cogn final #1

Donders (1868) compared RTs across tasks that differed in complexity. Based on these responses, Donders was able to conclude how long the mind takes to perform a certain cognitive task. Donders suggested that the difference in RT between the simple and choice conditions indicated how long it took to... make a decision about the stimulus. The late 1950s and early 1960s brought the emergence of a "cognitive revolution" in which dramatic changes took place in which Psychology was studied. This "revolution occurred simultaneously (and in part, because of) the introduction of _______. computers Process models differ from structural models in Cognitive Psychology in that they attempt to model... hypothetical cognitive processes that cannot be directly measured. Cherry (1953) developed the dichotic listening task in which participants are presented with two messages simultaneously, one in each ear. The results from this work showed all of the following EXCEPT... information from the unattended message is well remembered The key structural components of neurons are... cell body, dendrites, and axon. Question 2 3 / 3 pts Neurons that respond to specific qualities (e.g., orientation, movement, length, etc.) that make up objects are called _______. feature detectors Question 5 3 / 3 pts A neurologist noticed that in one patient, damage to brain structure A resulted in a major disruption in speech production, but left hearing ability intact. However, in another patient, damage to structure B left major hearing impairment, but did not affect speech production. This scenario is an example of... a double dissociation. The ventral pathway is to _______ as the dorsal pathway is to _______. what/perception; where/action (this is correct one!!!!) Question 2 3 / 3 pts _______ refers to the process by which an individual decodes features such as lines, orientation, and/or movement in order to identify meaningful information, such as a car driving in traffic. Perception Question 3 3 / 3 pts The information in the environment where more distant objects appear to be moving more slowly than closer objects is called _______. optic flow Question 4 3 / 3 pts You are in Times Square on New Year's Eve and are watching all of the giant electronic screens. The digital boards play videos and the objects are moving, or are they? Your perception of movement reflects... the phi phenomenon. Sperling (1960), using the partial-report technique, reported that when participants were cued with a high, medium, or low pitched tone, that they could remember _______ of the letters from the cued row. nearly all Question 2 3 / 3 pts Brown and Peterson (1959) studied how well participants can remember groups of three letters (like BRT, QSD) after various delays. They found that participants remembered an average of 80 percent of the groups after 3 seconds but only 10 percent after 18 seconds. They hypothesized that this decrease in performance was due to ___________, but later research (Keppel & Underwood, 1962) showed that it was also due to ___________. decay; interference Question 3 3 / 3 pts Based on Kane and Engle's (2001) definition, working memory differs from short-term memory due to the addition of _______. attention Question 4 3 / 3 pts Physiological studies indicate that damage to the brain's _______ can disrupt behavior that rely upon working memory and attentional control. prefrontal cortex Question 5 3 / 3 pts The word length effect shows that it is more difficult to remember... a list of long words than a list of short words. Research on the Production and Generation effects in memory have shown that information that is read aloud or self-generated is better remember that information that is read silently. This effect is particularly large in within-subjects design than a between-subjects design. This is due to a combination of a(n) _______ in memory for silent words in within-subjects conditions compared to between-subjects conditions and an overall _______ in memory for production/generation words. decrease; increase Students beware! Which of the following study techniques is less likely to encourage elaborative processing. highlighting Question 2 3 / 3 pts People often report an annoying memory failure when they walk into one room to grab something, only to forget what they wanted. As soon as they retrace their steps, they are reminded of what they wanted in the first place. The reminding of the object that was forgotten when one retraces their steps is an example of... encoding specificity. Question 3 3 / 3 pts Donald Hebb's (1948) idea of long-term potentiation, which provides a physiological mechanism for the long-term storage of memories, includes the idea of... increased firing in the neurons due microscopic physical changes at the synapse. Question 4 3 / 3 pts _______ transforms new memories from a fragile neurological state, in which they can be disrupted, to a more permanent neurological state, in which they are resistant to disruption. Consolidation Question 5 3 / 3 pts Visual imagery is a powerful memory technique that enhances memory because... imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered. Which approach to categorization involves forming a standard representation based on an average of category members that a person has encountered in the past? Prototype Question 2 3 / 3 