Cog Psy Quizzes 5-8

In a study of visual selection, participants were shown a video of people throwing and catching a ball. Some of the people in the video were wearing white shirts and some were wearing black shirts. Participants were asked to attend only to the group of people wearing white shirts and count the number of times they threw the ball. In this study, participants A. easily completed the task, but in the process failed to notice some other peculiar events that occurred. B. could not ignore the people wearing black. C. correctly reported the number of throws made by the people wearing black shirts 50% of the time. D. reported the total number of times the ball changed hands regardless of whether it was thrown by a person wearing a white shirt or a person wearing a black shirt.

A

Participants are shown a pair of similar pictures separated by a blank interval. The pictures are identical except for a single aspect (e.g., a man is wearing a hat in one scene but not in the other). In these kinds of tasks, participants often find it hard to detect the change. This phenomenon is known as A. change blindness. B. change unawareness. C. scene identification. D. change perception.

A

Peter has a higher working-memory capacity than Josh. Given previous correlational evidence, who would you expect performs better on standardized tests, such as intelligence tests? A. Peter B. We cannot tell C. Josh D. There is no relationship between working-memory capacity and intelligence scores

A

Which of the following groups is most likely to remember the material it is studying? A. Group 4 has no intention of memorizing the words and attempts to determine how the words are related to one another. B. Group 3 has no intention of memorizing the words and searches the list for spelling errors. C. Group 1 intends to memorize a series of words and, while studying, repeats the words mechanically over and over again. D. Group 2 intends to memorize a series of words and, while studying, pays attention to the exact appearance of the words.

A

Which of the following is correct regarding the study on recalling and recognizing the Apple logo? A. All participants showed poor performance when drawing the logo from memory, demonstrating that maintenance rehearsal is not sufficient for encoding information into long-term memory. B. All participants were able to draw the logo from memory, demonstrating that maintenance rehearsal is sufficient for encoding information into long-term memory. C. Only the participants who were users of Apple products were able to draw the logo from memory, demonstrating that elaborative rehearsal is sufficient for encoding information into long-term memory. D. Only the participants who were users of Apple products were able to draw the logo from memory, demonstrating that maintenance rehearsal is sufficient for encoding information into long-term memory.

A

Which of the following observations is most likely an illustration of context-dependent learning? A. "Last month I went to my 20th high school reunion. I saw people I hadn't thought about for years, but the moment I saw them, I was reminded of the things we'd done together 20 years earlier." B. "I spent hours studying in the library last night preparing for my history midterm. And it really paid off; I did a great job on the exam." C. "Mikhail has told me his phone number over and over again, but somehow I can't get it into my head." D. "I haven't been to Athens in years, but I still remember all the great times I had there!"

A

A participant is asked, "In the list of words I showed you earlier, was there a word that rhymed with 'lake'?" The participant is likely to be well prepared for this sort of memory test if they A. relied on perceptual fluency when studying the words. B. paid attention to the sounds of the words when trying to memorize them. C. paid attention to the appearance of the words when trying to memorize them. D. used maintenance rehearsal when trying to memorize the words.

B

A participant who has just participated in an experiment involving dichotic listening is LEAST likely to remember A. whether input in the unattended channel was spoken by a male or a female. B. the meaning of the words presented on the unattended channel. C. how loud the signal of the attended channel was. D. whether the unattended channel contained music or speech.

B

Imagine you are shown the word "dog" and asked one of the following questions about that word. Which of these questions is going to lead to the best memory performance? A. Does it contain an "A"? B. Does it fit into the following sentence: "The speeding car swung around the corner, music blaring, and screeched to a halt before seeing the ________"? C. Does it fit into the sentence, "The ________ enjoyed his dinner"? D. Does it rhyme with "log"?

