Cog test 1 and 2

In an anesthetized mouse with open eyes, a light was shown in several different locations on a screen visible to the mouse. The mouse had an electrode placed in its brain to measure a single on-off cell. When the light was in one particular location, the on-off cell started firing more slowly than when there was no light shown at all! This most likely occurred because: Select one: a. the stimulus was in the part of the cell's receptive field that causes inhibition b. the stimulus was in the exact center of the cell's receptive field c. the stimulus was entirely outside of the cell's receptive field d. the stimulus activating the cell was the edge of the slide shown, not the point of light intended by the researchers

a

A participant who has just participated in an experiment involving dichotic listening is LEAST likely to remember Select one: a. the meaning of the words presented on the unattended channel. b. whether input in the unattended channel was spoken by a male or a female. c. whether the unattended channel contained nonspeech noises or speech. d. how loud the signal of the attended channel was.

a

Above is the original animation from the movie Ice Age. In the animated GIF below, the creature's nose seems to jump out of the scene in 3-D. Name the depth cues involved in making this seem more 3-dimensional than the original animation. Select one: a. Interposition b. Binocular disparity c. Relative size d. Convergence

a

By manipulating a photo, how can you make something very big appear to be very small? Select one: a. Blur the periphery of the image, just as it would appear if tiny and held close to the eye b. Apply a texture gradient, so items close to the lens become tightly packed and those further away are less tightly packed c. Dim the scene to force more accommodation of the pupil d. De-saturate the colors in the photo

a

Cheryl is working on being able to read braille with her toes instead of her fingers. After many months of intense practice, Cheryl becomes fairly proficient in reading braille by touching the raised paper bumps with her right big toe. What brain change has occurred due to her practice with braille? Select one: a. The somatosensory area representing the right big toe has increased in size in her cortex b. Reading braille has moved from an automatic process to one controlled by Cheryl c. The primary motor projection area representing the toes has decreased in size for Cheryl's other 9 toes d. The association cortex has reduced connections between fingertip touch and braille stimuli

a

Executive control is likely engaged in all of the following situations EXCEPT when a person Select one: a. is working on "auto-pilot." b. chooses to focus on a specific task and avoid distractions. c. takes steps to avoid a habitual response. d. needs to shift strategy, because the current efforts aren't working as hoped.

a

For most recall tests, the transfer of items into long-term storage is best facilitated by ________ rehearsal. Select one: a. elaborative b. primacy c. maintenance d. recency

a

Gob has integrative agnosia. Which task is the hardest for him? Select one: a. Saying "That's a lock" when shown a drawing of a combination lock b. Recognizing his doctor, whom he sees every month c. Sorting out the green peanut M&M candies from a bowl of M&Ms d. Being shown a square and told to pick out that same shape from a page of other shapes (circle, triangle, star)

a

If the corpus callosum is cut, what will happen to the two hemispheres of the brain? Select one: a. The two hemispheres will act independently b. Bilateral information will be exchanged by other commissures c. One hemisphere will become dominant and take over the former responsibilities of the other d. The right hemisphere tends to go dormant, leaving the language-rich left hemisphere functioning

a

"Bottom-up" (or "data-driven") mechanisms are Select one: a. the scientific process in which all claims must be rooted in well-established biological evidence. b. mechanisms for which neural activity is primarily triggered and shaped by the incoming stimulus information. c. mechanisms for which neural activity is influenced by thoughts and prior experience of individual. d. the process by which researchers seek to develop new theories by paying close attention to the available data.

b

A psychologist who adheres to the behaviorist school of thought would most likely attribute someone reaching for a slice of pie to: Select one: a. an interaction between memory and desire. b. a learned behavior in response to specific environmental triggers. c. a chemical imbalance produced by a deficit in nutrients. d. inadequate maternal supervision and love during infancy

b

When identifying nonword letter-strings that are presented very briefly, participants tend to make specific kinds of errors. How would these errors be best described? Select one: a. They are unable to identify any letters if the string is a nonword. b. They identify many of the letters correctly but tend to incorrectly identify the vowels. c. They tend to misidentify uncommmon letter combinations as more common letter combinations. d. They misidentify more common letter combinations as less common letter pairs.

