Cognition Chapter 7

Which of the following statements regarding explicit memory is FALSE? Select one: a. Explicit memory is typically revealed as a priming effect. b. Explicit memory is usually assessed by direct, rather than indirect, testing. c. Explicit memory is often tested by recall testing or by a standard recognition test. d. Explicit memory is usually revealed by specifically asking someone to remember the past.

a. Explicit memory is typically revealed as a priming effect.

Which of the following statements about processing fluency is NOT accurate? Select one: a. Processing fluency is always associated with improved source memory. b. Fluency can lead people to correctly identify an object as familiar. c. Exposure to an item can cause it to be processed more fluently in the future. d. Fluency can lead people to incorrectly identify an object as familiar.

a. Processing fluency is always associated with improved source memory.

Steve is shown a list of words that includes "baby." He is then asked to list all the words he can remember from the list, but he does not include "baby." Steve is later given a lexical decision task in which he has to decide, for each of the letter strings presented, whether the string is an actual word or not. One of the letter strings presented in the lexical decision task, though, is "baby." Which of the following patterns is most likely to reflect Steve's performance on this identification task? Select one: a. Steve will respond more quickly to "baby" than he would to other words. b. Steve will say "baby" is a nonword. c. Steve's response time will be about the same to "baby" as to all other items on the test. d. Steve will respond more slowly to "baby" relative to nonwords.

a. Steve will respond more quickly to "baby" than he would to other words.

Weston is initially unsure how to answer the question "What is the capital of Wisconsin?" When provided with the hint "It's a girl's name," Weston quickly recalls that the capital is Madison. Which of the following best explains this? Select one: a. The Madison node was activated once it received activation from both the Wisconsin and the girl's names nodes. b. There was a strong connection between the girl's names nodes and the Madison nodes. c. There was a strong flow of activation from the Wisconsin nodes to the Madison nodes. d. There was no connection between the Wisconsin nodes and the Madison nodes.

a. The Madison node was activated once it received activation from both the Wisconsin and the girl's names nodes.

According to the textbook chapter, what would be the most accurate way to describe the subjective feeling of familiarity? Select one: a. a conclusion you draw about a stimulus, usually in explaining an unexpected level of processing fluency b. an effortful and erroneous process c. a retrieval strategy d. a feeling directly triggered by a stimulus that had been encountered at some point in the past

a. a conclusion you draw about a stimulus, usually in explaining an unexpected level of processing fluency

Theories of spreading activation assume that activating one node will lead to Select one: a. activation of all nodes connected to the one that was activated at first. b. a subset of connected nodes being activated. c. activation of nodes selected by the central executive. d. unconnected nodes being suppressed.

a. activation of all nodes connected to the one that was activated at first.

In many settings, a person experiences a sense of familiarity but no accompanying source memory. This pattern is LEAST likely to lead to Select one: a. explicit recollection of a person's name or profession. b. the person inaccurately accusing someone of a crime, merely because that person seems familiar. c. the person's preferences changing in favor of the familiar information. d. the person believing that a familiar statement is true, even though he or she cannot remember where he or she heard it.

a. explicit recollection of a person's name or profession.

Current evidence indicates that patients suffering from Korsakoff's amnesia Select one: a. have preserved implicit memory despite severe disruption in explicit memory. b. show intact implicit memory with perceptual cues but disrupted implicit memory with conceptual cues. c. suffer from disruption in both implicit and explicit memory. d. show greater disruption in implicit memory than in explicit memory.

a. have preserved implicit memory despite severe disruption in explicit memory.

Double dissociations in memory are important because they Select one: a. provide strong evidence for separate memory systems. b. remain unchallenged by contemporary standards. c. provided early evidence of the extent of H.M.'s amnesia. d. suggest that damage to any area of the brain will impact all memory functioning.

a. provide strong evidence for separate memory systems.

Familiarity (as opposed to source memory) Select one: a. provides one of the important sources for recognition. b. is established by "relational" or "elaborative" rehearsal. c. is promoted by deep processing. d. is essential for adequate performance on a recall test.

a. provides one of the important sources for recognition.

