CNAF 3710 (HAC flash cards)

Helicopters are authorized to land at other than airfield locations (such as fields, highways, and parks), provided: (MSL)

1. A military requirement exists for such landing. 2. Adequate safeguards are taken to permit safe landing and takeoff operations without hazard to people or property. 3. There are no legal objections to landing at such nonairfield sites. Note: COs are authorized to waive the provisions in subparagraph 1. through 3. when dispatched helicopters are engaged in SAR operations.

7 Critical Behavioral Skills of CRM (DAM CLAS)

1. Decision making 2. Assertiveness 3. Mission analysis 4. Communication 5. Leadership (Designated and Functional) 6. Adaptability/Flexibility 7. Situational awareness

Risk

An expression of possible loss in terms of severity and probability.

Rescue Helicopters Operating Over Water

Any naval helicopter that is assigned the primary mission to operate as a rescue vehicle over water shall have as a member of its crew 1 aircrewman who is completely outfitted for water entry as required in paragraph 8.2.1.2 and has completed an approved CNO/CMC rescue swimmers school. Note: Where SAR/plane guard is briefed as a primary mission, or when it becomes the primary mission, the rescue aircrewman shall be prepared for immediate water entry.

Caffeine Use

Caffeine intake of 450 mg per day (3 to 4 cups of drip coffee) is the recommended maximum intake. Caffeine use when managed appropriately, can aid in maximizing performance during long sorties or periods of sustained operations, however, the caffeine effect is maximized in individuals who are not habituated to its effects as regular users.

Pilot in Command

Definition: The pilot assigned responsibility for safe and orderly conduct of the flight. Pilot in command refers to the pilot of an individual aircraft. The pilot in command is responsible for the safe, orderly flight of the aircraft and well-being of the crew. The pilot in command may also be the mission commander or formation leader when so designated. In the absence of direct orders from higher authority cognizant of the mission, responsibility for starting or continuing a mission with respect to weather or any other condition affecting the safety of the aircraft rests with the pilot in command. The authority and responsibility of the pilot in command shall not be transferred during flight except as required by emergency, operational necessity, or as directed by the commanding officer of the unit to which the aircraft is attached. The authority and responsibility of a pilot in command is independent of rank or seniority in relation to other persons participating in the mission or flight except for the following provisions of OTC/Flag General officer embarked.

Safety Belts and Shoulder Harnesses

Each persons safety belt and shoulder harness shall be worn and tightened prior to takeoff and shall be worn until completion of the flight except when necessary activities require temporary removal. Inertia reels, where provided, shall be manually locked for all takeoffs and landings and at all other times when high G forces may be encountered except where the procedure is detrimental to safe operation. The number of persons over 2 years of age embarked in a naval aircraft for flight shall be restricted to the number for which there are adequate seats and safety belts. During takeoffs, landings, and at other times as specified by the PIC, each person over 2 years of age on board transport aircraft shall occupy a seat or berth and be secured with the safety belt provided for that purpose.

FAR Restriction Exemptions: Aircraft Speed

Exemptions/authorizations which are currently on file that allow deviation from FAR Part 91 include: 1. Section 91.117 (Aircraft Speed). Operation of naval aircraft at speeds in excess of limits imposed by section 91.117 shall be governed by paragraph 5.1.4 of this manual. - FAR, Part 91.117, imposes a maximum airspeed limitation of 250 KIAS on all aircraft operating below 10,000 feet MSL in airspace where FAR, Part 91, applies and a maximum of 200 KIAS for aircraft operating: (1) at or below 2,500 feet above the surface within 4 nm of the primary airport of a Class C or D airspace area, or (2) in the airspace underlying a Class B airspace area designated for an airport or in a VFR corridor designated through such a Class B airspace area. The regulation grants exception for operations that cannot safely be conducted at airspeeds less than the prescribed maximum airspeed. The FAA has authorized the DoD to exceed 250 KIAS below 10,000 feet MSL for certain military requirements.

FCF: Crew Composition

FCFs shall be conducted with the minimum crew required for safe flight. Passengers shall not be carried. The PIC shall be designated in writing by the CO as a FCP for either a full-system check or the partial system(s) to be checked.

Who Can Taxi a Helicopter?

No one shall be permitted to taxi a helicopter except those persons who are authorized to fly helicopters.

Maximum Crew Day/Time on Duty (Maintainers and Flight Crew)

Sailors and flight crew shall not be scheduled for continuous watch, duty, alert, and/or flight duty (required awake) in excess of 18 hours. However, if it becomes operationally necessary to exceed the 18-hour rule, 15 hours of continuous off-duty time shall be provided prior to scheduling the member for any duties. All Sailor's, flight crew and flight support personnel's schedules shall be made with due consideration for watch standing, collateral duties, training, and off-duty activities. Sailor and crew rest can be reduced to less than 12 hours in order to maintain a 24-hour work/rest schedule, but a shortened Sailor or crew rest period (for example to maintain circadian rhythm) shall always include an opportunity for 8 hours of uninterrupted sleep.