c

Which of the following is correct regarding dual-process models of judgment? Select one: a. Both System 1 and System 2 in the model provide a quick and efficient way of making a judgment b. When we know that a judgment is important, we put more emphasis on System 2 to ensure an accurate outcome c. System 2 is more likely to be used if people are given training or cued by the situation to use effortfull processing, suppressing the System 1 response d. System 2 is more likely to be used in situations where people are distracted or tired

c

Which of the following is most due to top-down processing? Select one: a. Detecting a single horizontal line in a screen full of vertical lines b. Seeing the fuzzy grey dots present in the Hermann Grid illusion c. Seeing the letters "BOOX" flashed quickly on a screen and mistakenly thinking you saw "BOOK" d. Detecting a red dot in a screen full of black dots

c

Which of the following statements about the effects of emotion on decision making is NOT true? Select one: a. People want to minimize regret. b. Somatic signals can direct decision making. c. People assume the worst and are thus overly cautious. d. People tend to be bad at forecasting future emotions, and this influences current decision making.

c

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the perception of briefly presented words? Select one: a. Participants are better at identifying letters when they are presented in isolation compared to when they are presented as part of a word b. Participants are equally poor at identifying all nonsense words, regardless of their resemblance to real words c. Participants are better at recognizing words that were recently seen d. Participants can avoid making overregularization errors if top-down processing is employed

c

Which of the following tasks is LEAST appropriate as a means of testing implicit memory? Select one: a. lexical decision b. word-stem completion c. direct memory testing d. repetition priming in tachistoscopic recognition

c

Working memory acts to Select one: a. store an unlimited amount of information. b. store a limited amount of information for an unlimited amount of time. c. keep relevant information active for a short period of time. d. store irrelevant information so it does not influence long-term memory.

c

"I can easily think of the names of several dishonest politicians, so I'm certain there are a lot of dishonest politicians!" This is an example of a judgment relying on Select one: a. illusory covariation. b. representativeness c. anchoring d. the availability heuristic

d

A neuron's initial, internal response to an incoming signal can vary in size. The ultimate, external response of the cell, however, does not vary in size. If the signal is sent, it is always of the same magnitude. This effect is called the Select one: a. whole-firing potential. b. threshold potential. c. uniform response law. d. all-or-none law.

d

A patient with visual agnosia will probably show an inability to Select one: a. remember a list of words heard 1 hour before. b. detect brief flashes of light. c. recall the color of familiar objects (e.g., that stop signs are red). d. identify common objects in plain view.

d

A person developed a tumor that diminished their ability to form new long-term memories. Though memory involves numerous parts of the brain, the part most likely affected by the tumor is the: Select one: a. thalamus b. hypothalamus c. cerebellum d. hippocampus

d

A primary function of the thalamus is to Select one: a. produce emotional experiences. b. regulate eating behaviors. c. maintain a constant body temperature. d. regulate the flow of sensory information.

d

Amnesia can provide insight into the role of memory in our everyday life. For example, if H. M. was having a conversation with a friend and noticed the friend looking off in the distance and smiling, he was MOST likely to Select one: a. attribute the smile to the funny joke he made a few minutes ago. b. not know why his friend was smiling. c. smile back because H. M. had learned to smile when others smiled. d. forget the conversation immediately, because his attention had been turned to his friend's smile.

d

An inductive judgment is one in which a person Select one: a. tries to make predictions about upcoming events on the basis of evidence already available. b. tries to make a cause-and-effect judgment about an observed state of affairs. c. begins with a general statement and asks what other specific claims follow from this. d. begins with specific facts or observations and seeks to draw a general conclusion from them.

d

An investigator asks, "Can you remember what happened last Tuesday at noon while you were sitting in the back room of Jane's Restaurant?" This is an example of a question relying on Select one: a. recognition. b. implicit memory. c. procedural memory. d. recall.

d

Brianna has been a successful radiologist for many years and is considered a nationwide expert in her field. Which of the following would you predict Brianna will be fastest to say when presented an ultrasound showing the patient has emphysematous cholecystitis, a disease of the gall bladder. Select one: a. "It's disease!" b. "It's an ultrasound!" c. "It's a gall bladder!" d. "It's emphysematous cholecystitis!"

d

Current theory suggests that the central executive may be Select one: a. used to temporarily store information so that the information can then be processed at a later time by the rehearsal loop. b. another lower-level assistant in the working-memory system. c. a kind of guidebook for how to "run a program" in the brain. d. the set of processes that govern the selection and timing of other mental steps.

