Cog Psych Chapter 11!

31. Swinney's research measuring response time to different words with either similar or different meanings is an example of which research methodology? A. Lexical priming B. Word superiority C. Syntactic priming D. Brain imaging

A

32. Syntax is A. the rules for combining words into sentences. B. the meanings of words. C. the way people pronounce words in conversational speech. D. the mental grouping of words in a sentence into phrases.

A

5. In New Guinea, tribes that had been isolated for centuries were found that A. had a large number of sophisticated language systems. B. had languages that were more primitive than languages of most non-isolated societies. C. communicated by hand signals but not verbal language as we know it. D. had just a few language systems that were all governed by similar rules.

A

1. Language consists of smaller components, like words, that can be combined to form larger ones, like phrases, to create sentences, which themselves can be components of a larger story. This property is known as A. hierarchical structure. B. relational organization. C. parallel organization. D. propositional representation.

A

11. Ron is an avid reader. He has a large vocabulary because every time he comes across a word he doesn't know, he looks it up in the dictionary. Ron encounters "wanderlust" in a novel, reaches for the dictionary, and finds out this word means "desire to travel." The process of looking up unfamiliar words increases Ron's A. lexicon. B. parser. C. syntactical capacity. D. mental set.

A

20. The word frequency effect refers to the fact that we respond more A. slowly to low-frequency words than high-frequency words. B. slowly to letters appearing in non-words than letters appearing in words. C. quickly to letters that appear multiple times in a word than just once in a word. D. quickly to phonemes that appear multiple times in a word than just once in a word.

A

30. Which of the following is NOT influenced by meaning? A. Word frequency effect B. Word superiority effect C. Phonemic restoration effect D. The lexical decision task

A

7. Noam Chomsky proposed that A. humans are genetically programmed to acquire and use language. B. language is learned through the mechanism of reinforcement. C. as children learn language, they produce only sentences they have heard before. D. the underlying basis of language is different across cultures.

A

8. One of Chomsky's most persuasive arguments for refuting Skinner's theory of language acquisition was his observation that children A. produce sentences they have never heard. B. show similar language development across cultures. C. are rewarded for using correct language. D. learn to follow complex language rules, even though they are not aware of doing so.

A

4. Evidence that language is a social process that must be learned comes from the fact that when deaf children find themselves in an environment where there are no people who speak or use sign language, they are unable to develop any formal language skills. A. True B. False

B

10. Lilo can't wait for school to start. This year is the first time she gets to take a foreign language class, and she is taking Japanese. Dr. Nabuto is a professor interested in studying how people learn additional languages later in life, and he is including Lilo's class in his research. Dr. Nabuto is most likely studying A. language comprehension. B. language acquisition. C. speech production. D. speech parsing.

B

14. "Kitchen tables" consists of ____ morphemes. A. two B. three C. four D. five

B

2. Which property below is NOT one of the characteristics that makes human language unique? A. Hierarchical structure B. Communication C. Governed by rules D. all of these make human language unique

B

23. A researcher had participants read each of the sentences below and measured the time it took to read each sentence. Trial 1: The lamb ran past the cottage into the pasture. Trial 2: The dog ran past the house into the yard. The participants' response times were longer for _____ because of the _____ effect. A. trial 2; word frequency B. trial 1; word frequency C. trial 2; word superiority D. trial 1; word superiority

B

26. Swinney did an experiment in which he presented participants with the sentence, "The man was not surprised to find several spiders, roaches, and other bugs in the corner of the room." He found that immediately after hearing the word "bug," the participants accessed A. only the "insect" meaning of the word. B. both the "insect" and the "hidden listening device" meanings of the word. C. only the "hidden listening device" meaning of the word. D. neither the "insect" nor the "hidden listening device" meanings of the word.

B

27. Lexical ambiguity studies show that people initially access A. only the meaning of an ambiguous word that is consistent with the context. B. multiple meanings of an ambiguous word. C. the appropriate meaning of an ambiguous word based on syntax. D. the appropriate meaning of an ambiguous word based on the principle of late closure.

B

33. Brain imaging studies reveal that semantics and syntax are associated with ____ brain mechanisms. A. the same B. different

B

13. The word "bad" has ____ phoneme(s). A. one B. two C. three D. four

C

21. Which set of stimuli would be the best selection for having people perform a lexical decision task? A. Common words "cat, boat" and uncommon words "peon, furtive" B. Concrete words "window, monkey" and abstract words "doubt, energy" C. Words "pizza, history" and non-words "pibble, girk" D. Correctly spelled words "speech, potato" and misspelled words "speach, potatoe"

C

28. In a study, participants listened to the following tape recording: Rumor had it that, for years, the government building had been plagued with problems. The man was not surprised when he found several spiders, roaches, and other bugs in the corner of the room. As participants heard the word "bugs," they completed a lexical decision task to a test stimulus flashed on a screen. Results showed that the participants responded most slowly to the test stimulus A. ANT. B. SPY. C. SKY. D. All of these would have similar response times.

C

29. Swinney's lexical priming studies using ambiguous words as stimuli show that context A. immediately affects the activation of word meanings so that only the meaning fitting the sentence is ever activated. B. causes the meaning fitting the sentence to be activated first, followed by later activation of the other meaning. C. exerts its influence after all meanings of the word have been briefly accessed. D. has no effect on the activation of the word meanings.

C

34. When the front part of a sentence can be interpreted more than one way, but the end of the sentence clarifies which meaning is correct, we say that the sentence is an example of A. parsing. B. temporary ambiguity. C. speech segmentation. D. lexical priming.

C

12. A phoneme refers to A. the property of combining words into unique sentences. B. the first word produced by infants, usually during their second year. C. a mental grouping of words being heard during "inner audition." D. the shortest segment of speech that, if changed, changes the meaning of a word.

D

22. In the lexical decision task, participants are asked to A. separate a sentence into individual words. B. decide which meaning of an ambiguous sentence is correct in a specific situation. C. identify words that are contained in sentences. D. decide whether a string of letters is a word or a non-word.

D

3. Yoda, a central character of the Star Wars movies created by George Lucas, has a distinctive way of speaking. His statement, "Afraid you will be," violates which English language property? A. Lexicon B. Coding C. Discriminability D. Rules

D

6. B.F. Skinner, the modern champion of behaviorism, proposed that language is learned through A. parsing. B. genetic coding. C. syntactic framing. D. reinforcement.

D