Note on NATOPS requirement for OTC or Flag/General Officer embarked

The provisions of paragraphs 3.7.1.1 and 3.7.1.2 shall not be used to circumvent normal NATOPS qualification procedures if the officer desires to physically pilot the aircraft. Flights that require a NATOPS-qualified crew shall not be physically piloted by any individual not so qualified; however, the flight may be directed by an officer in tactical command embarked who is not NATOPS qualified.

FAR Exemptions: VFR Cruising Altitude

(VFR Cruising Altitude or Flight Level). Allows operations at altitudes other than those prescribed by section 91.159 (a) while engaged in drug interdiction operations, only to the extent necessary to obtain positive identification of a suspect aircraft and maintain visual contact with that aircraft, provided the aircraft has a dedicated on-board observer (other than the pilot) to watch for other air traffic, and the aircraft has an operating transponder with Mode C. (Exemption 5100K, expires 9/30/2015.)

Airfield Operations Outside Published Hours/Closed Control Tower Airfield Operations

1. Commanding officers of airfields are authorized to extend airfield operating hours beyond those published in the Digital Airport/Facility Directory without opening the control tower. 2. Naval aircraft are permitted to operate from a closed control tower airfield when both the aircraft reporting custodian (unit commander) and the commanding officer of the airfield have specifically authorized such operations. 3. Naval aircraft are permitted to operate from a closed control tower airfield without the crash crew being present with concurrence of the reporting custodian (unit commander) and the commanding officer of the airfield.

Requirements to become a HAC

1. Have completed the requirements for and possess to an advanced degree the knowledge, proficiency, and capabilities of a second pilot. 2. Have a minimum of 500 total flight hours. 3. Have 150 flight hours in rotary-wing aircraft. 4. Have pilot hours in class and model required by the commanding officer or higher authority and demonstrate the proficiency and judgment required to ensure the successful accomplishment of all tasks of the unit mission. 5. Demonstrate ability to command and train the officers and enlisted members of the flightcrew. 6. Demonstrate the qualities of leadership required to conduct advanced base or detached unit operations as officer in charge when such duty is required as part of the unit's mission or method of operation.

When can you get NON-contract fuel? (MEA)

1. Mission requirements dictated stopping at a facility without military or contract fuel sources. 2. The flight terminated as the result of an emergency. 3. The flight terminated at an alternate airport in lieu of filed destination.

ASAP Submission Requirements

1. One report per flight shall be completed. It is the responsibility of the PIC/Mission Commander to ensure this requirement is met. For flights in which there was no issue to report, a "No Event" report shall be completed, to include the command climate assessment, survey questions, etc. 2. It is the responsibility of aircrew members to submit additional reports for all issues which impacted the safe and orderly conduct of the flight/mission. 3. For formation flights, one report per section/division is sufficient if no event occurred. 4. For cross-country or multiple leg flights, at least one report at the completion of the mission is required. If events occurred on multiple legs, individual ASAP reports should be completed for each of those events.

What Constitutes the Runway Environment? (FAR 91.173)

1. The Threshold 2. The Threshold Markings 3. The Threshold Lights 4. The Runway End Identifier Lights (REIL) 5. The Visual Glideslope Indicator (VASI) 6. The Touchdown Zone 7. The Touchdown Zone Markings 8. The Touchdown Zone Lights 9. The Runway 10. The Runway Markings 11. The Runway Lights

Submission of the Flight Plan: Except when a daily flight schedule is used in lieu of a flight plan form, the PIC/formation leaders shall submit a flight plan for their flight. The PIC/formation leader is responsible for compliance with:(SWAMPWIG)

1. The flight has been properly authorized. 2. Adequate flight planning data, including NOTAM service, was available for complete and accurate planning. 3. The flight will be conducted in accordance with governing directives and adherence to criteria for fuel requirements and weather minimums. 4. Each pilot in a formation flight has received the required flight route weather briefing (IAW par 4.6.3). 5. The PIC/each pilot in a formation flight possesses a valid instrument rating if any portion of the flight is to be conducted under IMC or in positive control areas or positive control route segments. 6. Passengers have been properly briefed and manifested. 7. Proper W&B forms, if applicable, have been filed. 8. The PIC acknowledges responsibility for the safe and orderly conduct of the flight.

Aircrew

A collective term that applies to all categories of personnel in a flight status either as crew or noncrewmember. Aircrew are military personnel on competent flight orders or civilian personnel whose duties require frequent and regular participation in aerial flights to perform inflight functions such as installation, maintenance, evaluation of airborne technical equipment (maintenance skins), communication specialists, photo specialists, etc.

Hazard

A condition with the potential to cause personal injury or death, property damage, or mission degradation.

Orientation Flight

A continuous-flight in DOD aircraft performed within the local flying area and terminating at the point of origin intended to further the understanding of particular programs concerning the roles and missions of the Department of Defense.

Cross-Country Flight

A flight that either does not remain in the local flying area or remains in the local flying area and terminates at a facility other than an active military facility. This includes out-and-in's.