d

Damage to the Amygdala is associated with impairment of: Select one: a. Retrograde memory b. Prospective memory c. Explicit memory d. Implicit memory

d

Evidence for context-dependent learning has been found in all of the following situations EXCEPT Select one: a. underwater and out of water for scuba divers learning words. b. odors present or absent during learning. c. reading an article in a noisy or quiet environment. d. a class lecture in a very cold or hot room

d

If Tabitha believes that detective shows are more dramatic than hospital shows, then confirmation bias would lead her to do all of the following EXCEPT be more likely to Select one: a. notice a detective show that is dramatic b. overlook a hospital show that is dramatic c. have memory schemata that include more examples of dramatic detective shows than dramatic hospital shows d. have memory schemata that include more examples of dramatic hospital shows than dramatic detective shows

d

If a participant is asked to perform two activities at the same time, performance will be improved if Select one: a. the two activities are partially related, so that resource use can be coordinated. b. both activities require large amounts of task-general resources. c. neither activity involves verbal processing. d. the two activities are plainly different from each other, drawing on different task-specific resources.

d

In cognition, as in other sciences, we first develop _____ and then _____ them. Select one: a. tests; prove b. theories; test c. hypotheses; prove d. hypotheses; test

d

Ira is asked to remember the order of a previously presented list of words; the experimenter asks him to recall the words immediately after hearing them. Devon is asked to remember the same list, but his recall is delayed by 20 seconds after the list presentation; during that time, Devon is given no other task to form. We would expect Select one: a. that Devon would have better memory for the entire list. b. that Devon would have poor memory for words at the end of the list. c. that Devon would have poorer memory for the list's early words but better memory for words presented later in the list. d. little or no difference between Devon's performance and Ira's.

d

Kahneman and Tversky (1973) asked participants to make judgments about the likelihood that people with certain characteristics were lawyers or engineers. These participants were also told the proportion of people in the overall population who were lawyers or engineers. In this situation, Select one: a. participants made their judgments based on a combination of base rate and diagnostic information. b. participants ignored both types of information and made their decisions at random. c. participants ignored diagnostic information and relied only on base rate. d. participants ignored base rate and relied only on diagnostic information.

d

Movements of attention are: Select one: a. dependent on eye movements. b. always associated with movement of the eyes. c. rarely associated with movement of the eyes. d. faster than eye movements.

d

Pupil dilation is affected by everything except: Select one: a. Light b. Drugs and alcohol c. Mental effort d. Monocular depth cues

d

Recordings from neurons in area V4 of the visual cortex show that the neurons are Select one: a. more responsive to the physical attributes of unattended stimuli than attended stimuli. b. used primarily in expectation-based priming. c. equally responsive to both attended and unattended stimuli. d. more responsive to attended inputs than unattended inputs.

d

Select the inaccurate claim. Select one: a. As each node becomes activated in spreading activation, it serves as a source of further activation, which spreads onward through the network. b. Spreading activation is the process through which activation travels from one node to another, via the associative links. c. Spreading activation is assumed to accumulate, so that two subthreshold inputs may add together and bring the node to threshold. d. If a node has been partially activated recently, it is unlikely to reach threshold due to spreading inhibition of return.

d

SillyBean the psychic dog is known for being at the window when her owner turns into the driveway. The owner comes home usually between 3pm and 6pm each day, and SillyBean is always there. What other data are necessary to evaluate the claim that SillyBean is psychically linked to her owner and knows ahead of time when the owner is coming home? Select one: a. The owner comes home at 1pm and SillyBean is at the window. b. SillyBean is at the window when the owner comes home. c. The owner comes home and SillyBean is at the window. d. SillyBean is not at the window and the owner is not coming home.

d

Studies indicate that training in statistics Select one: a. has little impact on how participants make judgments outside of the statistics class b. improves participants' understanding of statistical principles but does not teach them how to apply the principles to actual cases c. helps participants make more accurate judgments, but only if they were explicitly encouraged to apply their statistical knowledge d. improves participants' performance in a variety of judgment problems

d

The center character could be a number OR a letter - depending on which way you look at it. Which is the best explanation for this ambiguity? Select one: a. Decision detectors choose a number or a letter to perceive based on the amount of prior experience the viewer has with each. Their rate of firing increases when the more common stimuli is perceived b. The feature detectors for elements making a B are more strongly activated when feature detectors for an A and a C are also activated. The feature detectors for elements making 13 are more strongly activated when feature detectors for 12 and 14 are activated c. The cognitive detectors build up the lines into the features of a number or letter. These features are detected at the decision level where the brain associates features strongly as letters or numbers, based on expectation d. The feature detectors for straight vertical lines and horizontal lines curved to the right are firing equally. The cognitive detectors for a B and 13 are firing equally. The decision detectors have to choose between perceiving a B or 13 and they are primed to choose one or the other based on the context around the stimuli

d

The evidence both from unilateral neglect patients and from patients with normal attentional abilities suggests that Select one: a. attention becomes space-based only in cases of brain damage. b. attention is object-based, not space-based. c. attention is space-based, not object-based. d. both space- and object-based attention are important in attention.

