Cognition and Learning Exam 1

describe and differentiate classical and operational conditioning

Both are processes that lead to learning. Talk about how classical conditioning pairs 2 stimuli while operational pairs behavior and response.

According to your textbook, perception goes beyond the simple receipt of sensory information. It is involved in many different cognitive skills. Which of the following is NOT one of those skills as noted by the chapter?

Experiencing neuromodulation

The first formal laboratory of psychology, where the approach of structuralism was created, was founded in which city?

Leipzig, Germany

Which of the following is consistent with the idea of localization of function?

all of these are correct

Regarding children's language development, Noam Chomsky noted that children generate many sentences they have never heard before. From this, he concluded that language development is driven largely by

an inborn biological program

The schedule of reinforcement in which a set number of responses must be made foreach reward is called

fixed ratio

What is an operant conditioning procedure that involves reinforcing the last of a specific number of responses

fixed ratio

Experience resulting from stimulation of the senses and information from the senses that can help guide our actions is called

perception

When Sam listens to his girlfriend Susan in the restaurant and ignores other people's conversations, he is engaged in the process of ____ attention.

selective

You are at a parade where there are a number of marching bands. You perceive the bands that are all in the same uniforms as being grouped together. The red uniforms are one band, the green uniforms another, and so forth. You have this perceptual experience because of the law of

similarity

In the text's use of the Olympic Rings example, which Gestalt law contributes to the correct perception of five interlocking circles rather than nine separate segments?

simplicity

A synapse is

the gap that separates two different neurons

The branch of psychology concerned with the scientific study of the mind is called

cognitive psychology

Russell has learned that every time he sees a green flag flying atop the life guard's stand at the beach the conditions are perfect for swimming and that he can go into the water. This describes a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

continuous

What in operant conditioning, is the delivery of a reinforcer for very single response.

continuous reinforcement

The likelihood principle states that

we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received.

Which of the following statements best describes how neurons communicate with one another?

A chemical process takes place in the synapse.

Describe Scene Schema

A person's knowledge about what is likely to be contained in a particular scene. This knowledge can help guide attention to different areas of the scene.

Who proposed that children's language development was caused by imitation and reinforcement?

B. F. Skinner

Which of the following psychologists is known for research on operant conditioning?

B.F. Skinner

Describe the cognitive load approach to attention

Proposal that the ability to ignore task-irrelevant stimuli depends on the load of the task the person is carrying out. High-load tasks result in less distraction.

Describe the Stroop effect and explain the significance of the Stroop effect for understanding attention.

Talk about how the Stroop effect shows the difference between automatic responses and comprehended responses. How we are likely to see a color word that's painted over in a different color- and we have to comprehend that it's not an easy thing to see, just one thing when it is being affiliated with another.

describe gestalt law and explain each 3 rules

The three Gestalt laws of perceptual organization: Good Continuation, the law of pragnanz (principle of good figure or the principle of simplicity), and Similarity. Good continuation: points that, when connected, result in straight or smoothly curving lines are seen as belonging together. The law of pragnanz: every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible. Similarity: similar things appear to be grouped together.

Which statement best summarizes the focus of the Gestalt psychologists?

We must understand the basic components of perception

What structure is found in the temporal lobe?

Wernicke's area

Evidence for the role of top-down processing in perception is shown by which of the following examples?

When someone accurately identifies a word in a song on a radio broadcast despite static interfering with reception

The founder of the first laboratory of scientific psychology was...

Wilhelm Wundt

Who founded the first laboratory of scientific psychology at the University of Leipzig in Germany?

William Wundt

Which of the following methods, often associated with structuralism, was used in the psychology laboratory established by Wilhelm Wundt?

analytic introspection

Action potentials occur in the

axon

Using behavior to infer mental processes is the basic principle of

behaviorism

Pavlov Dog Diagram

bell + meat powder = drool bell = drool (neutral stimulus) + (unconditioned stimulus) = (unconditioned response) (conditioned stimulus) = (conditioned response)

The "Little Albert" experiment involving the rat and the loud noise is an example of which of the following types of experiments?

classical conditioning

Attention, perception, memory, and decision making are all different types of mental processes in which the mind engages. These are known as different types of

cognition

Brain imaging has made it possible to

determine which areas of the brain are involved in different cognitive processes

The idea that specific cognitive functions activate many areas of the brain is known as

distributed representation

the distribution of attention among 2 or more tasks is known as

divided attention

You look at a rope coiled on a beach and are able to perceive it as a single strand because of the law of

good continuation

the stroop effect demonstrates

how automatic processing can interfere with intended processing

Negative reinforcement _______ responding; punishment _______ responding

increases; decreases

scene schema is

knowledge about what is contained in a typical scene

Paul Broca's and Carl Wernicke's research provided early evidence for

localization of function

if you are folding towels while watching television, you may find that you don't have to pay much attention to the act of folding while keeping up with the storyline on the TV show. Folding the towels would be an example of an _________ task

low-load

the main difference between early and late selection models of attention is that in late selection models, selection of stimuli for final processing doesn't occur until the information is analyzed for

meaning

Stevie Allison enjoys playing football for his high school team. Stevie was not allowed to play football for three games when he got in a fight with a soccer player after school. Taking away the privilege of football to decrease fighting is an example of

negative punishment

Bob McKettlefish fastens his seatbelt in order to stop the annoying buzzer that sounds when he starts his car. What mechanism is being used to increase Bob's seat belt wearing?

negative reinforcement

Groups of neurons or structures that are connected within the nervous system are called__________.

neural networks

People perceive vertical and horizontal orientations more easily than other orientations according to the

oblique effect

According to the behaviorists, only the study of should be the emphasis of the science of psychology.

observable behavior

John Watson believed that psychology should focus on the study of

observable behavior

The investigation of how behavior is strengthened by presentation of positive reinforcers (e.g., food) or withdrawal of negative reinforcers (e.g., shock) is best known as

operant conditioning

The process by which small objects become perceptually grouped to form larger objects is the principle of perceptual

organization

Speech segmentation is defined as

organizing the sounds of speech into individual words

Ebbinghaus's "memory" experiments were important because they

plotted functions that described the operation of the mind

Behaviorists believe that the presentation of ____________increases the frequency of behavior.

positive reinforcers

One of the most famous examples of classical conditioning was John B. Watson's baby Albert experiment. Albert initially showed no fear toward the white rat, but after the presentation and pairing the white rat with loud, banging noises the child showed fear when the white rat was present. Complete the diagram below

rat + loud noise = fear rat = fear (neutral stimulus) + (unconditioned stimulus) = (unconditioned response) (conditioned stimulus) = (conditioned response)

Strayer and Johnston's (2001) experiment involving simulated driving and the use of "hands-free" vs. "handheld" cell phones found that

talking on either kind of phone impairs driving performance significantly and to the same extent

according to your text, the ability to divide attention depends on all of the following except

task cueing

With the Stroop effect, you would expect to find longest response times when

the color and name differed

according to trainman's attenuation model, which of the following would you expect to have the highest threshold for most people

the word "platypus"

If a word is identified more easily when it is in a sentence than when it is presented alone, this would be an example of _____ processing.

top-down

What is an operant schedule in which reinforcers are available for the first response after a variable amount of time, which averages out over many intervals to some predetermined interval value.

variable interval

When Ira goes to restaurants and orders appetizers, he sometimes receives them within five minutes, sometimes within ten minutes, and sometimes within fifteen minutes. This describes a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

variable interval

What is an operant schedule in which the individual receives one reinforcement for several responses; the number of responses required varies but averages out to the ratio value?

variable ratio

What structure is located in the occipital lobe

visual cortex