CMN 001 makes me wanna die

Strategies that increase public speaking confidence: Relabeling

Relabel words associated with the feelings and physical reactions associated with the anxiety of the speech. For example, nervous and afraid to excited, thrilled, eager.

Basic Principles of Style: Appropriateness

Requires that word choice, sentence structure, grammar, and the use of technical terms should be evaluated on whether or not these elements of style are appropriate to the topic, situation, and audience. Contributes to a speaker's overall ethos

Strategies that increase public speaking confidence: opportunity

View public speaking as an opportunity to share info, influence others, express something important to you, reach out to more than one person at one time.

Presentation Aids: Technological Aids

any use of technology in combination with a presentation aid

Strategies that increase public speaking confidence (4)

opportunity Visualization Relabeling Deep Breathing

Strategies that increase public speaking confidence: Visualization

picture everything going right in your speech, picture your audience listening attentively, appreciating your speech, and applauding at the end. Picture yourself in the place you will be speaking when you practice it.

Irrational fears: Expectation of Perfection

scared of poor "review" by audience

Active Listening process*(4)

sensing, attending, understanding, responding *

Aristotle's artistic proofs

something created by the speaker for the presentation, such as ethos, pathos, and logos.

3 standards of ethics for speakers

speaker motive, outcome on receiver, message means

Active Listening: attending: affect

speakers feelings about or during transmission of the message. All messages also have a relational dimension of meaning. Which is how the speaker relates to the listeners during transmission of the message. Attending involves keying and focusing.

Aristotle's concept

"His concept of rhetoric was to find the available means of persuasion"

Rhetoric: Quintilian

"the art of speaking well" and that the art of rhetoric was only useful insofar as people applied it to practical and public affairs

Occam's Razor( presentation aids)

(Keep presentation aids simple) Suppose there exist two explanations for an occurrence. In this case the simpler one is usually better. Another way of saying it is that the more assumptions you have to make, the more unlikely an explanation is.

Cicero & the Practice of Rhetoric: style

(designing the specifics of the speech) Considering the language you will use to convey your message including word choice, sentence structure, and possible presentation aids

Informative Speaking: shouldn't

(should not do call to action at the end of the speech)

Cicero & the Practice of Rhetoric: arrangement (2)

(structure of speech) -Overall structure of speech Intro Body Conclusion -Organization of argument/body of speech

Basic Principles of Style: Correctness

the quality of style by which one speaks or writes in a manner consistent with a given language's norms. Means adhering to the conventions of vocab, syntax, grammar, and usage of the language you are using.

Feedback

the responses and reactions to the messages transmitted by the sender; is itself a new message sent back to the original sender

Building Credibility

According to Aristotle behaving ethically, and avoiding attacking other people, yelling, etc is one way to gain credibility. A second way is through sagacity or the demonstration of keen discernment and sound judgment. This is demonstrated through the proper citation of relevant and important information and evidence. A third way is by demonstrating your goodwill or showing that you care for the audience. Scientists also have shown that adding the concept of dynamism as a way to increase our credibility during a speech. Dynamism refers to a strong confident delivery that creates the impression with the audience that the speaker has practiced and thus cares about what she is talking about.

Presentation Aids: Traditional Aids

Aids that do not apply electronic means to communicate ideas to the audience

Noise

Anything that interferes with the encoding, transmission, or reception of a message

speaker motive

Motive describes the speaker's reason or reasons for expressing a message. The more altruistic the motive the more ethical it is, while the more self-interested the motive the less ethical it is.

Purposes of: inform

Provides information in as neutral an environment as possible where the speaker and the audience typically seek to teach and learn; 4 types: speeches about objects, processes, events, concepts

Cicero & the Practice of Rhetoric: invention (4)

-Determine general purpose - inform, persuade, entertain -Select topic Use topic to refine from broad (dance) to narrowed (Argentine Tango) -Research (use questions about subject's origins, functions, causes/effects, etc.) - builds ethos! -Develop specific purpose (central idea you want the audience to understand)

Criteria of a public speaking situation (3)

1. Communicative intention (we want to inform, persuade, or entertain) 2. Uninterrupted speaking time (by rule/social expectation) 3.Multiple (>2) listeners (dynamic/tone change with audience size)

Characteristics of information literacy: (5)

1. They are able to determine what they need information for. 2. They are able to go out and find the information. 3. They can evaluate the information for accuracy, bias, and relevance as it relates to their purpose. 4. They can use the information they find to create new knowledge for themselves or others. 5. The information literate person understands the issues relevant to using information such as plagiarism.