d

The inability to voluntarily mentally visualize is known as Select one: a. Capgras Syndrome b. Apraxia c. Neglect Syndrome d. Aphantasia

d

Which of the following concerns is NOT addressed by adopting a cognitive approach to the study of psychology? Select one: a. The study of psychology involves entities (like beliefs or motivations) that cannot be directly observed. b. Many mental processes are unconscious. c. Many mental processes unfold so rapidly that it is difficult to observe them. d. Laboratory findings do not always apply in the complex world outside of the lab.

d

Which of the following is a level of an independent variable manipulated in Read (1983)? Select one: a. Providing a sentence with words in a scrambled order, no spaces, and using the word OF b. Removing spaces between words presented in a scrambled order c. Providing a sentence with the word "IF" instead of "OF" in a correct order d. Providing spaces between the words in the sentence used as stimuli

d

Which of the following is true regarding the human iris? Select one: a. The iris is part of the cornea and translates depth information to the brain b. It contracts to shrink the pupil with increased mental effort c. More melanin in the iris translates to a higher percentage of rods in the retina d. It contains visible muscles not covered by skin

d

Which of the following is true? Select one: a. fMRI directly measures brain activity by charting the electricity in neurons firing b. EEG measures chemical activation in the subcortical structures of the brain c. EEG is a measure of activity that shows the amount of hemoglobin in neurons that reach their action potentials d. fMRI indirectly measures brain activity by showing the signal given by blood cells consumed by recently fired neurons

d

Which of the following statements is FALSE? Select one: a. In models of working memory, the central executive is akin to executive control. b. In models of working memory, the central executive relies on "helpers," such as the articulatory rehearsal loop. c. In models of working memory, the central executive is involved in planning responses and making decisions. d. In models of working memory, the central executive is only a small player compared to the other components of the working memory system.

d

You are watching TV when a commercial advertising a new pizza place comes on. You decide you want pizza, so you listen to the restaurant's phone number and then recite the number to yourself. Just as you are about to dial, your cell phone rings and you talk on the phone for a few minutes. What is most likely to happen after you finish your call? Select one: a. You remember the phone number, so you call and order. b. Out of habit, you call your favorite pizza place (whose number you have memorized), forgetting you wanted to try the new place. c. You think you probably remember the number and try calling, and you are correct. d. You have forgotten the phone number

d

________ techniques allow us to scrutinize the precise structure and moment-by-moment pattern of activation in the brain. Select one: a. Neuropsychological b. Introspection c. Observational d. Neuroimaging

d

A sudden, loud noise often has the impact of distracting participants long enough to clear the contents of working memory. Imagine that participants hear a list of the names of 20 different fruits, followed by an unexpected loud noise. The effect of the noise will be Select one: a. a diminished primacy effect but no impact on how well the other words in the list are remembered. b. a diminished recency effect but no impact on how well the other words in the list are remembered. c. diminished performance for the entire list. d. a diminished recency effect and a diminished primacy effect but no impact on how well the other words on the list are remembered.

b

According to utility theory, people should NOT Select one: a. calculate expected value based on subjective ratings b. allow the framing of a choice to affect expected value c. try to maximize benefits and minimize costs d. accommodate trade-offs in their decision making

b

Aphantasia is associated with which component of working memory? Select one: a. Amygdala b. Visual-spatial sketchpad c. Articulatory rehearsal loop d. Phonological buffer

b

Geon recognition is: Select one: a. done via simple shapes like 2-D squares or circles b. viewpoint independent c. easy to identify when a whole geon is missing d. dependent on the angle of illumination

b

George has no trouble recognizing their family and friends. But they can't look at a teapot and say what it is. What brain system appears to be affected? Select one: a. Their magnocellular cells b. The occipital - temporal pathway c. The occipital - parietal pathway d. Their fusiform gyrus

b

In order to summarize the Gestalt psychologists' movement in a few words, one might say, Select one: a. "If you can't see it happen, it isn't worth studying." b. "The perceptual whole is different than the sum of its parts." c. "All that is important happens in the subconscious." d. "What you see is what you get."