Local Flight

A flight that remains within the local flying area and terminates at either the same facility or another military facility with which the originating station has direct station-to-station communications.

Operational Necessity

A mission associated with war or peacetime operations in which the consequences of an action justify accepting the risk of loss of aircraft and crew.

Nonstandard Operation

A non-standard operation is defined as when an urgent requirement exists to fly a short-notice mission in support of a: 1. humanitarian 2. contingency 3. MEDEVAC 4. special access 5. state department requirement Commanders (0-8 or above) exercising Operational Control (OPCON) of aircraft operating in support of nonstandard operations are responsible for mission risk assessment and therefore may waive the requirement for a TERPS review of a Non-USG instrument procedure.

Definition of a Formation

A standard formation is defined as a formation with a proximity of no more than 1 mile laterally or longitudinally and within 100 feet vertically between the flight leader and each wingman. Formation flights operate as a single aircraft with regard to navigation and position reporting.

Minimum Fuel Requirements

All aircraft shall carry sufficient usable fuel, considering all meteorological factors and mission requirements as computed below: 1. If alternate is not required, fuel to fly from takeoff to destination airfield, plus a reserve of 10% of planned fuel requirements. 2. If alternate is required, fuel to fly from takeoff to the approach fix serving destination and thence to an alternate airfield, plus a reserve of 10% of planned fuel requirements. 3. In no case shall the planned fuel reserve after final landing at destination or alternate airfield, if one is required, be less than that needed for 20 minutes of flight, computed as follows: c. Turbine-powered helicopters. Compute fuel consumption based on operation at planned flight altitude. 4. Minimum fuel reserve requirements for specific model aircraft shall be contained in the appropriate NATOPS manual.

Closed Airfields

All naval aircraft are prohibited from taking off or landing at closed airfields except in the case of an emergency.

FAR Exemptions: IFR Cruising Altitude/Alternates/Lighting

Alternate airport requirements and alternate airport weather criteria for clearance of flights to be conducted under IFR shall be specified in paragraph 4.8.4.2 of this manual. (Exemption 30B, non-expiring). Exemption from the altitudes to be maintained in uncontrolled airspace has been granted to the extent necessary to conduct military training route (MTR) training. Policies and procedures for the conduct of MTRs are contained in FAAO JO 7610.4, Special Operations, and in FLIP Area Planning AP/1B. (Exemption 2396, non-expiring). An exemption has been granted to DOD aircraft engaged in drug interdiction flights provided the aircraft has a dedicated on-board observer plus an additional resource capable of detecting all aircraft operating in the vicinity of the DOD aircraft. (Exemption 5100K, expires 9/30/2015.)

Blood Donation (4-4-4)

Although blood donated in small quantities is quickly replaced and does not adversely affect ground activities, the hazards of hypoxia and reduced barometric pressure make it desirable to limit such donations by flight personnel IAW the following: 1. Flight personnel may donate blood occasionally. The minimum interval for all donors shall be 4 months. 2. Flight personnel in combat, flying in a shipboard environment, or flying operational missions shall not donate blood within 4 weeks prior to such flying. 3. Flight personnel shall not participate in flight duties or perform low-pressure chamber runs for 4 days following donation of 450 cc of blood (1 pint). 4. If subject to flying duties within 4 days of a blood donation, an aviator must obtain command approval prior to donating.

Flights that require a HAC (OATT)

An aircraft commander shall be designated for the following multipiloted aircraft missions: 1. Operational/tactical missions. 2. Administrative missions in helicopters/tiltrotors. 3. Training flights, except those that are within the capabilities of pilots of lower classification and which, in the opinion of the commanding officer, are best suited to teach such pilots self-reliance and command responsibility. 4. Flights in which the transport of passengers is involved.

Simulated Instrument Approach

An instrument approach flown under simulated instrument conditions.

Aerobatic Flight Maneuvers

An intentional maneuver involving an abrupt change in aircraft attitude, intentionally performed spins, or other maneuvers requiring: - pitch/dive angles greater than 45° - bank angles greater than 60° - or accelerations greater than 2 G's A maneuver that conforms to the model NATOPS manual (e.g., break, weapons delivery, autorotations, etc.) is not considered to be aerobatic flight.

Reporting Custodian

An organizational unit of the lowest echelon of command accepting responsibility (involving accountability to CNO) for aircraft as designated either by CNO or by the controlling custodian of the aircraft.

Use of Anti-Collision Lights

Anti-collision lights shall be used immediately before engine start and at all times when the aircraft engine(s) is in operation, except when the use of such lights adversely affects ground operations (i.e., arming and dearming, refueling operations, etc.). They may be turned off during flight through clouds when the rotating light reflects into the cockpit.

Multipiloted Aircraft

Any aircraft having 2 sets of flight controls and instruments and operated by 2 pilots, both of who meet the requirements of the NATOPS manual for that model aircraft.