B

In each trial of an experiment, participants see a warning signal and then, a half-second later, see a pair of letters. The participants press one button if the letters are the same (e.g., W W) and a different button if the letters are different (e.g., P X). In 80% of the trials, the warning signal is identical to the letters that will be shown on that trial. Here are the warning signals and the test stimuli presented on Trial 97 of the procedure: Group 1: warning signal = L; test pair = L L Group 2: warning signal = U; test pair = L L Group 3: warning signal = +; test pair = L L In this setup we should expect the fastest responses from A. Group 3 and the slowest responses from Group 2. B. Group 1 and the slowest responses from Group 2. C. Group 1 and no difference between Groups 2 and 3. D. Group 1 and the slowest responses from Group 3.

B

In the past, working memory (WM) was likened to a storage container that would hold current information for a short period of time. This analogy is problematic in what way? A. There is no problem with this analogy. B. The container analogy is too static: WM is capable of more than simply short-term storage. C. WM is more like a filing cabinet with a specific number of slots into which information can be put. D. The size of WM varies across individuals, but a storage container never changes size.

B

Jung studied for his upcoming Cognitive Psychology exam at a coffee shop, and he was fascinated to learn about context-dependence effects in memory. He is wondering if he should try to convince the professor so that he can take the exam in the same coffee shop that he studied for the exam. What would be the most accurate recommendation for Jung, given what you know about context-dependent memory? A. Jung should not try to convince the instructor, because context dependent memory effects do not occur outside of lab settings. B. Jung should try to convince the instructor only if the exam asks students to write a long essay about what they learned in the class. C. Jung should try to convince the instructor regardless of the types of questions on the exam. D. Jung should not try to convince the instructor, because context-dependent memory effects are only observed on implicit memory tests.

B

Steve is shown a list of words that includes "baby." He is then asked to list all the words he can remember from the list, but he does not include "baby." Steve is later given a lexical decision task in which he has to decide, for each of the letter strings presented, whether the string is an actual word or not. One of the letter strings presented in the lexical decision task, though, is "baby." Which of the following patterns is most likely to reflect Steve's performance on this identification task? A. Steve will respond more slowly to "baby" relative to nonwords. B. Steve will respond more quickly to "baby" than he would to other words. C. Steve will say "baby" is a nonword. D. Steve's response time will be about the same to "baby" as to all other items on the test.

B

The form of brain damage identified as prosopagnosia is primarily characterized by an inability to A. identify familiar voices B. recognize faces C. comprehend written text D. identify inverted stimuli even though perception of upright stimuli seems normal

B

Theories of spreading activation assume that activating one node will lead to A. activation of nodes selected by the central executive. B. activation of all nodes connected to the one that was activated at first. C. a subset of connected nodes being activated. D. unconnected nodes being suppressed.

B

Which of the following best describes the concepts availability and accessibility in long-term memory? A. Whatever is available in long-term memory will only be accessible via implicit memory tests. B. Whatever is available in long-term memory may not always be accessible during retrieval. C. Whatever is available in long-term memory will only be accessible if the information was encoded via deep level of processing. D. Whatever is available in long-term memory will always be accessible during retrieval.

B

Which of the following is NOT an attribute of working memory? A. easily accessible B. unlimited storage capacity C. contents closely associated with the current focus of attention D. drawn on by a wide range of tasks

B

Which of the following statements is true about the recognition of inverted faces? A. Specialist neurons in the parietal cortex rapidly restore a face to its upright position for further processing. B. Recognition of inverted faces is harder than for upright faces. C. Face processing is affected only minimally by inverting the image. D. Inverting a nonliving object, such as a house, produces a bigger deficit in recognition than inverting a face, because we are less familiar with houses.

B

A "late selection" view of attention suggests that A. only the attended input is analyzed; the unattended input receives little analysis. B. analysis of an unattended input is greater than that of the attended input. C. all inputs are processed to a reasonable degree; however, only the attended input reaches consciousness. D. attention can switch back and forth between attended and unattended inputs.