Oral attribution purpose:(3)

1. To give proper credit to the author of the material 2. To enhance your credibility as a speaker 3. To provide a way for your audience to check the information themselves

Strategies that increase public speaking confidence: Deep Breathing

A good deep breathing technique is very powerful and knowing you can control your own breathing helps you feel more confident. Deep breaths from diaphragm

Presentation Aids: Graph

A presentation device that indicates relationships found in numerical data

Language & Delivery: Impromptu

A presentation done with little or no preparation. Benefits: Speeches are often very short and audience has a lower expectation for quality of speech. Drawbacks: No time to prepare for speech; Often nerve racking for even the most experienced speakers

Language & Delivery: Extemporaneous

A speech delivered with notes but not the entire speech in front of the speaker. Benefits: Allows for a more natural and fluid delivery; Adapt to audience feedback; Improved eye contact. Drawbacks: Note cards may be problematic if they are not organized; Can lose your place more easily; Some speeches under this format often allow for little preparation. "It's hard!" -Shubb

Presentation Aids: Object

A tangible item used in conjunction with the speech

Presentation Aids: Models

A to scale device that depicts an actual object

Presentation Aids: Chart

A visual device that helps you summarize or list blocks of information

Speaking to facilitate listening: Hearing:

As a speaker, one of the first things we need to be concerned with is being loud enough for others to hear us. In larger rooms we should consider voice amplification. Speakers need to speak slowly enough for listeners to be able to engage in the discriminative listening that is necessary for them to distinguish the unique sounds that make up each word. Don't just rush sounds.

Purposes of: persuade

Attempt to reinforce/modify/change audience members' beliefs, attitudes, opinions, values and behaviors. Objective to prompt audience to alter their thinking and possibly take action. Goal is to increase audience's commitment to speaker's central idea.

Purposes of: entertain

Captivate audience members and have them enjoy the speech. Special occasions provide context, include jokes and stories.

Presentation Aids: Transparencies

Clear sheets containing information illuminated by a projector

Characteristics of language: ambiguous

Describes how language that does not have precise concrete meanings. Cultures imbue words with a variety of meanings but even within that culture each word has an agreed upon range of potential interpretations.

Characteristics of language: arbitrary

Describes how symbols used to represent things that are not intrinsically connected to those things. Meaning can change over time as different groups ascribe different definitions and purposes for words

Characteristics of language: abstract

Describes how words are not concrete or tangible items; they are only representations. Language is removed from the actual objective phenomena it represents, thus making it an abstract construct.

Control Distractions

Distractions are any verbal or nonverbal behavior that attracts the audience's attention to that behavior rather than the message. Noise is simply anything that makes a distracting noise; should be avoided by speaker. Repetitive Behaviors can become a distraction if done too often (hand gestures, word repetitions)

immediacy factor

How the presence of a live speaker makes the listeners feel closer to the message thus increasing the messages impact on the listeners. For listener, the presence of a live speaker bring about a sense of connection and closeness to that person. People listening to a live speaker will feel closer to the message, the message will seem more important, relevant, and meaningful than it would if it were delivered any other way.

Confidence

It is important to establish your credibility before you even speak; Real Confidence: Does not actually come from thinking that you are a good speaker but rather your belief in your message. Fake Confidence: Avoid saying things that will undermine the audience's perception of your confidence level; take advantage of the tool of silence

Basic Principles of Style: Vividness

Language aims at producing delight or admiration in the audience. Using colorful words and constructing sentences that will create pictures in the minds of the audience members will create vividness. Appeals the audience's emotions or pathos

Active Listening: responding

Last part of the active listening process involves reacting to the message. Some responding is internal. Pseudo listening- when listeners cover up his or her internal state of boredom by acting interested. Redirected sender responses- sending a message which reflects understanding of the original speaker's message. These are necessary in normal conversation, but are more rare and sometimes not even appropriate at all in public speaking situations. Responding involves: inner responses, feedback, redirected sender responses.

Contact (eye contact)

Making contact with the audience means looking at them the same way you would if you were engaging them in conversation. Does not necessarily mean eye contact however must be looking into listener's feedback zone. Making certain that the audience can make contact with you

Cicero & the Practice of Rhetoric: delivery

Manner with which a speaker physically and vocally presents

Clarity

Means being as loud, clear, and articulate as needed. Nonverbal clarity means being mindful of when you are presenting critical information or complicated ideas and therefore slowing the pace with more frequent pauses; also means to match tone and facial expressions with words. Verbal Clarity requires careful choice of the words you use to express your ideas.

