COG - Exam 2

Which region of the brain is primarily affected in Parkinsons disease? a. Basal Ganglia b. Primary Motor Cortex c. Supplemental Motor Area d. Cerebellum

a. Basal Ganglia

Which of the functions below would be impossible without the geniculostriate pathway? Select one or more: a. Conscious visual perception b. Regulation of circadian rhythm c. Reading (by using your eyes) d. Reflexive orientation to important visual information

a. Conscious visual perception c. Reading (by using your eyes)

Why is binocular disparity important? a. It helps to determine depth. b. It helps to determine fine detail. c. It helps to distinguish movement. d. It helps to distinguish colours.

a. It helps to determine depth.

Which of the following would be needed to kick out the left leg in response to a command by your doctor. Select one or more: a. Lateral corticospinal tract b. Motor Neurons c. Left motor cortex d. Right motor cortex e. Medial corticospinal tract

a. Lateral corticospinal tract b. Motor Neurons d. Right motor cortex

Which of the regions below is one of the main regions of the brain that plays a role in planning and preparing movements? Select one or more: a. Premotor cortex b. Supplementary motor cortex c. Primary motor cortex d. Brainstem

a. Premotor cortex b. Supplementary motor cortex

Binocular integration occurs in _____________________ . Binocular disparity is caused by _______________________ . a. Primary visual cortex; each eye providing a slightly different view of the world b. Lateral geniculate nucleus; each eye providing a slightly different view of the world c. Primary visual cortex; objects that are closer appear larger d. Superior colliculus; objects that are closer appear larger

a. Primary visual cortex; each eye providing a slightly different view of the world

Which of the following functions does NOT rely on the cerebellum? a. Reflexes b. Adjusting the trajectory of dart throws when wearing prism eyeglasses c. Maintaining posture/balance d. Motor learning

a. Reflexes

Where are rods and cones located? a. Rods are distributed in the periphery of the retina, whereas cones are distributed in the center or fovea. b. Rods and cones are distributed in the fovea of the retina. c. Rods and cones are distributed in the periphery of the retina. d. Cones are distributed in the periphery of the retina, whereas rods are distributed in the center or fovea.

a. Rods are distributed in the periphery of the retina, whereas cones are distributed in the center or fovea.

Neurons forming networks described as Central Pattern Generators are located in ... a. Spinal Cord & Brainstem b. Motor Interneurons c. Secondary Motor Cortex d. Primary Motor Cortex

a. Spinal Cord & Brainstem

Which of the following statement is NOT true about the McGurk illusion? a. The illusion is exaggerated when TMS is applied over the superior temporal sulcus b. The illusion is experienced when the visual and auditory speech input are in conflict c. The illusion only occurs in fluent readers d. The illusion is experienced even when people know what causes it

a. The illusion is exaggerated when TMS is applied over the superior temporal sulcus

Language Processing: Which sentence would result in a P600 effect in event-related potentials? a. The player catched the ball b. The window couldn't stop laughing c. The ice cream was DELICIOUS d. all of the above

a. The player catched the ball

Cells in posterior regions of the ventral visual processing stream respond to relatively simple stimuli, whereas cells further along in more anterior regions fire only in response to much more complex visual stimuli. a. True b. False

a. True

Statistical learning is a form of implicit learning that is assumed to help identify words in a continuous stream of speech input. a. True b. False

a. True

Achromatopsia is due to a. cortical lesions in area V4 b. the absence of rods in the retina c. the absence of cones in the retina d. cortical lesions in area V5

a. cortical lesions in area V4

In fMRI studies, when a stimulus is repeated, the BOLD response can be ________ for the second presentation compared to the first. This is known as the ________. a. decreased ; repetition suppression effect b. decreased ; repetition enhancement effect c. increased ; repetition suppression effect d. increased ; repetition enhancement effect

a. decreased ; repetition suppression effect

A patient suffering from apraxia a. has difficulties linking individual movements together to perform meaningful actions b. has an unstable gait and posture c. can't perform simple movements d. has flaccid paralysis

a. has difficulties linking individual movements together to perform meaningful actions

Someone with apperceptive agnosia ... [select all that apply] a. has difficulty forming a percept b. has difficulty copying line drawings c. has damage to occipital regions d. can perceive objects, but cannot assign meaning to percepts

a. has difficulty forming a percept c. has damage to occipital regions

Patients with Wernicke's aphasia have damage/lesions in the a. left posterior region of the temporal lobe b. left posterior frontal lobe c. left inferior frontal gyrus d. right posterior region of the temporal lobe

a. left posterior region of the temporal lobe

Patients diagnosed with apraxia have ... [select all that apply] a. lesions in secondary motor areas b. muscle weakness c. no sensation in the affected limbs d. difficulties performing simple movements (e.g. opening and closing fist) e. difficulties performing complex gestures (e.g. saluting)

a. lesions in secondary motor areas e. difficulties performing complex gestures (e.g. saluting)