b

In the illusion above, wherever you directly look you see a black dot with a white border. But as soon as you look away from it, it seems to disappear. (Yes, the dots are all really there). What process in our perceptual system explains this? Select one: a. cones are the only photoreceptors for color b. lateral inhibition c. the blind spot d. rods specialize in detecting motion

b

It is very hard to correctly count the number of Fs in this sentence: FINISHED FILES ARE THE RESULT OF YEARS OF SCIENTIFIC STUDY COMBINED WITH THE EXPERIENCE OF YEARS Which of these is the most impactful explanation? Select one: a. The F is at the end of the word OF, thus it is often overlooked as the sentence is read and the reader concentrates on the first letters of each word. b. The word "of" doesn't have an f sound in English. It sounds more like a v. c. The word "of" gets combined with the words around it, because it cannot stand alone in English. This makes it easy to miss. d. The word "of" is so common that it gets ignored when being read.

b

Mistakes in word reading occur under a feature-net model of recognition. This results because the feature net encourages _____ over _____. Select one: a. accuracy; efficiency b. efficiency; accuracy c. laziness; hard work d. bottom-up processing; top-down processing

b

This guy (Alex Honnold, star of the movie "Free Solo") is famous for climbing cliffs thousands of feet high with no rope or other protection. In 2016, he was put in an fMRI machine and had his reactions to scary and disgusting images recorded. Based on what you know about brain areas, select the answer that corresponds to what was discovered about his brain. Select one: a. When shown scary and disgusting images, his hippocampus showed no activity b. When shown scary and disgusting images, his forebrain showed no activity c. When shown scary and disgusting images, his amygdala showed no activity d. When shown scary and disgusting images, his occipital lobe showed no activity

c

In an experiment, 100 people were given the following paragraph to read: "Imagine that you have been diagnosed with cancer. Your choices are to have surgery or radiation therapy. Assume that the exact scientific estimates of the consequences of the alternatives for 600 people are: (50 participants read estimate 1 below) 1. Of people who have surgery, 200 people will alive after 5 years. With radiation, there is a one-third probability that 600 people will be alive after 5 years and a two-thirds probability that no people will be alive after 5 years. Which option would you choose? (50 the participants read estimate 2 below) 2. Of people who have surgery, 400 people will be dead after 5 years. With radiation, there is a one-third probability that no one will die after 5 years and and a two-thirds probability everyone will be dead after 5 years. Which option would you choose?" Which pattern of results do you expect and why? Select one: a. Those reading option 1 are more likely to choose surgery, because the framing promotes risk-aversion. Those reading option 2 are more likely to choose radiation, because the framing promotes risk-seeking. b. Those reading option 1 are more likely to choose radiation, because the framing promotes risk-seeking. Those reading option 2 are more likely to choose surgery, because the framing promotes risk-aversion. c. Those reading option 1 are more likely to choose surgery, because the framing promotes risk-seeking. Those reading option 2 are more likely to choose radiation, because the framing promotes risk-aversion. d. Those reading option 1 are more likely to choose radiation, because the framing promotes risk-aversion. Those reading option 2 are more likely to choose surgery, because the framing promotes risk-seeking.

a

In an experiment, participants learned materials in Room A and were tested in Room B. If they were asked to think about Room A just before taking the test, participants Select one: a. performed as well as they would have done had there been no room change. b. performed worse on the test due to dual-task memory disruption. c. performed the same as those participants who were not asked to think about Room A. d. performed better than participants who were tested in Room B and were not asked to think about Room A, but worse than participants tested in Room A.

a

In the Radiolab episode about the Trolley Car Problem, people decided very differently what to do depending on how the problem was phrased. What was the potential explanation offered for this difference? Select one: a. Utility theory explains the different choices. b. Entirely different areas of the brain were activated by the two phrasings, triggering different decisions. c. Most people were incapable of the math required to see both decisions were actually the same. d. Humans are social creatures, and the thought of touching another human and causing death was evolutionary aversion.

a

In using the articulatory rehearsal loop, the central executive temporarily relies on storage in Select one: a. a phonological buffer. b. episodic memory. c. a subvocal bank. d. a visual form in visual memory.

a

Kareena has undergone a split-brain procedure. Her doctor briefly presents the word "hammer" to only her left visual field and then asks her what she saw. Which set of responses is Kareena most likely to give? Select one: a. She will say she doesn't know what word appeared, but she will be able to draw a picture of the object with her left hand. b. She will say she doesn't know what word appeared, and she will not be able to identify the object using either hand. c. She will say "hammer." d. She will say she doesn't know what word appeared, but she will be able to draw a picture of the object with her right hand.