C

A researcher hypothesizes that high doses of caffeine can produce context-dependent learning. To confirm this hypothesis, the researcher would need to show that A. participants learn more effectively if they drink several cups of coffee before studying the material to be learned. B. participants who drink a lot of coffee are, in general, likely to do better on memory tests. C. if participants study the material while drinking a great deal of coffee, they will remember the material better if they drink a great deal of coffee while taking the memory test. D. participants' recall performance is improved if they are tested soon after drinking several cups of coffee.

C

A sudden, loud noise often has the impact of distracting participants long enough to clear the contents of working memory. Imagine that participants hear a list of the names of 20 different fruits, followed by an unexpected loud noise. The effect of the noise will be A. a diminished recency effect and a diminished primacy effect but no impact on how well the other words on the list are remembered. B. diminished performance for the entire list. C. a diminished recency effect but no impact on how well the other words in the list are remembered. D. a diminished primacy effect but no impact on how well the other words in the list are remembered.

C

Deep processing may lead to improved memory performance because it facilitates retrieval. How exactly does this happen? A. Deep processing encourages the use of mnemonics. B. Deep processing causes items to be kept in working memory. C. Deep processing forms many connections between the current item and previous knowledge. D. Deep processing forms fewer retrieval paths, making the correct path easier to access.

C

Establishing a memory connection A. seems to "cement" a memory in place. B. can occur only for emotional memories. C. may be of little value if later the connection is not the one you need. D. encourages intrusion errors, so you should avoid creating these connections.

C

Participants are asked to listen to a tape-recorded message and to shadow the message as they hear it. Which of the following tasks will be easiest to combine with this shadowing task? A. simultaneously hearing a tape-recorded list of words, followed by a test measuring memory for the word list B. viewing a series of printed words, followed by a test measuring memory for the words C. viewing a series of pictures, followed by a test measuring memory for the pictures D. simultaneously hearing a tape-recorded message, followed by a test measuring memory for the gist of the second message

C

Stroop interference demonstrates that A. practice with a color-naming task leads to automaticity. B. the identification of a stimulus requires few resources. C. word reading is automatized. D. automatic tasks do not exist.

C

The strategy of maintenance rehearsal involves A. the repetition of the items to be remembered and the simultaneous consideration of the items' meaning. B. a focus on the associations between the items to be remembered and other thoughts and ideas. C. the repetition of the items to be remembered, with little attention paid to what the items mean. D. paying attention to the order of items, independent of their meaning.

C

Two groups of participants were asked to learn a series of word pairs and were then given a memory test. Both groups were told to remember the second word in each pair and use the first only as an aid to remember the targets. For Group A, the first word was semantically associated with the target word (e.g., dark-light). For Group B, the first word rhymed with the target word (e.g., sight-light). Then, each group was given hints during the memory test. Some of these hints were related to meaning (e.g., "Was there a word associated with 'dark'?"); some were related to sound (e.g., "Was there a word associated with 'sight'?"). Which of the following statements is FALSE? A. Participants in Group B performed better when given a sound hint than when given a meaning hint. B. Overall, participants in Group A recalled more words than those in Group B. C. Participants in Group B performed better when given a meaning hint than when given a sound hint. D. Participants in Group A performed better when given a meaning hint than when given a sound hint.

C

Which of the following statements regarding explicit memory is FALSE? A. Explicit memory is usually revealed by specifically asking someone to remember the past. B. Explicit memory is usually assessed by direct, rather than indirect, testing. C. Explicit memory is typically revealed as a priming effect. D. Explicit memory is often tested by recall or by standard recognition tests.

C

A participant who is asked to recall a series of numbers chooses to think about the numbers as though they were years (e.g., 2, 0, 1, 6 becomes "The year I turned 16"). The participant is organizing information into the memory unit known as a(n) A. sentence. B. image. C. package. D. chunk.