Basic Principles of Style: Clarity

Measured in terms of how well our audience is able to decode and attribute meaning to our message in the understanding stage of active listening. Avoid ambiguity, slang, and jargon. Repetition and parallelism can make our language more clear by it

Functions of nonverbal communication: positive

Nonverbal actions allow you to reiterate your verbal message without saying it. Nonverbal behaviors repeat their verbal counterparts. Nonverbal messages amplify or accent your desired message increasing its power and the likelihood the audience will understand your point. Nonverbal messages complement the verbal message. Nonverbal actions such as physical actions take the place of verbal messages. Nonverbal actions that help govern the course of a speech or interaction

Functions of nonverbal communication: negative

Nonverbal cues can convey a message that indicates something different to the verbal statements of the speaker.

Losing Credibility

One way to lose credibility is by lying to the audience by presenting false evidence. Lying by omission is choosing to not acknowledge facts about your case that might damage it. A second way to lose credibility occurs when you manipulate your audience and misrepresent facts and evidence to an audience so they will see what you want them to see. The final way to lose credibility is by using force instead of reason to obtain agreement from your audience. Demagoguery is a speech that attempts to win over an audience through appealing to their prejudices and emotions, particularly those of fear, anger, and frustration

Oral attribution

Oral citations should be short to not bore the listener, yet provide the audience enough information to allow the audience to look up the source later when the speech is done. When asking how exactly to orally cite a source

PRPSA: ranges

Personal Report of Public Speaking Anxiety (Know your score ) Moderate ranges from 98-131, above that has high speaking anxiety, below has low. Avg score is 115

Active Listening: sensing

Physical aspect of receiving a message. Involves the ear and eyes of the receiver. In order for the first stage of active listening to occur, the message must be heard and in most cases in face to face communication, seen. This is usually the easy part.

Presentation Aids: Purposes

Primary functions of using presentation aids are to enhance the clarity of your message, assist learners in retaining important aspects of your message, and enhance the interest of your message. Clarity, retention, Interest Used to clarify a key point or illustrate an idea that can't be fully described by words alone Used to help your audience remember your ideas and supports your argument with a graphic display of facts and figures Used to draw attention to your topic/point, dramatize a point or idea, or stimulate an emotional reaction

Environment

Situation or context in which communication occurs. Including time, place, historical period, relationship, and a speaker's and listener's cultural backgrounds. Can be mediated-can take place with technological assistance.

Rhetoric: Vatz

Situations do not invite rhetoric but rather rhetoric creates situations; Meaning is created by speakers through their speech, not through the situation

Rhetoric: Bitzer

Situations hold inherent meaning that speakers identify through their responses; Situations essentially call rhetoric into being; Rhetoric is a reaction to situations and that the power of meaning lies with context and not the speaker

Speaking to facilitate listening: Seeing:

Speakers need to help listeners see them clearly. Standing while speaking helps with both voice projection and listeners being able to see the speaker better as well. It is important for speakers to not make obscure gestures with your face so listeners dont interpret the message in a wrong way. Also hands need to be visible even if they are subtle it helps the listener to see that you have hands. Hats, sunglasses, and hoodies can dramatically reduce the listeners ability to see what you are saying as well.

Language & Delivery: formal

Speeches that are completely memorized by the speaker and is delivered with no notes. Benefits: Able to pinpoint when to change tone of speech and when to make gestures to help emphasize points. Drawbacks: Speaker's inability to adjust his or her message to audience feedback; Risk of freezing up and forgetting a section of your speech

Message

The actual content you send to an audience, both intentional and unintentional (content, affect, relational)

Active Listening: understanding

The internal process of decoding and attributing meaning to the message. Decoding requires interpreting the symbols and the signs the speaker used in the transmission of the message. Speakers and listeners need to share the same code in order for successful decoding to occur. The challenge in the understanding stage is in being able to successfully interpret the speaker's intended message. Understanding involves decoding and meaning.

Receiver

The person or persons who receive the encoded message sent by the sender

Sender

The person who desires to deliver a message to another person or group of people

Outcome on Receiver:

The potential effect of the message on the receiver or receivers. Messages that benefit the listeners in some way will be ethical, while messages that lead listeners to think or do something that will cause them harm would be unethical.

informative speeches: Speeches about objects

These are the simplest form of informative speeches. Speech of self-presentation are short and touch upon the highlights of a speaker's life. Other speeches include speeches about other people, places, or things.

informative speeches: Speeches about processes

They are delivered using a chronological organizational pattern mostly because that is what is best for the audience. They are "how to" speeches. Examples are speeches about social processes, or just speeches about simple processes like changing oil or cooking.

informative speeches: Speeches about concepts

They focus on informing an audience about beliefs, values, or theories. They do not seek to convert an audience to a particular point of view but seek to explain a given philosophy. Some examples of concepts include economic theories such as capitalism, scientific theories such as relativity, political systems such as democracy, religions, social institutions, and even abstract ideas such as love. They can be developed chronologically, spatially, topically, or casually.