Single-Piloted Aircraft

Any aircraft that has only 1 set of flight controls or a tandem cockpit; OR Any aircraft that has 2 sets of flight controls and instruments and is being operated by only 1 pilot who meets the requirements of the NATOPS manual for that model aircraft.

Preflight Planning (DRAFT NW)

Before commencing a flight, the pilot in command shall be familiar with all available information appropriate to the intended operation. Such information should include but is not limited to: - available weather reports and forecasts - NOTAMS - Temporary Flight Restrictions (TFR) - Fuel requirements - Terminal instrument procedures (to include proper use of non-DoD approaches) - Alternatives available if the flight cannot be completed as planned - any anticipated traffic delays In addition, the pilot in command and mission commander (when there is one designated) shall conduct a risk assessment prior to the flight. (i.e. ORM sheet)

Noise Sensitive and Wilderness Areas (TVS)

Breeding farms, resorts, beaches, and those areas designated by the U.S. Department of Interior as national parks, national monuments, and national recreational areas are examples of noise sensitive areas. These areas shall be avoided when at altitudes of less than 3,000 feet AGL except when in compliance with an approved: 1. Traffic or approach pattern. 2. VR or IR route. 3. Special use airspace.

Specific Exceptions to Seat Belt Requirements

Cabin seating requirement for helicopters may be eliminated when operational environment or aircraft configuration/load requirements dictate for the accomplishment of essential training and operations with the following guidelines: 1. Applies to SPECOPS training and missions. 2. Applies to dedicated lifesaving efforts, including humanitarian and SAR operations. 3. Not to be used for routine operational training or personnel transfers. Applies only when tactical or procedural requirements exist for a specific mission or exercise. 4. When seats are removed, passengers will be restrained by an appropriate alternate means. 5. If mission profile requires removal of seats/seatbelts/restraints for one part of the mission, then passengers will, if possible, use seats/seatbelts/restraints for all other phases of the mission.

Circadian Rhythm

Changing local sleep/awake periods or rapidly crossing more than 3 time zones disrupts circadian rhythms and can cause a marked decrease in performance. The accommodation period can be estimated by allowing 1 day for every time zone crossed in excess of 3. Accommodation begins when a new daily routine is established. During that period, aircrew are not grounded but can be expected to perform at a less than optimal level.

When are cross country flights authorized? (MTS)

Commanding officers must ensure that these flights: - contribute to the mission of the command and the naval service - achieve training requirements - can be completed safely

Simulated Instrument Conditions

Conditions external to the aircraft in flight are visual meteorological conditions (VMC), but pilot vision is limited primarily to the interior of the aircraft.

Actual Instrument Conditions

Conditions external to the aircraft in flight that do not permit visual reference to the horizon.

Operation of Battery Powered Devices (Cell Phones in the Aircraft)

Crew/passengers shall not operate electronic equipment/battery powered devices such as radios, tape players, razors, calculators, etc., without approval of the pilot in command while the aircraft is in flight. Cellular telephones shall not be operated in naval aircraft while airborne.

DD-175-1 void times

DD-175-1 briefs are only valid for 3.0 hours past briefing/FWB delivery time or ETD plus one-half hour. Briefings received more than 3.0 hours prior to takeoff will be void and require rebriefing prior to departure. Whenever possible, Naval aviators should request a DD-175-1 flight route weather briefing at least 1 hour prior to proposed brief time to allow sufficient time for brief preparation.

DIFCREW/DIFDEN/DIFOPS

DIFCREW: Duty for enlisted personnel in a flying status involving operational or training flights. DIFDEN: Duty involving flying denied; duty in a flying status for an officer not involving flying. DIFOPS: Duty in a flying status for an officer involving operational or training flights.

Maximum Flight Time

Daily: Individual flight time for flight personnel of other aircraft should not normally exceed 12 hours. Flight times listed do not include ground time for pre-flight and post-flight duties. Weekly: maximum flight time for flight personnel of single-piloted aircraft should not normally exceed 30 hours. Total individual flight time for flight personnel of other aircraft should not exceed 50 hours. When practicable, flight personnel should not be assigned flight duties on more than 6 consecutive days.

Anti-exposure suits

Final determination with regard to actual wearing of antiexposure suits shall be made by the commanding officer (CO) or officer in charge (OIC) of the aviation unit concerned. The latest available type continuous-wear or quick-donning antiexposure suits, as appropriate, shall be provided for flight personnel of naval aircraft when in the event of a mishap there would be a significant risk of water entry and when either of the following two conditions prevail: a. The water temperature is 50 °F or below. b. The OAT is 32°F or below (based on the windchill) Note: Actual determination as to when anti-exposure suits must be worn by flight personnel shall be determined by the CO or OIC. However, it is strongly recommended that anti-exposure suit use be mandatory when either of the above two criteria are met. The threat of lethal cold shock is very significant under these conditions and occurs within the first 2 to 3 minutes following immersion. Note: Flight personnel have the option to wear the provided anti-exposure suits as a personal decision whenever they deem circumstances merit their use.