a

Participants tend NOT to use base-rate information if they are also given Select one: a. diagnostic information b. the prior probabilities c. statistical information d. information about the random device used to select the test case

a

The auditory cortex follows the principle of contralateral control. Thus, the Select one: a. right temporal lobe receives most of its input from the left ear. b. right temporal lobe receives most of its input from the right ear. c. right temporal lobe receives equal input from both ears. d. information received by the right temporal lobe depends on whether the listener favors his or her right or left ear.

a

The tarsier has eyes packed with rod photoreceptors. What can you infer about tarsiers from this? Select one: a. Tarsiers are nocturnal. b. Tarsiers are small. c. Tarsiers depend on very specifically colored flowers for food. d. Tarsiers see ultraviolet light.

a

We often encounter ambiguous letters when reading handwritten words but can still interpret them. For example, the same shape can be interpreted as an A in CAT but an H in THE. At what level of analysis does the feature net resolve this issue? Select one: a. the bigram level b. the letter level c. the word level d. overregularization

a

What is the dependent variable from Read (1983) as discussed in class? Select one: a. Percent of letters detected b. OF-CSP, OF-SSP, OF-CU, OF-SU, IF-CSP, IF-SSP, IF-CU, IF-SU c. Trial number d. Constructing IF statements similar in form and length to the standard OF statement

a

Which of the following statements is FALSE? Select one: a. In the primary somatosensory projection area, the larger the physical size of a body area, the more cortical area is devoted to it. b. In the primary visual projection area, more cortical area is devoted to signals received from the fovea, where visual acuity is greatest. c. In the primary somatosensory projection area, the left side of the brain receives input from the right side of the body and the right side of the brain receives input from the left side of the body. d. In the primary auditory projection area, cells that are adjacent to each other in the cortex tend to be sensitive to sounds that are similar to each other in frequency.

a

Which symptom associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) reflects problems with orienting systems? Select one: a. failing to pay close attention b. failing to finish tasks c. interrupting others during conversation d. avoiding tasks that require sustained effort

a

You are reading a political blog and come across the following sentiment: "Politicians are liars. John Doe is a politician. Therefore, John Doe is a liar." You are most likely to judge this as logical if you Select one: a. dislike politicians. b. really like politicians. c. are a Republican. d. are a Democrat.

a

Read the abstract below and identify the Independent and Dependent variables. The current study investigated the potential impact of exposure to anti-vaccine conspiracy theories on vaccination intentions. Participants were divided into three groups and shown either: 1) information that either supported anti-vaccine conspiracy theories, 2) refuted anti-vaccine conspiracy theories, or 3) a control condition that received no information. Results revealed that participants who were exposed to material supporting anti-vaccine conspiracy theories rated themselves as having a lower intent to vaccinate than those in the anti-conspiracy condition or controls. These findings point to the potentially detrimental consequences of anti-vaccine conspiracy theories, and highlight their potential role in shaping health-related behaviors. Select one: a. DV: detrimental consequences of anti-vaccine conspiracy theories. IV: information that either supported or refuted anti-vaccine conspiracy theories b. IV1: Type of material read: anti-vaccine conspiracy text, refutation of anti-vaccine conspiracy text, neutral. DV: self-rated intention to vaccinate. c. IV: Exposure to information vs. no exposure to information DV: beliefs in anti-vaccine conspiracy theories and intention to vaccinate d. DV: Beliefs in anti-vaccine conspiracy theories. IV1: Rated intention to vaccinate

b

Researchers have used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to disrupt portions of the healthy brain. When asking participants to search for a target, we expect TMS applied to the parietal lobe to Select one: a. have no effect on participants who have not suffered parietal damage. b. disrupt the search for both a target defined by a single feature (e.g., "Find the red shape") and a target defined by a conjunction of features (e.g., "Find the shape that is red and round"). c. disrupt the search for a target defined by a single feature (e.g., "Find the red shape"). d. disrupt the search for a target defined by a conjunction of features (e.g., "Find the shape that is red and round").

b

The ______ is thought to be the brain region responsible for recognising faces Select one: a. Hippocampus b. Fusiform gyrus c. Parahippocampal gyrus d. Sylvian fissure

b

The electroencephalogram (EEG) provides an estimate of brain activity by measuring Select one: a. blood flow. b. electrical signals recorded at the surface of the scalp. c. glucose consumption. d. neurotransmitter release.

b

The term "illusory covariation" refers to an error in which Select one: a. participants perceive an event as occurring far more often than it actually does. b. participants perceive two variables as being somehow linked to each other when in fact they are not. c. participants draw a conclusion on the basis of a biased or small sample of evidence. d. participants refuse to change their minds even though the available evidence clearly challenges their belief.