The premotor cortex... a. prepares movements based on external contingencies b. converts intentions into self-guided actions c. damage results in ataxia d. controls the force and direction of movement

a. prepares movements based on external contingencies

Due to a defect in one type of photoreceptor, Susan has poor vision at night, when light levels are relatively low. Which type of photoreceptor is defective? a. rods b. ganglion cells c. cones d. cornea

a. rods

The lateral occipital cortex (LOC) is particularly important for the processing of ... a. shape information b. semantic information c. shape and semantic information d. basic visual features

a. shape information

ERP experiments show dissociations between the elicitation of the P600 and N400 components believed to reflect __________ and ____________, respectively. a. syntactical violations, semantic violations b. surprise, semantic violations c. semantic violations, syntactical violations d. surprise, syntactical violations

a. syntactical violations, semantic violations

Which statement about mirror neurons is incorrect? a. they were first detected in the parietal lobe b. neurons are active when a specific action is performed and when the same action is observed visually c. neurons are active when a specific action is performed and when the same action can be inferred from acoustic information d. they were first discovered in monkeys

a. they were first detected in the parietal lobe

Biological motion is processed in V5. a. True b. False

b. False

Receptive fields of cells in the primary visual cortex are larger than receptive fields in the inferotemporal regions. a. True b. False

b. False

Which of the following statements explains why some patients are visually agnostic for living (animate) things but not nonliving (inanimate) things? a. Knowledge about different categories of objects is represented in different areas of primary visual cortex b. Inanimate objects may activate kinesthetic representations that animate objects do not c. Animate objects are more familiar than inanimate objects d. All of the above

b. Inanimate objects may activate kinesthetic representations that animate objects do not

Which of the following is NOT true regarding the visual word form area? a. It reacts more strongly to words than strings of consonants b. It is located bilaterally in occipitotemporal regions c. it responds to left and right visual inputs d. It is only present in individuals who were instructed to read Feedback

b. It is located bilaterally in occipitotemporal regions

What is true about morphemes? a. Morphemes are the smallest unit of a writing system b. Morphemes are the smallest unit of language that has definable meaning or grammatical function c. Morphemes are the smallest unit of sounds that if changed would alter the meaning of the word d. There are as many morphemes as letters

b. Morphemes are the smallest unit of language that has definable meaning or grammatical function

The medial pathway linking the brain to the muscles controls what kind of movements? a. Movement of the lower leg and foot b. Movement of the trunk c. Movement of the head d. Movement of the arms, hands and fingers

b. Movement of the trunk

Simple, complex, and hyper-complex (or end-stopped) cells have receptive fields that are responsive to bars of light oriented in particular ways. Where are they found? a. Superior colliculus b. Primary visual cortex c. Retina d. Lateral geniculate nucleus

b. Primary visual cortex

Which of the following statements is true about the visual system? [select all that apply] Select one or more: a. The right visual cortex receives information from only the left eye b. The optic chiasm is the sight in the brain where part of the information received by each eye crosses over to the contralateral hemisphere. c. The superior colliculus is the main site of conscious processing of visual information. d. Information from the right nasal retina is processed in the left primary visual cortex

b. The optic chiasm is the sight in the brain where part of the information received by each eye crosses over to the contralateral hemisphere. d. Information from the right nasal retina is processed in the left primary visual cortex

Someone with associative agnosia would be able to __________ but would have difficulties with ________. a. name objects ; naming faces b. copy objects ; naming objects c. Detect motion ; detecting location d. draw objects from memory ; naming objects

b. copy objects ; naming objects

With regard to the two main output pathways from the occipital lobe, ________ is to ________ as dorsal is to ventral. a. "what" ; "where" b. "how" ; "where" c. "where" ; "what" d. "where" ; "who"

c. "where" ; "what"

What are center-surround receptive fields of ganglion cells useful for? a. Motion detection b. Perception of roundness c. Enhancing contrast d. Color constancy

c. Enhancing contrast

Which of the following are true? select one or more: a. Initiating too many movements may result from an overactive indirect pathway b. Initiating few movements may result from an overactive direct pathway c. Initiating few movements may result from an abnormally inactive direct pathway d. Initiating too many movements may result from an abnormally inactive indirect pathway

c. Initiating few movements may result from an abnormally inactive direct pathway d. Initiating too many movements may result from an abnormally inactive indirect pathway

A patient has an injury to the optic nerves, such that the branches of each optic nerve that normally cross to the opposite side of the brain at the optic chiasm are severed. The remaining branches, which do not cross to the other side of the brain, are intact. Which of the following best describes the effect of this injury on his vision? a. Only information from the left visual field can enter his brain for processing. b. He can now see only by using his right eye; his left eye is functionally blind. c. Only the signal for half the visual field of each eye is processed by the brain. d. His brain now receives visual information only from the nasal half of each eye.

c. Only the signal for half the visual field of each eye is processed by the brain.