Reactions: Adaptation

This begins slowly after the confrontation reaction and is when your heart rate and the other symptoms start to slow down and wear off. Reduction in anxiety during the adaptation reaction has been shown to occur even in high anxiety speakers which is good news.

informative speeches: Speeches about events

This combines elements of both speeches about objects and speeches about processes. Events can include objects, but often they are more complex. They can also include a process or the unfolding of an event, however the focus is not on explaining the process, but rather on the importance of the event itself.

Reactions: Confrontation

This happens when the speaker actually faces the audience and experiences a tremendous surge of adrenaline. Heart rates can easily reach over 110 beats per minute. Other symptoms may include, sweaty palms, butterflies, weak knees, tunnel vision, dry mouth. This reaction is normal. It is the flight or fight response in other words. Even the most practiced and confident speakers will experience this, and the good news is that the confrontation reaction only lasts about 60-90 seconds, leading us into the next reaction.

Reactions: Anticipation

This is the "oh no, I have to give a speech" reaction. Typically begins a few minutes before the speech. Some anxious people may experience this when they think about giving the speech. More frightening the imagination, the worse the fear.

Message Means

This is the crafting of the message itself. There are many rhetorical devices and forms of manipulation that can decrease the ethicality of a message, particularly if the audience is unaware of the strategies being used.

Irrational fears: illusion of transparency

This is the feeling of "listeners can see right through you and therefore will know how you are feeling inside" This is false. Audience members cannot see through your clothes and cannot feel what you are feeling on the inside. That is why it is called the illusion of transparency effect.

Irrational fears: spotlight

This is when the speaker thinks the audience is staring at the speaker intently and scrutinizing the speakers every move. Thus feeling the effect of being on a spotlight. Most listeners report they feel challenged when they are required to focus, especially for more than a few minutes so although it may seem like everyone is looking at you, this is not the case.

Topic Selection:

When generating a topic one must consider your communicative purpose, the situation, time limits, audience, and your own interests and knowledge. When your communicative purpose is to inform choose topics on which you are able to remain neutral and objective. When your purpose is to persuade choose a topic that you can either take a stand on or advocate a course of action on. When speaking to entertain, choose a topic that inspires feelings and emotions. Regarding your audience there are two types: subject specific and general. Subject specific is an audience that shares a common interest or knowledge in the subject. A general audience is an audience that have very little in common with the subject.

Narrowing Topic

When narrowing a topic, one must narrow a broad topic down to a specific criterion of that topic. EX: Dances - Social Dances - Social dances in Argentina

Basic Principles of Style (four virtues of language)

clarity, correctness, vividness, appropriateness

Ethos: good sense

does the speaker appear knowledgeable about their topic? (intellectual)

Ethos: Goodwill

does the speaker respect and care about audience? (social)

Cicero & the Practice of Rhetoric: memory

earning material well enough to be able to move on to deliver the speech without extensive use of notes

Pathos

emotional appeal that comes from connecting with the audience's: Values Interests Feelings

Aristotle's: Inartistic proof

evidence, data, and documents that exist outside of the speaker/audience but can still aid in persuasion.

Language & Delivery: Methods (3)

formal, impromptu, extemporaneous

Cicero & the Practice of Rhetoric* (5)

invention, arrangement, style, memory, delivery*

Rhetorical Situation:

is the context of a rhetorical act, made up (at a minimum) of a rhetor (a speaker or writer), an issue (or exigence), a medium (such as a speech or a written text), and an audience.

Ethos: Good moral character

is the speaker honest and trustworthy? (moral)

Rhetoric: Shubb

james j murphy: "The art and study of human discourse for the purpose of adducing useful precepts for future discourse"

Active Listening: attending: content

literal meaning

Active Listening: attending

mental aspect of receiving a message. Sometimes people fall victim to selective listening, which is when you key in on a few words instead of the whole message. Keying requires that the listener pay attention to the parts of the message that the speaker intends as important. Face to face messages will be transmitted both verbally with symbols and non verbally with signs. Messages convey content and also carry an affect

Terminal credibility

the credibility you have at the end (product of credibility you have before you speak and derived credibility)

Derived credibility

the credibility you're getting from your speech's material, artistic proofs

Logos

the logical/rational appeal of the message itself, comprised of: Content Style Structure

Channel

the mode through which the message is conveyed to another party

Ethos

the power which comes from the credibility of the speaker, comprised of: Good sense,Good moral character,Goodwill

Encoding

the process of attaching symbols to ideas and feelings so that others may understand them

Decoding

the process of taking a message that has been sent and using one's own experiences and knowledge to give it meaning