b

Two parents are presented in a hypothetical child-custody case. One parent has moderate traits, while the other has some very positive and some very negative traits. When asked to whom they would award child custody, the majority of people choose _________. Select one: a. the parent with moderate traits b. the parent with very positive and very negative traits c. either parent, because the positive and negative traits will in effect cancel each other out d. neither parent, because the choice is too confusing

b

What evidence supports Edward Tolman's belief that it is possible for rats to acquire new knowledge? Select one: a. increased physiological response to a reward b. development of a cognitive map c. decreased avoidance of punishment d. observational introspection

b

Which is the most invasive brain imaging method? Select one: a. electroencephologram b. PET scan c. functional magnetic resonance imaging d. computerized axial tomography

b

Which of the following is TRUE about decision making? Select one: a. Overall, people are quite good at predicting their own future reactions. b. People tend to overestimate how much they will later regret their errors. c. Having the option to back out of a decision increases the likelihood of satisfaction with that decision. d. People tend to overestimate their ability to adapt to new features in their environment.

b

Which of the following is an example of the gambler's fallacy? Select one: a. "I know the chances of winning the lottery are small, but someone has to win it and I could be the one!" b. "I've gotten a low number the last eight times I've rolled the dice, so a high number is coming up soon!" c. "There's an equal chance for any team to win the league's championship." d. "The best strategy at the horse races is to bet in the same way as the crowd is betting."

b

Which of the following was the result of Massaro's study that resulted in the Fuzzy Logic Model of Perception? Select one: a. Observed that top-down processing always has more of an effect on perception that bottom-up processing. b. Observed frequencies for naming a letter e increase as it has more e features, but also as the context demands an e. c. Observed that word superiority effect was stronger than any bottom up stimulus in perception. d. Observed that human perception was naturally more tuned to perceive the more common letter (e) than the less common letter (c)

b

Who is falling prey to confirmation bias? Select one: a. Whenever someone tells Ryan he should stop smoking he says "My Dad smoked 2 packs a day, and he lived to 95. I'll be fine." b. Jacob thinks he has stomach cancer because his stomach has hurt for two days. He googles "stomach pain cancer symptom" and comes up with 1000 sites that say stomach pain is a symptom of cancer. He concludes he has cancer. c. Joanne comes back from Vegas with stories about her amazing wins - one time, she put down $5 on the roulette table and won $500! She remembers being a winner. However, her bank account tells another story. She now has $50 less than when she left for Vegas. d. Miriam thinks that poets are women. She comes to this conclusion because she can think of three female friends who write poetry while none of her male friends do.

b

Who proposed the concept of a "cognitive map"? Select one: a. Ulric Neisser b. E.C. Tolman c. William Wundt d. James Watson

b

You're running a weightloss clinic. What's the best ad to get customers while not running afoul of requirements for truth in advertising? Select one: a. Show the data on weight loss from all your previous clients, to give people a realistic picture of the effects they can expect with your program. (Which is that a few people lose a little weight, but can't keep it off.) At the end include the line "Results are typical" b. Have a man tell his emotional story of weight loss through your program, with dramatic before and after pictures. At the end you include the line "Results not typical" c. All of these are methods likely to get lots of customers without officially lying to them d. Frame your ad in terms of "Not gaining weight" rather than "Losing weight"

b

_______ is a brain-imaging technique that shows us precisely which areas of the brain are active at a particular moment in time; _______ is a technique that shows us the exact structure of each of the brain's parts. Select one: a. CT; PET b. functional MRI (fMRI); MRI c. PET; fMRI d. angiogram; MRI

b

fMRIs depend on the BOLD response. Why? Select one: a. The fMRI is measuring neural electrical activity. b. The fMRI is measuring the rush of blood needed to bring oxygen and glucose to recently active neurons. c. The fMRI is measuring the oxygen and glucose that moves to areas where activity is about to occur. d. The fMRI is measuring the magnetic fields interrupted by blood flow when areas are active.

b

A participant is asked to memorize a series of word pairs, including the pair "heavy-light." The participant is asked later if any of the following words had been included in the list memorized earlier: "lamp," "candle," "spark," and "light." The participant denies having seen any of these words recently. This is probably because Select one: a. the learning context does not provide adequate support for perceptual encoding. b. the learning context does relatively little to encourage deep processing. c. what was memorized was the idea of "light" as a description of weight, not "light" as illumination. d. the learning context led the participant to think in terms of opposites, while the test context led the participant to think in terms of semantic associates.