Like patients with Korsakoff 's syndrome, H.M. has difficulty with Select one: a. recall. b. implicit memory tasks. c. unconscious memory. d. familiarity.

a. recall.

When you are trying to access information in long-term memory, you use a Select one: a. retrieval path. b. random search strategy. c. serial, exhaustive search. d. harmonic search.

a. retrieval path.

In many circumstances, participants correctly recognize that a stimulus is familiar, but they are mistaken in their beliefs about where and when they encountered the stimulus. This error is referred to as Select one: a. source confusion. b. amnesia. c. origin error. d. false identification.

a. source confusion.

Abby had enjoyed playing with toy cars with her 4-year-old nephew two weeks ago. As a result, she has decided to purchase toy cars for her friend's 4-year-old son's upcoming birthday. She has no recall of which toy cars her nephew has. She is most likely to select Select one: a. toy cars her nephew has. b. toy cars in the "New Arrivals" section of the toy store. c. toy cars with vibrant colors. d. toy cars of varying sizes.

a. toy cars her nephew has.

Abigail saw the stimulus "cla--" and was asked to think of a word that began with these letters. This task is called Select one: a. word-stem completion. b. semantic priming. c. a lexical decision. d. explicit memory.

a. word-stem completion.

Which of the following statements is an example of a recognition test? Select one: a. "Describe how you spent New Year's Eve in 1994." b. "Which one of these individuals is the person you saw at the party?" c. "What political event does this song remind you of ?" d. "What is the formula needed for computing the area of a circle?"

b. "Which one of these individuals is the person you saw at the party?"

Which of the following statements is true about the role the hippocampus plays in memory? Select one: a. Korsakoff patients have little to no damage in hippocampal areas. b. The hippocampus plays an important role in establishing new memories. c. Hippocampus damage is associated with retrograde amnesia. d. The hippocampus is important only for old memories from months and years back.

b. The hippocampus plays an important role in establishing new memories.

In a lexical decision task, a researcher finds no effect of priming. Which of the following statements is a plausible explanation for this? Select one: a. The researcher neglected to tell the participants that some of the test words had been recently encountered. b. The researcher had waited too long after the exposure that should have produced the priming, and so the implicit memory had faded. c. Some of the test words were high in frequency, but others were quite low in frequency. d. When the priming words were first presented, participants failed to pay attention to the meaning of the words.

b. The researcher had waited too long after the exposure that should have produced the priming, and so the implicit memory had faded.

Lexical decision tasks require participants to Select one: a. quickly respond "old" or "new" to pictures of items. b. decide whether a letter string is a word or a nonword. c. remember previously shown items. d. provide the meaning of target words.

b. decide whether a letter string is a word or a nonword.

Which of the following methods seems LEAST likely to be evidence of an implicit memory? Select one: a. believing something is true because you have previously heard it b. declaring that George Washington was the first president of the United States c. classical conditioning d. successfully riding a bike

b. declaring that George Washington was the first president of the United States

Because of the effects of context-dependent learning, students might find it most beneficial to Select one: a. focus on their instructor's intended meaning rather than the exact words. b. prepare for their examinations under conditions similar to the test conditions. c. study only when entirely sober. d. use mnemonic devices as a study aid.

b. prepare for their examinations under conditions similar to the test conditions.

The term "processing pathway" refers to Select one: a. the connections between the retina and the occipital cortex. b. the sequences of nodes and connections between nodes that activation flows through. c. the increased ease of recall that results from repeated exposure. d. the steps one goes through in retrieving information from memory.

b. the sequences of nodes and connections between nodes that activation flows through.

Which of the following observations is most likely an illustration of context-dependent learning? Select one: a. "Mikhail has told me his phone number over and over again, but somehow I can't get it into my head." b. "I haven't been to Athens in years, but I still remember all the great times I had there!" c. "Last month I went to my 20th high school reunion. I saw people I hadn't thought about for years, but the moment I saw them, I was reminded of the things we'd done together 20 years earlier." d. "I spent hours studying in the library last night preparing for my history midterm. And it really paid off; I did a great job on the exam."

c. "Last month I went to my 20th high school reunion. I saw people I hadn't thought about for years, but the moment I saw them, I was reminded of the things we'd done together 20 years earlier."

