CMST 1061
Problem oriented communications
Focuses on resolving tension and problems.
Monopolizing is hogging the stage by continuously focusing the conversation on ourselves instead of the person who is talking.
True
People with high status and/or power tend to touch others and invade others' space more than do people with less power and/or status.
True
judgement
a belief or opinion based on observations, feelings, assumptions, or other nonfactual phenomena.
listening
a complex process that consists of being mindful, hearing, selecting, and organizing information, interpreting communication, responding, and remembering.
resistance
a cultural diversity; attacking the cultural practices of others or proclaiming that one's own cultural traditions are superior.
individualistic culture
a culture in which each person is viewed as distinct form other people, groups, and organizations.
collectivist culture
a culture that regards people as deep connected to one another and to their families, groups, and communities.
proxemics
a form of nonverbal communication that involves space and how we use it.
physical appearance
a form of nonverbal communication; how we look, inlcuding the cultural meanings, values, and expectation
system
a group of interrelated elements that affect one another. Communication is systemic.
social community
a group of people who live within a dominant culture yet also belong to another social group or groups that share values, understandings, and practices distinct from those of the dominant culture.
nonverbal communication
all forms of communication other than words themselves; includes inflection and other vocal qualities as well as several other behaviors such as shrugs, blushing, and eye movement.
perception
an active process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting people, objects, events, situations, and activities.
symbol
an arbitrary, ambiguous, and abstract representation of a phenomenon. Symbols are the basis of language, much nonverbal behavior, and human thought.
static evaluation
an assessment that suggests that something is unchanging or static; e.g., "Bod is impatient".
attribution
an explanation of why things happen and why people act as they do; not necessarily correct interpretations of others and their motives.
loaded language
an extreme form of evaluative language that relies on words that strongly slant perceptions and thus meanings.
high-context communication style
an indirect and undetailed way of speaking that conveys meanings implicitly rather than explicitly; typical of collectivist cultures.
inference
an interpretation that goes beyond the facts known but is believed to logically follow from them.
process
an ongoing continuity, the beginning and end of which are difficult to identify; for example, communication
Putting together all that we have selected and organized in order to make sense of communication, is known as ________
interpretation
quantitative research methods
techniques such as descriptive statistics, surveys, and experiments, used to gather quantifiable data.
empathy
the ability to feel with another person, to feel what he or she feels in a situation.
person-centeredness
the ability to perceive another as a unique and distinct individual apart from social riles and generalizations.
mess complexity
the amount of detailed information or intricate reasoning in a message; can interfere with effective listening.
mind reading
the assumption that we understand what another person thinks or how another person perceives something.
culture
the beliefs, understands, practices, and ways of interpreting experience that are shard by a group of people.
ethics
the branch of philosophy that deals with the goodness or rightness of particular actions. Ethical issues infuse all areas of the communication field.
I
the creative, spontaneous, impulsive aspect of the self. the I is complemented by the me.
interpersonal confirmation
the expressed valuing of another person.
conflict
the expression of different views, interests, or goals and the perception of differences as incompatible or in opposition by people who depend on each other.
openness
the extent to which a system interacts with its surrounding environment
assimilation
the giving up of one's native ways to take on the ways of another culture.
The major distinction between the linear and interactive models of communication is
the interactive model includes feedback, or a response to the message .
recognition
the most basic level of interpersonal confirmation; the communication of awareness that another person exits and is present.
cognitive complexity
the number of mental constructs an individual uses, how abstract they are, and how elaborately the interact to create perceptions.
monitoring
the observation and regulation of one's own communication
communication climate
the overall feeling, or emotional mood, between people.
defensive listening
the perception of personal attacks, criticisms, or hostile undertones in communication when none is intended.
olfactics
the perceptions of scents and odors; one form of nonverbal communication.