Minimum Flying Hours

First pilot time minimums are not required for training command/FRS instructor pilots due to the nature of the training mission. Note: Pilot time includes time credited as first pilot and copilot. At least 50% of all the annual minimum pilot requirements must be gained through flying. Of that, 50% must be first pilot time. Copilot time may be credited toward the accomplishment of the remaining flying hour requirements. Special crew time does not count towards satisfaction of the annual pilot time requirements set forth in this instruction. Instrument time requirements are applicable to both fiscal year and an individual's instrument rating requalification.

Flat Hatting

Flat hatting or any maneuvers conducted at low altitude and/or a high rate of speed for thrill purposes over land or water are prohibited. Any acts conducted for thrill purposes are strictly prohibited.

Flight

For helicopters, a flight: - begins when the aircraft lifts from a rest point OR commences ground taxi - ends after airborne flight when the rotors are disengaged OR the aircraft has been stationary for 5 minutes with rotors engaged.

Who may sign the flight plan (DD-175)?

For multipiloted aircraft, the pilot in command/formation leader may choose to delegate this responsibility to a NATOPS qualified pilot/NFO. **PIC still is responsible for (DRAFT NW) items.

FCF: Weather Criteria

Functional checkflights should be conducted during daylight hours within the local flying area in VMC. If necessary to accomplish the assigned mission, unit commanders may authorize checkflights under conditions other than the above if in their opinion the flight can be conducted with an acceptable margin of safety under the existing conditions. The authority shall not be delegated. Those portions of the flights that are considered critical shall be conducted in the vicinity of a suitable landing area.

Helicopter Altitude within Class B, C, D Airspace

Helicopter flights within class B, C, or D airspace shall be in accordance with the local Air Operations Manual. Where no other guidance is provided, pilots of helicopters shall not exceed 500 feet AGL unless specifically cleared by the tower or other control agency. Pilots shall avoid flying over areas at altitudes where their rotor or prop-rotor wash could result in damage to aircraft, property, or personnel.

When are you not required to have passengers manifested?

Helicopter pilots engaged in SAR missions, lifting reconnaissance parties, patrols, and outposts during field problems are released from manifest responsibilities when there is no proper agency available with whom a passenger manifest could be deposited.

Can Helicopters Reduce Visibility Minima for an Approach?

Helicopters required visibility minimum may be reduced to one-half the published visibility minimum for Category A aircraft, but in no case may it be reduced to less than 1/4 mile or 1,200 feet RVR. Reducing Category A visibility recognizes the unique maneuvering capability of the helicopter and tiltrotor and is based on airspeeds not exceeding 90 knots on final approach. Published approach ceiling minima shall not be reduced. Helicopter procedures ("COPTER" approaches) ceiling and visibility minima shall not be reduced. Note: Determination that existing weather/visibility is adequate for approach/landing is the responsibility of the pilot.

Max Altitude (Unpressurized Aircraft)

In aircraft where oxygen systems are not available (such as helicopters), it shall be determined that it is mission essential by the CO/OIC or mission commander for flight altitude to exceed 10,000 feet. Time above 10,000 feet without supplemental oxygen shall not exceed 1 hour and altitude shall not exceed 13,000 feet.

When can you deviate from CNAF?

In the tactical environment, military exigency may require on-site deviations from instructions/procedures contained here. The existing risk of deviation must continually be weighed against the benefit of deviating from this manual. Deviation from specified flight and operating instructions is authorized in emergency situations when, in the judgment of the pilot in command, safety justifies such a deviation.

Deviations from FAR (ESO)

Intentional deviation from a flight rule is authorized only when: 1. An in-flight emergency requires immediate action. 2. Safety of flight dictates (e.g., avoidance of an in-flight collision). 3. An Operational Necessity is declared by competent authority. Note: Intentional deviation from a flight rule is not authorized when the deviation will jeopardize the safety of manned aircraft or civilians.

Use of Landing/Taxi Lights

Landing/taxi lights should be utilized for all taxi movements ashore during the hours of darkness unless a taxi signalman is directing the aircraft. Use of those lights during landing approaches (both day and night) within class B, C, or D airspace is recommended when meteorological conditions permit. Note: Good judgment should be exercised to avoid blinding pilots of other aircraft that are either airborne or on the ground. Note: Use of landing/taxi lights is recommended in areas of high bird concentration.

Use of Life Preservers

Life preservers shall be worn when operating from aerodromes in the vicinity of coastal waters or when operating from inland aerodromes where takeoff, route of flight, or approach path is over water. Warning: Wearing a life preserver under any item of clothing or equipment may cause serious injury or death. Life preservers should never be worn under any garment or equipment unless the equipment is specifically designed to be worn in that configuration. Note: No auto inflating device shall be worn in aircraft where ditching is a recommended procedure, such as in helicopters, or on COD flights.

Liferafts

Liferafts of sufficient capacity to accommodate passengers and crew shall be provided in all aircraft when there would be a significant risk of water entry in the event of a mishap. OTC may waive this provision during troop movements between sea and shore when they deem it appropriate and adequate SAR resources are available. Waiver decision will be based on ORM analysis.