Essam completed a name pronunciation task that included famous and nonfamous names. His ability to identify famous names was tested one day after he completed the name pronunciation task. Dane completed the same pronunciation task, and his ability to identify famous names was tested immediately after completing the task. Which finding would be anticipated? Select one: a. Both Essam and Dane are more likely to identify novel nonfamous names as being famous. b. Dane is more likely to describe famous names as being nonfamous. c. Essam is more likely to describe nonfamous names as being famous. d. Both Essam and Dane will identify previously seen nonfamous names as being famous.

c. Essam is more likely to describe nonfamous names as being famous.

Which of the following is most like an example of the influence of implicit memory? Select one: a. Alejandro was taking a true-false test. He didn't know the answer to Question 12, so he skipped it. b. Benji was taking a true-false test. He could not remember the answer to Question 12, but he did his best to reconstruct what the answer might be. c. Markus was taking a multiple-choice test. He was having a hard time with Question 17, but Option D for that question seemed familiar, so he decided that D must be the correct answer. d. Dave was taking a true-false test. Not only did Dave remember the answer to Question 12, he also remembered where the answer appeared on the textbook page.

c. Markus was taking a multiple-choice test. He was having a hard time with Question 17, but Option D for that question seemed familiar, so he decided that D must be the correct answer.

Herbert says, "I can't figure out where I've seen that person before, but I know that I have seen her before!" Herbert Select one: a. seems to have formed interim associations when he last encountered the face. b. would perform well on a recall test but not on a recognition test. c. has a sense of familiarity but no source memory. d. has an episodic memory for the face but no generic memory for the face.

c. has a sense of familiarity but no source memory.

A researcher hypothesizes that high doses of caffeine can produce context-dependent learning. To confirm this hypothesis, the researcher would need to show that Select one: a. participants learn more effectively if they drink several cups of coffee before studying the material to be learned. b. participants who drink a lot of coffee are, in general, likely to do better on memory tests. c. if participants study the material while drinking a great deal of coffee, they will remember the material better if they drink a great deal of coffee while taking the memory test. d. participants' recall performance is improved if they are tested soon after drinking several cups of coffee.

c. if participants study the material while drinking a great deal of coffee, they will remember the material better if they drink a great deal of coffee while taking the memory test.

Establishing a memory connection Select one: a. can occur only for emotional memories. b. seems to "cement" a memory in place. c. may be of little value if later the connection is not the one you need. d. encourages intrusion errors, so you should avoid creating these connections.

c. may be of little value if later the connection is not the one you need.

A participant is asked, "In the list of words I showed you earlier, was there a word that rhymed with 'lake'?" The participant is likely to be well prepared for this sort of memory test if he or she Select one: a. paid attention to the appearance of the words when trying to memorize them. b. relied on perceptual fluency when studying the words. c. paid attention to the sounds of the words when trying to memorize them. d. used maintenance rehearsal when trying to memorize the words.

c. paid attention to the sounds of the words when trying to memorize them.

In an experiment, participants learned materials in Room A and were tested in Room B. If they were asked to think about Room A just before taking the test, participants Select one: a. performed worse on the test because this distracting instruction interfered with memory rehearsal. b. performed worse on the test due to dual-task memory disruption. c. performed as well as they would have done had there been no room change. d. performed the same as those participants who were not asked to think about Room A.

c. performed as well as they would have done had there been no room change.

In a classic demonstration, Claparède showed that Select one: a. Korsakoff 's amnesiacs show an extraordinary ability to recall their plans for the future even though they cannot remember their own pasts. b. the behavior of a Korsakoff 's amnesia patient is less well organized than clinicians have theorized. c. the behavior of a Korsakoff 's amnesia patient can be changed by a recent event even though the patient shows no signs of remembering that event. d. Korsakoff 's amnesiacs show more severe retrograde amnesia than anterograde amnesia.

c. the behavior of a Korsakoff 's amnesia patient can be changed by a recent event even though the patient shows no signs of remembering that event.