D

According to the modal model of memory, words presented early in a list are easier to remember than words presented later because A. participants are particularly alert at the beginning of the list presentation. B. they are still residing in working memory at the time of the test. C. the early words suffer from less interference than the later words. D. the early words receive more of the participants' attention than the later words.

D

An experienced driver can drive while holding a relatively complex conversation. This combination of activities is difficult, however, for a novice driver. Which of the following explanations most likely explains the difference? A. The two activities are very different, so the task combination creates no problems with channel segregation. B. The two activities are very different, so they rely on different sets of task-specific resources. C. Practicing the tasks improves confidence in the task. D. Practicing a task leads to a decline in the resource demands for that task.

D

Based on what you know about working memory, which of the following would you expect to be predicted by (or correlated with) working memory? 1. Performance at a trivia night 2. Reading comprehension 3. Ignoring notifications on phone during class 4. Speed of responding in a feature search task 5. The magnitude of Stroop effects A. 1 and 2 B. 2 and 5 C. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 D. 2, 3, and 5 E. None of these tasks are related to working memory.

D

Current theory suggests that the central executive may be A. another lower-level assistant in the working-memory system. B. used to temporarily store information so that the information can then be processed at a later time by the rehearsal loop. C. a kind of guidebook for how to "run a program" in the brain. D. the set of processes that govern the selection and timing of other mental steps.

D

Facial recognition depends on A. identification of the shapes of specific features, such as the nose or the eyes. B. seeing the person from the appropriate distance. C. recognizing the face's geons. D. perception of the overall configuration of the face.

D

In dichotic listening tasks, most participants are able to A. maintain their focus on the attended channel only with considerable difficulty and frequent slips. B. tell if the unattended channel contained a coherent message or just random words. C. concentrate effectively on the attended channel, so they end up detecting nothing on the unattended channel. D. identify physical attributes of the message on the unattended channel.

D

Priming based on specific expectations about the identity of the upcoming stimulus produces A. a benefit for processing if the expectations are correct but has no effect on processing if the expectations are incorrect. B. the same benefit as stimulus-based repetition priming. C. no benefit for processing if the expectations are correct but slows processing if the expectations are incorrect. D. a benefit for processing if the expectations are correct but slows processing if the expectations are incorrect.

D

The existence of task-general resources is indicated by the fact that A. if a task has been heavily practiced, it is more likely to cause interference with other tasks. B. similar tasks will not interfere with each other. C. some brain lesions disrupt all tasks requiring attention. D. interference between two tasks can sometimes be observed even if the two tasks have few elements in common.

D

Which of the following is correct about the study with Greebles (image below) that we discussed in class? A. Participants who were trained to recognize Greebles show activation in the fusiform gyrus when they look at Greebles, but they no longer show activation in this area when they look at faces. B. Participants who have no prior experience with Greebles cannot learn to recognize individual Greebles, or categorize their gender and family. C. Participants who have no prior experience with Greebles show activation in the fusiform gyrus when they look at both Greebles and faces. D. Participants who were trained to recognize Greebles show activation in the fusiform gyrus when they look at both Greebles and faces.

D

Which of the following is correct regarding other-race effects in face recognition? A. People have poor visual processing of faces from other races and this cannot be reversed. B. Although people think that they have worse visual processing of faces from other races compared to same-race faces, there is no difference in the recognition of faces from same or different races. C. Faces from other races are distinct, therefore they can be recognized more easily compared to same-race faces. D. Although people have worse visual processing of faces from other races compared to same-race faces, consistent exposure to faces from other races can close this gap or even reverse the effect.

D

Within working memory, "helpers" like the visuospatial buffer and the phonological (articulatory) loop A. can take over some of the lower-level analyses ordinarily performed by the central executive. B. preserve the items to be remembered in their initial sensory form (e.g., visual stimuli are preserved as visual images). C. can provide verbal, but not visual, analysis of the memory items. D. provide short-term storage of items likely to be needed soon by the central executive.

D