Which cortical region is responsible for controlling the force and/or direction with which the motor plans are executed? a. Premotor cortex b. Supplementary motor area c. Primary motor cortex d. Brainstem

c. Primary motor cortex

Blindsight sometimes occurs in patients with damage to which area of the brain? a. Superior colliculus b. Medial geniculate nucleus c. Primary visual cortex d. Lateral geniculate nucleus

c. Primary visual cortex

Which hemisphere of the brain plays a predominant role in recognizing other people's faces? a. Both hemispheres contribute equally b. Left c. Right

c. Right

Which statement about photoreceptors is correct? a. Rods and cones both function optimally in broad daylight. b. Rods and cones are both sensitive to very small amounts of light. c. Rods are sensitive to very small amounts of light, cones function in broad daylight. d. Cones are sensitive to very small amounts of light, rods function in broad daylight.

c. Rods are sensitive to very small amounts of light, cones function in broad daylight.

The motor cortex controls movements on the ______________________ side of the body; and the cerebellum affects movements on the ____________________ side of the body. a. ipsilateral; contralateral b. ipsilateral; ipsilateral c. contralateral; ipsilateral d. contralateral; contralateral

c. contralateral; ipsilateral

Face recognition is localized to the _________________ and scene recognition is localized to the _______________. a. Parietal lobe ; V1 b. parahippocampal area ; fusiform area c. fusiform area ; parahippocampal area d. V4 ; V5

c. fusiform area ; parahippocampal area

Which of the following is true of the direct pathway of the basal ganglia? a. damage results in hemiplegia b. it ensures that unintended movements are inhibited c. it allows for the intended movement to be released from inhibition and in turn to be carried out d. it detects differences between intended movements and actual movements

c. it allows for the intended movement to be released from inhibition and in turn to be carried out

When an object is presented again from a different viewpoint, the ____________________________ treats the object like a repetition of the same object. This has been tested using the __________________________ effect in fMRI, and is evidence for ____________________________ coding in object recognition. a. left ; repetition enhancement ; viewpoint-dependent b. right ; repetition suppression ; viewpoint-independent c. left ; repetition suppression ; viewpoint-independent d. left ; repetition suppression ; viewpoint-dependent

c. left ; repetition suppression ; viewpoint-independent

Before entering the brain, each optic nerve splits into two branches so that information from the ________ half of each retina crosses to the opposite side of the brain. a. right b. left c. nasal d. temporal

c. nasal

Which of the following statements about central pattern generators (CPGs) is incorrect? a. CPGs are groups of neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem b. CPGs can produce multiple related movements such as walking and running c. CPGs underlie stereotyped behaviors such as chewing and vomiting d. CPGs require cortical input or external feedback

d. CPGs require cortical input or external feedback

Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with Broca's aphasia? a. Speech often lacks function words (e.g., "a", "the", "some") b. Intact speech comprehension c. Telegraphic, effortful speech d. No awareness of the disorder

d. No awareness of the disorder

What is hemiplegia? a. Inability to move a particular body part because motor neurons have been damaged b. Weakness of one side of the body because the motor cortex has been damaged c. Inability to carry out stereotyped movements because areas in the brainstem and spinal cord have been damaged d. Paralysis of one side of the body because the motor cortex has been damaged

d. Paralysis of one side of the body because the motor cortex has been damaged

Compared to right hemispheric damage, someone with damage to the ventral stream in their left hemisphere would have more deficits in which of the following. a. Categorizing similar objects b. Recognizing faces c. Naming objects d. Reading

d. Reading

The retina contains photoreceptor cells that are sensitive to wavelengths corresponding to the colors a. yellow, blue, green b. blue, red, yellow c. red, yellow, green d. blue, green, red

d. blue, green, red

Patients with phonological dyslexia... a. cannot read their own writing b. make semantic errors in reading c. make mistakes when reading irregular low-frequency words d. have difficulties reading pronounceable non-words

d. have difficulties reading pronounceable non-words

The primary visual pathway is best described as a. retina →cochlea →optic chiasm →thalamus →occipital lobe b. retina →hippocampus →thalamus →superior colliculus →occipital lobe c. retina →optic nerve →hypothalamus →superior colliculus →occipital lobe d. retina →optic nerve →optic chiasm →thalamus →occipital lobe

d. retina →optic nerve →optic chiasm →thalamus →occipital lobe

Which of the following brain damage profiles would result in Pure Alexia? a. the anterior part of the corpus callosum and right occipitotemporal regions b. the anterior part of the corpus callosum and left occipitotemporal regions c. the posterior part of the corpus callosum and right occipitotemporal regions d. the posterior part of the corpus callosum and left occipitotemporal regions

d. the posterior part of the corpus callosum and left occipitotemporal regions