Which of the following is a prototype?
the person who is the best example of a co-worker to you
remembering
the process of recalling what one has heard; the sixth element of listening.
message overload
the receiving of more messages than we can interpret, evaluate, and remember; can interfere with effective listening.
cultural relativism
the recognition that cultures vary in thought, action, and behavior as well as in beliefs and values; not the same as moral relativism.
me
the reflective, analytical, socially conscious aspect of self. Me complements the I aspect of self.
acknowledgement
the second of three levels of interpersonal confirmation; communication that you hear and understand another's expressed feelings and thoughts.
meaning
the significance we attribute to a phenomenon; what it signifies to us.
standpoint
the social, symbolic, and material conditions common to a group of people that influence how they understand themselves, other, and society.
interpretation
the subjective process of organizing and making sense of perceptions.
ethnocentrism
the tendency to assume that one way of life is normal and superior to other ways of life.
Neutral communications
Indifference to others and what they say.
Whiteness studies are examples of research conducted in which field of communication study?
Intercultural Communication Studies
The study of communication is more than __________ years old.
2500
communication
A systemic process in which people interact with and through symbols to create and interpret.
Controlling communications
Attempts to dominate others.
In the meaning triangle, the symbol is the internal configuration aroused by either apprehending the referent itself with our senses or by receiving a cue from another person.
False
Strategic communications
Manipulating for the benefit of the manipulator.
The study of communication, power, and empowerment, especially as it relates to the issue of who is and who is not allowed to speak in a society, is strongly influenced by which philosopher?
Michel Foucault
Spontaneous communications
Open honest and not manipulative. To be ethical, not used against others
Provisionalism
Relies on tentative language to signal openness to other points of view
According to the supplementary reading "the meaning of meaning", meaning is our internal response to either the reality (objects, events, or situations experienced through our senses) or the symbols used by a language community to label reality. For example, the meaning of dog for a particular person or a group of people would be their internal response (images appearing in their mind, or loving feelings aroused) when they either see the actual four-legged animal or when see or hear the word "dog".
True
All language is symbolic, yet not all symbols are linguistic.
True
Attribution is the act of explaining why something happens or why a person acts a particular way.
True
Descriptive communication fosters a more supportive climate than evaluative communication.
True
reappropriation
a group's reclamation of a term used by other to degrade the group's members; the treatment of those terms as positive self-descriptions. Aims to remove the stigma from terms that others use pejoratively.
prototype
a knowledge structure that defines the clearest or most representative example of some category.
paraphrasing
a method of clarifying another's meaning by reflecting ones interpretation of the other;s communication back to that person.
hearing
a physiological activity that occurs when sound waves hit out eardrums. Unlike listening, hearing is a passing process.
stereotype
a predictive generalization about people or situations.
individualism
a predominant Western value that regards each person as unique, important, and to be recognized for her or his individual qualities and behavior.
respect
a response to cultural diversity in which one values other's customs, tradition, and values even if one does not actively incorporate them into one's life.
participation
a response to cultural diversity in which ones incorporates some practices, customs, and traditions of other groups into one's life.
understanding
a response to cultural diversity that assumes that differences are rooted in cul
tolerance
a response to diversity in which one accepts differences, although one may not approve of or even understand them.
homeostasis
a state of equilibrium that systems strive for but cannot sustain
positive visualization
a technique for reducing speaking anxiety, in which one visualizes oneself communicating effectively in progressively challenging speaking situations.
indexing
a technique of nothing that every statement reflects a specific time and circumstance and may not apply to other times or circumstances.
expectancy violation theory
a theory claiming that when our expectation are violated, we become more cognitively alert as we struggle to understand and cope with unexpected behaviors.
standpoint theory
a theory that holds that a culture includes a number of social groups that differently shape the perceptions, identities, and opportunities of members of those groups.
constrictivism
a theory that holds that we organize and interpret experience by applying cognitive structures called schemata.
critical research methods
a type of data analysis that aims to identify, critique, or change communication practices that oppress, marginalize, or otherwise harm people.