Visual Meteorological Conditions (VMC)

Meteorological conditions expressed in terms of visibility, cloud distance, and ceiling that are equal to or better than specified minimums. Basic weather conditions prescribed for VFR flight under visual flight rules (VFR). (Refer to Chapter 5.)

Instrument Meteorological Conditions (IMC)

Meteorological conditions expressed in terms of visibility, distance from clouds, and ceiling less than the minimums specified for visual meteorological conditions. IMC conditions exist anytime a visible horizon is not distinguishable.

Minimum Fuel

Minimum fuel is an advisory term indicating that in the judgment of the pilot the fuel state is such that no undue delay can be accepted en route to the destination. It is not an emergency situation, but undue delay may result in an emergency. If at any time the remaining usable fuel supply suggests the need for traffic priority to ensure a safe landing, the pilot shall declare an emergency and report fuel remaining in minutes. Both minimum fuel advisories and emergency fuel state shall be reported each time control is transferred to a new controller. Note: Pilots declaring minimum fuel should not expect special handling from controllers.

Civilian Airfields (MVI)

Naval aircraft are permitted to operate at civilian airfields listed in the DoD Enroute Supplement when such operations: - contribute to mission accomplishment - add value to training - or are otherwise in the interests of the government and taxpayer. Civilian airfields shall not be used for RON unless required for mission accomplishment. In such cases, approval by the appropriate Wing/Group Commander is required. RON is authorized if required for aircraft maintenance or following an emergency divert.

Emergency and Humanitarian Operations

Naval aircraft operations are authorized in emergencies such as - forest fire - search, rescue - major calamities - humanitarian reasons involving life-threatening circumstances. Notification of the operation shall be made to CNO or CMC, as appropriate, and the responsible local commander, but without delaying action when time is an essential factor. Squadron commanders and officers in charge will operate under the direction of assigned Joint Task Force commanders per Combatant Commander policy/guidance.

Embarkation of Passengers

No person shall be enplaned as a passenger nor shall any cargo be embarked on a naval aircraft unless authorization has been granted by competent authority in accordance with applicable directives. Reporting Custodians for helicopter units may authorize personnel to be embarked as passengers onboard their aircraft. This authority may be delegated to a designated detachment OIC when deployed or embarked. No person shall be carried in a taxiing aircraft as a passenger unless such person is authorized to fly in it or has been authorized by competent authority to be embarked therein.

Anti-exposure suits for Rescue Swimmers

Note: Rescue swimmers shall not be deployed unless equipped with anti-exposure protection when water temperature is 60 °F or below and/or OAT is windchill factor corrected at 32 °F or below. Warning: Immersion in water with a temperature of between 50° and 60° for as little as 2 hours can result in unconsciousness because of hypothermia. Wearing of the complete antiexposure ensemble as authorized by NAVAIR 13-1-6.7-2 is the only configuration that ensures adequate thermal protection with water temperatures below 60 °F.

Emergency Jettisoning

Nothing precludes emergency jettisoning of external stores through extensive cloud cover; pilots are directly responsible for their actions and must take every possible precaution to minimize danger to other aircraft and persons/property on the surface.

Orientation Flights

Orientation flights are typically one-time events. Orientation flight status shall not be used to circumvent normal training requirements for individuals required to fly multiple flights in naval aircraft. Orientation flights for midshipmen participating in official training programs are an exception and may involve multiple flights. Additionally, orientation flights are stand-alone events, specifically authorized, sanctioned and planned to accomplish the purposes listed below. Sanctioned air transport flights — those authorized expressly for the purposes of providing point-to-point transportation and lift for personnel — are different events, and are not typically scheduled in conjunction with orientation flights. 2. Individuals are selected to participate in orientation flights for one of the following purposes: a. To familiarize them with an aircraft, its operation, capabilities, requirements, concept of employment, or limitations. b. To familiarize them with a base complex from the air for official purposes other than merely sightseeing or goodwill. c. To allow FAA personnel to perform official functions that require their infrequent embarkation on naval aircraft. d. To perform other military duties not assigned to the flight crew.

External Stores/Cargo

Pilots carrying external stores/cargo shall avoid overflying populated areas whenever possible.

When are you not required to give a pax briefing?

Pilots of helicopters that embark passengers are released from briefing responsibilities while engaged in: 1. SAR missions. 2. Transporting large troop contingents, reconnaissance parties, patrols, and outposts during field problems or when no opportunity is provided for the aircraft to be shutdown after embarkation. 3. Shipboard operations when landings are precluded. Under such circumstances, the briefing shall be the responsibility of the cognizant local commander(s).

Unusual Maneuvers Within Class B, C, or D Airspace

Pilots shall not perform or request clearance to perform unusual maneuvers within class B, C, or D airspace if such maneuvers are not essential to the performance of the flight. ATC personnel are not permitted to approve a pilot's request or ask a pilot to perform such maneuvers. Unusual maneuvers include: - unnecessary low passes - unscheduled fly-by's - climbs at very steep angles - practice approaches to altitudes below specific minimums (unless a landing is to be made) - any so-called flat hatting wherein a flight is conducted at a low altitude and/or a high rate of speed for thrill purposes.