pts Jorge and Bob are neighbors. Jorge loves birds and his father works for the zoo. He has been to a dozen bird sanctuaries, and he and his dad go on bird watching hikes once a month. In contrast, Bob doesn't think much about birds. His only contact with them is in his backyard. It would be correct to say that Jorge's standard probably involves more exemplars than Bob's. Question 3 3 / 3 pts Which of the following reaction time data sets illustrates the typicality effect for the bird category, given the following three trials? (NOTE: Read data sets as RTs for Trial 1: Trial 2: Trial 3) Trial 1: An owl is a bird. Trial 2: A penguin is a bird. Trial 3: A sparrow is a bird. 583; 653; 518 ms Question 4 3 / 3 pts Collins and Quillian (1969) and Collins and Loftus (1975) explained the results of priming between related concepts (e.g., turtle to snake) by introducing the _______ cognitive process into their model. automatic spreading activation Question 5 3 / 3 pts According to Rosch (1976), the _______ level of hierarchical organization of concepts is the psychologically "privileged" level of categorization that is typically used to describe people's everyday experiences. basic Language consists of smaller components, like words, that can be combined to form larger ones, like phrases, to create sentences, which themselves can be components of a larger story. This demonstrates the ____________________ property of language. hierarchical Boxing champion George Foreman recently described his family vacations with the statement "At our ranch in Marshall, Texas, there are lots of ponds and I take the kids out and we fish. And then, of course, we grill them!" Hopefully the reader understands that George is grilling fish, not his kids! Knowledge what George is referring to is the result of a(n) _______ inference. anaphoric Question 4 3 / 3 pts Chaz is listening to his grandma reminisce about the first time she danced with his grandpa 60 years ago. When his grandma says, "It seemed like the song would play forever," Chaz understands that it is more likely his grandma was listening to a radio playing and not a CD. This understanding requires Chaz use a(n) instrument inference. Question 5 3 / 3 pts When reading sentences, people are generally faster at reading "The child played in the park" than "The piglet played in the park" because the underlined word in the first sentence is _______ in the English language, a pattern referred to as the _______. more common; word frequency effect Question 2 3 / 3 pts Experts categorize problems based on... general principles that problems share. Question 3 3 / 3 pts Dr. Curious is doing a follow-up study to the mutilated checkerboard problem experiment. In this new study, participants solve the following shoe problem before tackling the checkerboard problem. By doing this, Dr. Curious is studying the effect of _____ on problem solving. The shoe problem: A first-grade class is using a trampoline in gym class, so all the children have removed their shoes, which are all jumbled in a large pile. One of the students, Miguel, is leaving early, so the teacher tells him to grab his shoes and report to the lobby. In his hurry, Miguel grabs two identical left-footed, size 6 red sneakers and runs to his mother still sock-footed. Will the remaining students be able to shoe-up with the remaining shoes without getting a foot-ache? analogies Question 4 3 / 3 pts Actions that take the problem from one state to another are known as _______. operators Question 5 3 / 3 pts Functional fixedness would be LOWEST for a(n)... novel object.

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Question 12 2 / 2 pts According to the dictionary unit in Treisman's Attenuation Model of Attention, a lower threshold for processing information means... the more likely information will be attended to. Question 13 2 / 2 pts Groups of neurons or structures that are connected within the nervous system due to coordinated processing of information are called _______. neural networks Question 14 2 / 2 pts A/An _______ measurement corresponds to how quickly an individual responds to a stimulus. A/An _______ measurement corresponds to a correct response to a stimulus. reaction time; accuracy Question 15 2 / 2 pts During a visit to a local museum, you appreciate the incredible beauty of the paintings displayed on the walls. According to Triesman's Feature Integration Model, your ability to see paintings as complete pictures rather than individual, disconnected dots of color, texture and location, is because of a process called _______. binding IncorrectQuestion 16 0 / 2 pts In the brain, the dorsal pathway corresponds to _______ processing, and the ventral pathway to _______ processing. where/action; what/perception Question 17 2 / 2 pts Hubel and Weisel's work in the 1960's using single-cell recordings led to the discovery of _______, which are highly specified neurons that respond to specific qualities of lines (e.g., orientation, movement, and length). feature detectors Question 18 2 / 2 pts When past knowledge of objects aids in our perception of them, we are using _______. top-down processing IncorrectQuestion 19 0 / 2 pts Listening to your friend in class while you are simultaneously listening to your professor's lecture and taking notes is most similar to _______. a shadowing task IncorrectQuestion 