, "Thinking Through Internment: 12/7 and 9/11,"

The idea of profiling is examined in this article (ex. Racial profiling of Arab looking men in airports); cites example of Japanese in America during WWII (Many were placed in jail just because they were Japanese) - is this justified?; idea of essentialism (if part of a racial group, that person holds all the characteristics - good and bad - of that group)

Tomás Almaguer, "They Can Be Hired in Masses; They Can Be Managed and Controlled Like Unthinking Slaves,"

The larger "non-white" community posed stress on white laborers. Whites feared that the increasing numbers of Chinese immigrants might outcompete and outsource them in terms of labor and status. However, the advantages of the cheap and available Chinese labor outweighed the racism towards them. They were always ready to work, worked for cheap, and were more reliable than whites. At the time there were many Chinese women working as prostitutes which promoted negative racialized images. fear that miscegenation and "interbreeding" would amount to white "race suicide". Chinese women seen as hypersexual and readily available to white men; the arrival of Chinese women had to be prohibited because they were uncivilized, unclean, and filthy beyond conception, without any of the higher domestic or social relations, lustful and sensual in their disposition; "every female is a prostitute of the barest order." fear that miscegenation and "interbreeding" would amount to white "race suicide". Chinese women seen as hypersexual and readily available to white men; the arrival of Chinese women had to be prohibited because they were uncivilized, unclean, and filthy beyond conception, without any of the higher domestic or social relations, lustful and sensual in their disposition; "every female is a prostitute of the barest order."

Gómez, Laura E. Epilogue. Manifest Destinies: The Making of the Mexican American Race

The making of the Mexican American race: the legacy of Mexican American's history as off-white— sometimes defined as legally white but almost always defined as socially not white. The current census policies about Latino's racial and ethnic status reflect the state's construction of race and ethnicity. Designation of Mexicans as a racial group coincided with the great depression and increased economic competition between whites and Mexicans. Hispanics racial self-identification is symbolic of other dynamics such as their experiences of racial and economic discrimination in the US, their general level of inclusion in or exclusion from the nation, and their different view of race.

Carson, Clayborne, Emma Lapansky-Werner and Gary Nash. The Struggle for Freedom: A History of African Americans

The revolutionary objectives sought by Brown and other black power advocates were not achieved and the special problems confronting black women were generally ignored by black militants. But a new generation of black elected official rejected black power rhetoric in favor of working with the american government.

Escobar, Edward. The Dialectics of Repression: The Los Angeles Police Department and the Chicano Movement, 1968-1971

This article talks about the story of the Chicano movement's struggle with the LAPD. The LAPD conducted their own campaign to destroy the Chicano movement in southern California. In addition to the police's ideological bias against social protest, their experience with the Black Power movement predisposed them to hostility toward the Chicano movement. The movement only became violent due to the police's intervention.

Yanow, Sophie. "Gathering of the Tribes" https://thenib.com/gathering-of-the-tribes

This cartoon discusses the recent protests surrounding the Dakota Access Pipeline construction It contains quotes from Native American leaders and protesters who traveled to the DAPL site to protest with the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe It discusses prior struggles Native Americans have had with the United States government in treaties regarding land and rights, especially with phrasing in the treaties with the intention to deceive Thesis: The struggles of one tribe are the struggles of all Native American tribes, as they are "all fighting the same fight against the big corporations trying to pollute our waters and pollute our air" (Yanow)

J. Kehaulani Kauanui, "Indigenous Hawaiian Sexuality and the Politics of Nationalist Decolonization"

This reading challenges the argument of how the issue of same-sex marriage should be treated within Hawaii. In a larger context the reading looks at the effects of settler colonialism on the Hawaiian community. Specifically, the reading defines heterosexism as a settler colonial import that impinges on the culture of Kanaka Maoli (Native Hawaiians). It further asserts that the fact that Kanaka Maoli had to use US political systems to legalize same-sex marriage in Hawaii is a continuation of settler colonialism, because while it is an attempt to decolonize legislation, it reflects on the limited agency given to Kanaka Maoli.

"A Skit on Sexism Within the Asian American Movement, 1971," in Kurashige and Yang

This reading essentially demonstrates the sexism towards women in the Asian American Movement. This is a skit between two Asian-American men and a woman, with the men repeatedly demeaning the importance of the woman, who attempts to speak up with her ideas. Ultimately this plays into the idea of Orientalism, which conceives Asian women as passive, domestic, and subservient.

Paul Finkleman, "Making a Covenant with Death: Slavery and the Constitutional Convention."

William Lloyd Garrison - led the Garrisonians that believed that legal protection of slavery made political discussions invalid; also believed that the Constitution favored slavery (institutional racism) - used to address slavery but not the problems it posed (the word slavery only used ONCE); creation of ⅗ compromise(another example of institutional racism as it embedded this law into common politics); South wouldn't recognize blacks as citizens or people but STILL wanted them to count towards representation.