Autorotations

Practice autorotations shall be conducted within the limits of the field boundary over a surface upon which a full autorotation can be safely completed and that is readily accessible to crash, rescue, and firefighting equipment. Practice autorotations shall require the specific approval of the tower.

Takeoff Minimums

Published minimums for the available non-precision approach, but not less than 300-1. When a precision approach compatible with installed and operable aircraft equipment is available, with published minimums less than 300/1, takeoff is authorized provided the weather is at least equal to the precision approach minimums for the landing runway in use, but in no case when the weather is less than 200-1/2 (2,400-foot RVR).

Zooming of Vessels

Restrictions on zooming are not intended to hamper standardized shipping/ASW surveillance rigging and photography procedures as defined in appropriate fleet operating instructions.

Crew Rest (Maintainers and Flight Crew)

Sailor and crew rest is the non-duty time before a duty day, watch, or flight period begins. Sailor and crew rest includes free time for meals, transportation, rest and shall include an opportunity for 8 hours of uninterrupted sleep for every 24-hour period. Sailor and crew rest does not begin until after termination of official duties and is required prior to reporting for duty, to assume the watch, and preflight preparations.

Use of Position Lights

Standard position lights shall be displayed during the period 30 minutes before official sunset until 30 minutes after official sunrise or at any time when the prevailing visibility as seen from the cockpit is less than 3 SM. During these conditions, they shall be displayed: 1. Immediately before engine start and anytime the engine(s) is running. 2. When the aircraft is being towed unless the aircraft is otherwise illuminated. 3. When an aircraft is parked and likely to cause a hazard unless the aircraft is otherwise illuminated or marked with obstruction lights.

Local Flying Area

That area in the vicinity of an air installation in which locally-based aircraft can operate during an average/typical sorties flight time. The local flying area shall not exceed 350 miles from an air installation and be designated as such in the Air Operations Manual by the Commanding Officer. In so far as practicable, local flying areas shall be bounded by prominent terrain features and/or air navigation aid radials/distances.

SWIMS Expiration & Training Requirements

The Naval Aviation Survival Training Program (NASTP) shall prepare personnel authorized to fly in naval aircraft by providing training in the areas of: - aeromedical aspects of flight - water survival skills - proper use of Aviation Life Support Systems (ALSS) - other general personal mission enhancement and survival procedures Re-qualification is required every 4 years unless otherwise specified in this instruction. Expiration date shall be on the last day of the month in which training was originally completed.

Manifest Requirements

The PIC of a naval aircraft flight shall ensure that a copy of the manifest is on file with a responsible agency at the point of departure prior to takeoff. The manifest shall include an accurate list of personnel aboard the aircraft, showing names, serial numbers, grade and service if military, duty station, and status aboard the aircraft (passenger or crew). All persons aboard other than flight personnel are passengers and shall be manifested as such. When initial transmission of a flight plan by radio is permitted after takeoff IAW this instruction, depositing such a personnel list continues to be a mandatory pre-takeoff requirement of the PIC of the flight. The pilot shall state the location of the required personnel list when filing by radio or telephone.

Flight Personnel and Passenger Briefing

The PIC of a naval aircraft shall ensure that prior to takeoff, flight personnel and passengers are adequately instructed on personal safety and survival equipment and procedures required for the particular aircraft in which they embark.

Carrying Passengers not Designated for Government Air Transportation

The PIC/mission commanders of a naval aircraft (while absent from home unit) may authorize air transportation for personnel and/or equipment not otherwise qualified for Government air transportation (i.e., civilian physicians, paramedic teams, sheriff department personnel, park rangers, search dogs, medical equipment, etc.) when required for the successful prosecution of a SAR, MEDEVAC, or disaster relief mission. This authority shall only be exercised when all practical means of obtaining authorization from competent authority IAW applicable directives have proven unsuccessful or unavailable. Appropriate authority shall be notified of such air transportation as soon as practicable.

Controlling Custodian (AEL)

The command exercising administrative control of assignment, employment, and logistic support of aircraft.

Flag or General Officer Embarked

The pilot in command of an aircraft with a flag or general officer eligible for command at sea or in the field embarked as a passenger shall be subject to the orders of such flag or general officer in accordance with U.S. Navy Regulations. When such an embarked passenger exercises authority to command the aircraft, that passenger thereby assumes full responsibility for the safe and orderly conduct of the flight. The embarked passenger shall give due consideration to the judgment of the pilot in command regarding items of flight safety such as hazardous weather and aircraft/crew limitations. Flying rule violations, accident reports, and any other actions arising out of the flight will be referred to the embarked passenger as the responsible commander of the aircraft.

Night Time

The portion of pilot time during darkness (I.e., between the official time of sunset and sunrise (on the surface below the aircraft in flight), regardless of whether visual or instrument conditions exist).