20 0 / 2 pts Witt, Linkenauger, & Profitt (2012) had participants make golf putts towards two holes of the same size. The hole was surrounded by circles that were either larger or smaller than the target hole that participants were aiming towards. Because of the Ebbinghaus Illusion... all of the above. IncorrectQuestion 21 0 / 2 pts When recording from a single axon, greater neural activity is indicated by the _______ of action potentials. rate Question 22 2 / 2 pts Which of the following neural components is NOT found at the receiving end of neurons? Axon Question 23 2 / 2 pts In Ebbinghaus' experiment on memory, he showed that memory/savings for non-sense trigrams... declined quickly initially, but then stabilized. Question 24 2 / 2 pts Which of the following methods, often associated with Structuralism, was used in the Psychology laboratory established by Wilhelm Wundt? Analytic Introspection IncorrectQuestion 25 0 / 2 pts Taking care of the environment is important to you so you try to reuse "trash" that you create. As an example, an old plastic milk jug was reused as a water bottle and then cut in half and repurposed as a window garden by filing it with dirt. According to Gibson's (1979) ecological perspective, you have found different _______ for the milk jug. regularities Question 27 2 / 2 pts The "cognitive revolution" was a dramatic shift in the way Psychology was studied. This shift occurred parallel to (and, in part, because of) the introduction of... the development of computers. Question 29 2 / 2 pts An early model of memory indicates that incoming information is first handled by "sensory" memory, which is then moved to "short-term" memory, and is finally pushed to "long-term" memory. This model, proposed by Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968), is an example of a _______ model. process Question 31 2 / 2 pts Jeff notices that when he is moving forward, objects that are physically close to him look like they are moving behind him quickly, while objects that are physically distant appear as if they are not moving at all. Jeff is experiencing... optic flow. IncorrectQuestion 32 0 / 2 pts Paul Broca's and Carl Wernicke's research on independent aphasia types provided early evidence for... localization of functioning Question 33 2 / 2 pts If you perceive the simplest outlines or qualities of an object first, and then you add those parts to comprehend an object, which type of mental processing are you using? bottom-up Question 34 2 / 2 pts Which of these psychological approaches to studying perception focuses on how humans use principles of organization to make sense of our surroundings? Gestalt IncorrectQuestion 35 0 / 2 pts Which of the following is NOT an analogy used to describe attention? Glue used to attach pieces of a model airplane. IncorrectQuestion 36 0 / 2 pts Misremembering that a red car was involved in a car accident when in reality the vehicle was a red truck at a busy intersection is an example of a/an _______. change blindness Question 37 2 / 2 pts Consistent with Schneider & Shiffrin (1977), the most important method for improving performance on a difficult attention task is to _______. practice regularly Question 39 2 / 2 pts You come home, your house is a mess. Garbage is everywhere, trinkets are broken, and clothing is strewn about. Nothing is missing and your cat and dog are calmly sitting in the middle of the mess. According to the principle of pragnanz (i.e., law of simplicity), what would you argue caused the mess? your pets IncorrectQuestion 40 0 / 2 pts Early studies of brain tissue used staining techniques and microscopes to show _______, a basic network of neurons that all respond to the same or similar types of stimuli in the environment. These are often involved in reflexive behaviors. neural networks

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______ occurs when more recent learning impairs memory for something that happened further back in the past. Retroactive interference Episodic and semantic memories, though independent, are often interconnected. For instance, when we experience events... the knowledge that makes up semantic memories initially is attained through personal experience based in episodic memory. Imagine yourself walking from your car, bus stop, or dorm room to your first class. Your ability to update your mental map as you travel is due to what component of working memory? Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad Remembering that a tomato is technically a fruit rather than a vegetable is an example of _______ memory. semantic According to memory research, studying is most effective if study sessions are... short and spread out over several days. Roediger & Karpicke (2006) compared groups of participants who were either tested following study of a textbook passage, or restudied the textbook passage. A final test was then completed after a 5 minute delay, a 2 day delay, or a 1 week delay. Their results showed that relative to restudy, testing __________ memory performance on an immediate test and __________ memory performance on a final test. decreased; increased Daneman & Carpenter (1980) pretested subjects and classified them into high working memory and low working memory groups. Subjects then completed the RSPAN task in which they had to remember pronouns from prior sentences that