Which of the following is NOT a level of interpersonal confirmation?
a. endorsement b. acknowledgment X c. ethnocentrism d. recognition
Which of the following is NOT a "proof" identified by Aristotle as the tools of persuasion?
a. ethos X b. tanthos c. pathos d. logos
multilingual
able to speak and understand more than one language or communication style used in a social group or culture.
preoccupation
absorption in our own thoughts or concerns.
Cognitive schemata include all of the following EXCEPT ________
abstractions
environmental factores
any nonverbal element of a setting that affect how we think, feel, act, and communicate.
artifacts
any personal object with which one announces one's identities or personalizes one's environment.
noise
anything that interferes with the intended meaning of communication; includes sounds as well as psychological interference.
The verbal symbols we select to use are not intrinsically connected to what they represent. This is known as _____
arbitrariness
Communication that expresses the speaker's feelings without disparaging anyone else is known as __________ communication.
assertive
kinesics
body positions and body motions, including those of the face, that may be used to communicate or may interpreted as communicating.
environmental distractions
in communication situations, any occurrence that interferes with listening.
Joaquin came to the United States from Mexico three months ago and he is still having trouble understanding Americans' tendency to rush all the time. He is also surprised when his teachers are irritated if he joins class a while after class has started. Joaquin's confusion about American pace of life is based on which aspect of nonverbal behavior?
chronemics
schemata
cognitive structures we use to organize and interpret experiences. the hour types of schemata are prototypes, personal constructs, stereotypes, and scripts.
paralanguage
communication
interpersonal communication
communication between people, usually in close relationships such as friendship and romance
regulative rules
communication rules that regulate interaction by specifying when, how, where, and with whom to talk about certain things.
constitutive rules
communication rules that specify how certain communicative acts are to be counted.
minimal encourgers
communication that gently invites another person to elaborate by expressing interest in hearing more.
intrapersonal communication
communication with ourselves, or self-talk.
over conflict
conflict expressed directly and in a straightforward manner.
covert conflicts
conflict that is express indirectly; generally more difficult to manage constructively then overt conflict.
punctuation
defining the beginning and ending of interaction or interaction episodes. Punctuation is subjective and not always agreed on by those involved in the interaction.
A form of certainty language that assumes our culture and its norms are the only right ones is
ethnocentrism
relationship level of meaning
expresses the relationship between communicators.
selective listening
focusing only on selected parts of communication; e.g., screening out parts of a message that don't interest us or with which we disagree, or riveting our attention on parts of communication that interest us or with which we agree.
mindfulness
from Buddhism, the concept of being fully present in the moment; the first step of listening and the foundation of all the other steps.
grace
granting forgiveness, putting aside our own needs, or helping another save face when no standard says we should or must do so.
monopolizing
hogging the stage by continuously focusing communication on oneself instead of on the person who is talking.
bracketing
identifying and setting aside for later discussion the issues peripheral to a current conflict.
qualitative research methods
interpretive techniques, including textual analysis and ethnography, used to understand the character of experience, particularly how people perceive and make sense of communication.
Which of the following is NOT true about nonverbal communication?
it does not vary over time
prejudgment
judging other or their ideas before one has heard them.
silence
lack of sound. silence can be powerful form of nonverbal communication
you-language
language that attributes intentions and motives to another person, usually the person to whom one is speaking.
I-language
language that identifies the speaker's or preceiver's thoughts and feelings.
low-context communication style
language that is very explicit, detailed, and precise; generally used in individualistic cultures.
ambushing
listening carefully to a speaker in order to attack her or him.
literal listening
listening only to the content level of meaning and ignoring the relationship level of meaning.
informational and critical listening
listening to understand information and ideas.
Words that slant perceptions are called _______
loaded language
Stuart has just started preparing a persusaive speech for his communication class. He has selected a topic and is thinking about the kind of arguments, reasoning and evidence he might use in his speech. Stuart is focusing on which canon of persuasion?
logos
Samantha says, "Arguments are terrible. I believe nobody can win when conflict breaks out." Samantha's orientation to conflict is best described as __________.
lose-lose
institutional facts
meanings people assign to brute facts (objective, concrete phenomena) that are based on human interpretation.
cognitive schemata
mental structures people use to organize and interpret experiences. Four schemata have been identified: prototypes, personal constructs, stereotypes, and scripts.