Instrument Time

The portion of pilot time in either day or night under actual or simulated instrument conditions. 1. Actual instrument time will be logged by both pilots in a dual/multipiloted aircraft during flight in actual instrument conditions. 2. Simulated instrument time shall be logged only by the pilot actually manipulating the controls.

Practice Approaches

The provisions of this section are not intended to preclude a single-piloted aircraft from executing practice approaches (no landing intended) at a facility where weather is reported below published minimums when operating with an appropriate ATC clearance. The facility in question must not be filed destination or alternate and the weather at the filed destination and alternate must meet the filing criteria for an instrument clearance as set forth in this instruction.

Officer in Tactical Command

The senior officer present eligible to assume command, or the officer to whom he has delegated tactical command.

Nonessential Flights

The use of aircraft for nonessential flights shall not be authorized. Any flight open to misinterpretation by the public shall be avoided. Examples of flights that are considered nonessential are as follows: 1. Flights of a routine business nature for which commercial or other military transportation could be more economically substituted 2. Flights for any officer or group of officers, the sole purpose of which is the convenience and/or prestige of the officers concerned and not the performance of official duties or accomplishment of bona fide training 3. Repeated flights to the hometown area of flight personnel concerned 4. Flights coinciding with major sports events or civic celebrations.

Tobacco

The use of tobacco products or electronic cigarettes in naval aircraft is prohibited. Smoking has been shown to impair night vision, dark adaptation, and increase susceptibility to hypoxia.

Alcohol

The well-recognized effects of excessive alcohol consumption are detrimental to safe operations (i.e., intoxication and hangover). Consumption of any type of alcohol is prohibited within 12 hours of any mission brief or flight planning. In addition to abstaining from alcohol for 12 hours prior to mission brief or flight planning, flightcrews shall ensure that they are free of hangover effects prior to flight.

Type/Model/Series

Type: The broadest classification of aircraft as to physical characteristics: Rotary Wing Model: The basic mission symbol and design number: H-60 Series: The specific version of aircraft within the same model: MH-60R

Time Limits for making HAC

Under normal conditions, a pilot serving in a billet that requires eventual qualification as aircraft commander will gain initial qualification as such within 24 months after being cleared to fly in the command. Requalification after lapse of qualification should be attained within 6 months. Aviation type commanders, using these limits as a guide, shall establish specific maximum time limits for qualification and requalification based on the class aircraft and the unit employment. Amplifying instructions shall prescribe procedures for the disposition of pilots who fail to qualify within the specified time limit.

Actual Instrument Approach

When actual instrument conditions are encountered below 1,000 feet above the airport/flight deck elevation during an instrument approach.

Approach Criteria for Multipiloted Aircraft

When reported weather is at or below published landing minimums for the approach to be conducted, an approach shall not be commenced in multipiloted aircraft unless the aircraft has the capability to proceed to a suitable alternate in the event of a missed approach.

Jettisoning Fuel

Whenever practicable, fuel shall not be jettisoned (dumped) below an altitude of 6,000 feet above the terrain. Should weather or emergency conditions dictate jettisoning at a lower altitude, every effort shall be made to avoid populated areas. When under positive control, the pilot in command should advise the air traffic control facility that fuel will be jettisoned.

Officer in Tactical Command Embarked

Wing, group, or squadron commander, if embarked on a mission involving aircraft of their command, retains full authority and responsibility regarding command, including the mission in which participating.

The ORM process is guided by the four principles: (4)

a. Accept risk when benefits outweigh the costs. b. Accept no unnecessary risk. c. Anticipate and manage risk by planning. d. Make risk decisions at the right level.

ORM employs a five-step process: (5)

a. Identify hazards. b. Assess hazards. c. Make risk decisions. d. Implement controls. e. Supervise.

Helicopter passenger overwater flights at night are authorized subject to the following restrictions:

a. Ship launches and recoveries shall be made during daylight hours. This constraint may be waived by the Strike Group Commander, Amphibious Squadron Commander, Marine Air Ground Task Force (MAGTF) Commander or Officer in Tactical Command (OTC) in cases of operational necessity. b. In cases of Medical Evacuations (MEDEVAC), a qualified medical attendant who is current in approved water survival training (non-aircrew underwater emergency egress as a minimum training requirement), and has been properly briefed on emergency egress procedures for that aircraft, may be transferred at night with approval from the ship's Commanding Officer. c. This does not preclude troop movement in support of amphibious exercises, visit board search and seizure (VBSS) level III operations, or SPECOPS training and operational missions.

The ORM process is utilized on three levels based upon time and assets available. (3)

a. Time-critical: A quick mental review of the five-step process when time does not allow for any more (i.e., in-flight mission/situation changes). b. Deliberate: Experience and brain storming are used to identify hazards and is best done in groups (i.e. aircraft moves, fly on/off). c. In-depth: More substantial tools are used to thoroughly study the hazards and their associated risk in complex operations (i.e., Weapons Det).