c

A patient might elect to have split-brain surgery, which involves Select one: a. removing the amygdala. b. removing a section of the frontal lobe. c. severing the corpus callosum. d. removing one hemisphere of the brain.

c

A person has suffered a stroke in their left temporal lobe and can no longer name common objects, like a table or a spoon. This provides evidence that language is located in the left hemisphere for most people. What kind of evidence is this? Select one: a. introspection b. behaviorism c. neuroscience d. linguistics

c

According to the modal model of memory, words presented early in a list are easier to remember than words presented later because Select one: a. they are still residing in working memory at the time of the test. b. participants are particularly alert at the beginning of the list presentation. c. the early words receive more of the participants' attention than the later words. d. the early words suffer from less interference than the later words.

c

An individual suffering from Capgras syndrome would most likely show an inability to Select one: a. see subtle visual stimuli. b. remember childhood events. c. detect the familiarity of an often-viewed face. d. solve puzzles that require the use of flexible strategies.

c

Before reading about someone suffering from depression, people are told that the case is not at all typical. This instruction will" Select one: a. prevent participants from using the representativeness heuristic b. encourage participants to use the representativeness heuristic c. not affect participants' spontaneous use of the representativeness heuristic d. influence participants' willingness to draw conclusions from a single case

c

In 2017 a man named Edgar Welch walked into a D.C. restaurant with an assault rifle because he believed in a (thoroughly debunked) conspiracy theory that Hillary Clinton was running a pedophile operation in the back room of the restaurant. Aside from showing that passing around fake theories is dangerous and has real consequences, what else can you probably assume about the incident? Select one: a. Welch probably has a lot of experience in critical thinking and carefully applying Carl Sagan's "baloney detector" b. Other conspiracy theorists will see the outcome of Welch's arrest and understand that there really was no pedophile activity at the restaurant c. Welch probably also believes in many other "conspiracy theories" d. Someone just needed to tell Welch there was no evidence for his theory to make him accept he was wrong

c

One effect of chunking is to Select one: a. encode items based on spatial properties. b. facilitate the primacy and recency effects. c. increase the amount of material that can be held in working memory. d. group items based on sound.

c

Participants are shown pictures of two alternating scenes that are separated by a brief blank interval. The scenes are identical except for one small detail. In this case, participants find it hard to detect the change. Which of the following statements is most likely to be true? Select one: a. A similar effect can also be found with movies (where participants fail to detect changes that have been made) but not with actual live events. b. Changes in the center of a scene often take longer to detect than changes in the periphery of a scene. c. A similar effect can also be found with movies and in actual live events (where participants fail to detect changes that have been made). d. This effect occurs only when participants are unaware that there is a change in the scene.

c

Participants were MOST likely to guess correctly the rule behind a series of numbers if they Select one: a. remembered incorrect guesses as almost correct instead of wrong. b. focused on providing support for their own theories. c. asked questions that could disconfirm their theories. d. carefully scrutinized disconfirming evidence for flaws and inconsistencies.

c

Sometimes someone notices and perceives an input even though the input is part of a stream of information that the person has been, up to that point, successfully ignoring. A plausible explanation for this is that Select one: a. executive control allows people to process both the attended and the unattended input. b. the input the person noticed did not require any task-general resources. c. the input the person noticed happens to be a stimulus he or she encounters frequently, and so the relevant detectors were already well primed. d. the person seems to suffer from an attention disorder.

c

The Wason four-card task provides an example of how Select one: a. good we are at reasoning about syllogisms. b. good we are at reasoning about conditional statements. c. poor we are at reasoning about conditional statements. d. poorly we perform on inductive tasks.

c

The fMRI results using a "Remember/Know" testing procedure suggest that Select one: a. "Remember" responses are associated with activity in the rhinal cortex at learning. b. "Know" responses are associated with activity in the hippocampus during learning. c. "Remember" responses are associated with activity in the hippocampal region during learning. d. "Know" responses are associated with anterior parahippocampus activity at learning.

c

The primary motor projection area forms a "map" of the body. The amount of cortical tissue dedicated to different parts of the body correlates with Select one: a. The cortical area does not vary; it is the same for all body parts. b. the size of the body part. c. the precision of movement for the body part. d. the distance of the body part from the brain.

c

The technical term for talking to yourself when rehearsing verbal material is Select one: a. vocal memory. b. schizophrenia. c. subvocalization. d. subconscious reading.

c