ranged from 2-7 past sentences. The general finding was that... High working memory individuals were able to remember the pronouns well regardless of the number of previous sentences, but low working memory individuals could only remember pronouns for the most recent couple of sentences. Question 20 2 / 2 pts Sperling's (1960) experiment compared partial report and full report techniques to evaluate memory for a group of numbers flashed very briefly. The comparison of those report techniques provided evidence that... information in sensory memory fades after 1 to 2 seconds or less. Question 21 2 / 2 pts Brown and Peterson (1959) studied how well participants could remember trigrams (e.g., BRG, QSD) after various delays. They found that participants remembered an average of 80% of the trigrams after a 3 second delay, but this number decreased to 10% after an 18 second delay. They hypothesized that this decrease in performance was due to _______, but later research (e.g., Keppel & Underwood, 1962) showed that it was also due to _______. decay; interference James tries to remember a conversation he had with his friend Jaimie yesterday. However, James sees Jaimie everyday and he misremembers a conversation that took place a week ago. James is a victim of _______. proactive interference Question 24 2 / 2 pts Miller's (1956) magic number 7 ± 2, refers to short-term memory's ability to remember this many _______. meaningful units (chunks) Question 25 2 / 2 pts _______ cues help us remember information that is already stored in memory. Retrieval Question 26 2 / 2 pts Working memory differs from short-term memory in that... working memory is engaged in processing information, usually through attention. DeRenzi et al. (1987) describes an "Italian Woman" who, after an attack of encephalitis, struggled remembering people or facts she knew before. She could however, remember previous life events and daily tasks. Her memory behavior reflects... intact episodic memory, but defective semantic memory. Elaborative encoding of a new word is least likely to be accomplished by... rote rehearsal. Question 33 2 / 2 pts Hebb's idea of long-term potentiation, which provides a physiological mechanism for the long-term storage of memories, includes the idea of... physical changes in the terminal buttons of neurons. From the behavior of H. M., who experienced memory problems following surgery, we can conclude that the hippocampus is important in _______. long-term memory acquisition (i.e., creation). Question 36 2 / 2 pts Based on Cabeza et al.'s (2004) study on autobiographical memory, a person's prefrontal cortex and hippocampus become more active when viewing photos of buildings that... the person took themselves. Loftus & Palmer's (1974) car-crash experiment demonstrates how seemingly minor word changes can produce changes in a person's memory report. In this study, the misleading word that produced the greatest exaggeration of estimated speed was _______. "smashed" According to the model of working memory, which of the following mental tasks should LEAST adversely affect people's driving performance while operating a car along an unfamiliar, winding road? Trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned

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You are watching a large holiday display and are amazed at the flashing and twinkling of the lights. You are particularly mesmerized by how the lights move, or do they? Which visual illusion are you experiencing? the phi phenomenon Which of the following is NOT a limitation of Cognitive Neuroscience? Cognitive neuroscience is invasive and is not ethical to conduct in humans. In Donders' (1868) experiment on decision making, asking a participant to respond to one light using one response and another light using a different response corresponds to what type of task? a choice reaction time task You have noticed that after spending a few weeks on campus that you are able to navigate to your classrooms regardless of the parking lot you parked your car in that day. E.C. Tolman would argue that you have created a _______, a mental conception of your physical environment. cognitive map Question 6 2 / 2 pts An early flow-chart model of memory indicates that incoming information is first handled by "sensory" memory, is then moved to "short-term" memory, and then moves to "long-term" memory. This model, proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968), is an example of a(n) _______ model. process Question 7 2 / 2 pts Regarding children's language development, Noam Chomsky noted that children generate many sentences they have never heard before. He concluded that language is therefore driven by... an innate, biological program. Question 9 2 / 2 pts Treisman's Attenuation Model of Attention suggests that some information passes through and is perceived, but only after it has been ranked in terms of _______. importance Question 10 2 / 2 pts _______ states that cognitions and environmental experiences are not based on physical contact per se, but on electrical and chemical activation patterns within the brain. The principle of neural representations The Stroop (1935) task, places the automatic response of _______ in opposition of the more controlled response of _______. reading; color-naming

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