Bao is a teacher. When she is talking to students one on one, she gently encourages them to express themselves by saying, "Tell me more," "go on," "I understand." These are examples of _________
minimal encouragers
When Jing says to Juana that she is having a difficult time in her chemistry class, Juana's first response is to launch into an extended description of the difficulties she had in her own physics class. By doing so, Juana is engaging in a faulty listening practice known as _________
monopolizing
haptics
nonverbal communication involving physical touch.
chronemics
nonverbal communication involving the perception and use of time to define identities and interaction
brute facts
objective, concrete phenomena
script
one of four cognitive schemata; scripts define expected or appropriate sequences of action in particular settings.
pathos
one of three forms of proof; proof based on appealing to listeners' emotions.
logos
one of three forms of proof; proof based on logic and reasoning.
ethos
one of three forms of proof; proof based on the speaker's credibility (trustworthiness, expertise, and goodwill).
win-win
one of three orientations to conflict; assumes that everyone involved in a conflict can win and attempts to bring about a mutually satisfying solution.
lose-lose
one of three orientations to conflict; assumes that everyone loses when conflict occurs.
win-lose
one of three orientations toward conflict; assumes that in any conflict one person wins and the other loses.
content level of meaning
one of two level of meaning; the literal information in a message
relationship listening
one of two levels of meaning in communication; expresses the relationship between communicators.
The active process of selecting, organizing and interpreting people, objects, events, situations, and activities is known as ______
perception
The ability to perceive another as a unique individual is called _____
person-centeredness
As soon as the news program begins an interview with the President, Dolores quits paying attention and she mumbles to herself, "I already know everything he has to say and I don't want to hear it again." Dolores' ability to listen is being hindered by _________
prejudgement
pseudolistening
pretending to listen.
The study of space and how people use it is known as ______
proxemics
arbitrary
random or not necessary. symbols are arbitrary because there is no need for any particular symbols to stand for a particular referent.
Rachel doesn't want to be interrupted while she's speaking so she avoids looking at others until she has said all she wants to say. Then she looks at the person who wants to respond. Rachel has used nonverbal behavior to _________
regulate interaction
abstract
removed from concrete reality. Symbols are abstract because they refer to, but are not equivalent to, reality.
totalizing
responding to a person as if one aspect of that person were the total of who the person is.
communication rules
shared understandings of what communication means and what behaviors are appropriate in various situations.
triangulation
studying phenomena from multiple points of view by relying on multiple sources of data, theories, researchers, and/or methodological approaches.
ambigous
subject to multiple meanings. Symbols are ambiguous because their meaning vary from person to person context to context, and so forth.
responding
symbolizing interest in what is being said with observable feedback to speakers during interaction; the fifth of six elements of listening.
Socially agreed-upon labels that we use to identify and arouse conventionalized meanings stored in schemata within our memory system are called:
symbols
self serving bias
the tendency to attribute out positive actions and successes to stable, global, internal, influences that we control and to attribute negative actions and failures to unstable, specific, external influences beyond our control.
uncertainty reduction theory
the theory that people find uncertainty uncomfortable and so are motivated to use communication to reduce uncertainty.
endorsement
the third of three levels of interpersonal confirmation; the communication of acceptance of another's thoughts and feelings. Not the same as agreement.
The statement that communication is systemic means that __________
the various parts affect each other.
hypothetical thought
thinking about experiences and ideas that do not exist or are not present to the senses.
organizational culture
understandings about identity and codes of thought and action that are shard by the members of an organization.
feedback
verbal or nonverbal response to a message. the concept of feedback as applied to human communication appeared first in interactive models of communication
incomprehansibility
when a message is no clearly understandable due to language or transmission problems; one of four situation obstacles to listening.
verbal communication
words and only words; does not include inflection, accent, volume, pitch, or other para-linguistic features of speech.