A participant is asked to memorize a series of word pairs, including the pair "heavy-light." The participant is asked a series of questions: "Was 'lamp' one of the words you saw? Was 'candle' one of the words? Was 'spark' one of the words? Was 'light' one of the words?" The participant answers "no" to each of these questions, probably because Select one: a. the learning context led the participant to think in terms of opposites, while the test context led the participant to think in terms of semantic associates. b. the learning context does not provide adequate support for perceptual encoding. c. what was memorized was the idea of "light" as a description of weight, not "light" as illumination. d. the learning context does relatively little to encourage deep processing.

c. what was memorized was the idea of "light" as a description of weight, not "light" as illumination.

A friend of yours has recently grown a beard. When you encounter him, you realize at once that something about his face has changed, but you are not certain what has changed. We can conclude from this that Select one: a. you are being influenced by the fact that there are fewer men with beards than men without beards. b. your memory of your friend's face is influenced by context-dependent learning. c. you detected the decrease in fluency in your recognition of your friend's face. d. you are displaying an instance of source amnesia.

c. you detected the decrease in fluency in your recognition of your friend's face.

In one study, participants first learn a list of words. Then, in a memory test, participants are asked whether each word was on the earlier list and also whether they "remember" seeing each word or just "know" each was on the list. While participants are making these "remember/know" judgments, an fMRI scan records their brain activity. The results indicate that Select one: a. "know" responses are associated with activity in the hippocampus during learning. b. "know" responses are associated with anterior parahippocampus activity at learning. c. "remember" responses are associated with activity in the rhinal cortex at learning. d. "remember" responses are associated with activity in the hippocampal region during learning.

d. "remember" responses are associated with activity in the hippocampal region during learning.

Participants are asked to memorize a list of words. The eighth word on the list is "inches," the ninth word is "meters," and the tenth word is "feet." In which of the following situations would the participants be most likely to remember the previous exposure to "feet"? Select one: a. In the memory test, the fourth word tested is "fight," and the fifth is "feet." b. In the memory test, the fourth word tested is "heat," and the fifth is "feet." c. In the memory test, the fourth word tested is "hands," and the fifth is "feet." d. In the memory test, the fourth word tested is "yards," and the fifth is "feet."

d. In the memory test, the fourth word tested is "yards," and the fifth is "feet."

Context has an effect on memory Select one: a. but not on the way a person perceives a memory. b. only if the information is recalled in the same physical environment where it was learned. c. because it interferes with the retrieval paths. d. because it influences how the person thinks of the material to be remembered.

d. because it influences how the person thinks of the material to be remembered.

Geraldo, a lawyer, has read about a case (Jones v. Arizona) that he thinks will help one of his clients. Geraldo wants to make sure that he remembers to discuss the case with his client, and also wants to remember to bring up the case in his opening statement in court. His best approach is likely to be to Select one: a. repeat to himself, over and over again, "Don't forget Jones v. Arizona." b. put the case book containing Jones v. Arizona on his desk with all of the other books and hope he finds it when his client arrives and when he writes his opening statement. c. reread the summary of the case several times. d. build multiple retrieval paths between the new case and the situations in which he wishes to use it.

d. build multiple retrieval paths between the new case and the situations in which he wishes to use it.

"Context reinstatement" refers to Select one: a. impaired memory performance if participants recall the context where the material was learned. b. improved memory if the materials to be remembered were thought about in a novel context. c. improved memory if the mnemonics used have a similar context to the materials to be remembered. d. improved memory if we mentally re-create the context that was in place during learning.

d. improved memory if we mentally re-create the context that was in place during learning.

If you perceive a stimulus and then later perceive the same stimulus again, you are likely to perceive the stimulus more quickly and more easily the second time. This benefit can be described as a Select one: a. context-dependent memory. b. recognition memory. c. explicit memory. d. increase in processing fluency.

d. increase in processing fluency.

Theodore has suffered from Korsakoff's amnesia for the last decade. Theodore is LEAST likely to do which of the following actions? Select one: a. recognize people he met 18 years ago b. accurately recall events from early childhood c. hold a coherent conversation d. recall events that occurred last month

d. recall events that occurred last month