Cognition: Unit 1
You are walking down the street and see a nice car drive by. You notice its color, movement, and shape. All of these features are processed
in different parts of the brain
The theory of unconscious inference includes the
likelihood principle
The main point of the Donders's reaction time experiments was to
measure the amount of time it takes to make a decision
People perceive vertical and horizontal orientations more easily than other orientations according to the
oblique effect
What is the typical duration of short-term memory?
15 to 20 seconds
Josiah is trying to speak to his wife, but his speech is very slow and labored, often with jumbled sentence structure. Josiah may have damage to which area of the brain?
Broca's area
What is the metabolic center of an individual neuron?
Cell body
The phrase "Pairing one stimulus with another" is most associated with which of the following?
Classical conditioning
The ability to focus on one stimulus while filtering out other stimuli is called
Cocktail party effect
The phrase "Conception within the rat's mind of the maze's layout" is most associated with which of the following?
Cognitive mapping
The branch of psychology concerned with the scientific study of the mind is called
Cognitive psychology
Determining the sequence of DNA in humans was a major scientific advance that opened the door to new ideas about illness and approaches to treatment. An individual's unique DNA sequence is similar to which of the following?
Connectome
Which of the following terms does NOT reflect functional network activity in the brain?
Consistent
Palmer's experiment, in which he asked people to identify objects in a kitchen, showed how _______ can affect perception.
Context
Regarding free recall of a list of items, which of the following will most likely cause the recency effect to disappear by preventing rehearsal?
Counting backward for 30 seconds before recall
The pathway leading from the striate cortex to the parietal lobe is known as the
Where pathway
With the Stroop effect, you would expect to find longest response times when
With the Stroop effect, you would expect to find longest response times when
When conducting an experiment on how stimuli are represented by the firing of neurons, you notice that neurons respond differently to different faces. For example, Arthur's face causes three neurons to fire, with neuron 1 responding the most and neuron 3 responding the least. Roger's face causes the same three neurons to fire, with neuron 1 responding the least and neuron 3 re-sponding the most. Your results support coding.
distributed
A synapse is
the space between neurons
Gauthier and coworkers' experiment on experience-dependent plasticity showed that after extensive "Greeble recognition" training sessions, FFA neurons had a(n) ________ response to faces and an ________ response to Greebles.
Decreased, increased
A man suffering from Korsakoff's syndrome would be able to perform which of the following activities without difficulty?
Identifying a photograph of his childhood home
___________ memories are those that we are not aware of.
Implicit
The neuron doctrine is
In disagreement with nerve net theory
Which of the following statements is correct?
Objects in central vision fall on the small area called the fovea
What is a key difference between dendrites and axons?
One sends information and the other receives information
Sarah has experienced brain damage making it difficult for her to understand spatial layout. Which area of her brain has most likely sustained damage?
Parahippocampal place area (PPA)
A 10-month-old baby is interested in discovering different textures, comparing the touch sensations between a soft blanket and a hard wooden block. Tactile signals such as these are received by the _____ lobe.
Parietal
Which part of the brain is important for touch, pressure, and pain?
Parietal Lobe
Which part of the brain is important for touch?
Parietal Lobe
Experience resulting from stimulation of the senses and information from the senses that can help guide our actions is called
Perception
Who developed the concept of the cognitive map?
Tolman
In which of the following examples of two different brain-injured patients (Tom and Tim) is a double dissociation demonstrated?
Tom has good semantic memory and poor episodic memory, while Tim has good episodic memory but poor semantic memory.
Maria took a drink from a container marked "milk". Surprised, she quickly spit out the liquid because it turned out the container was filled with orange juice instead. Maria likes orange juice, so why did she have such a negative reaction to it? Her response was most affected by
Top-down processing
According to the model of working memory, which of the following mental tasks should LEAST adversely affect people's driving performance while operating a car along an unfamiliar, winding road?
Trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned
Regarding children's language development, Noam Chomsky noted that children generate many sentences they have never heard before. From this, he concluded that language development is driven largely by
an inborn biological program
technique in which trained participants described their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli is known as
analytic introspection
The existence of transitional probabilities adds a(n) ________ quality to learning and using language.
anticipatory
Have you ever tried to think of the words and hum the melody of one song while the radio is playing a different song? People have often noted that this is very difficult to do. This difficulty can be understood as
articulatory suppression
Ming is taking a memory test. She is more likely to recall the name of a popular singer if she had
attended the singer's concert last year with her boyfriend.
From a cognitive psychology perspective, memories from specific experiences in our life are defined as being ________.
autobiographical
Explicit memory is to ___________ as implicit memory is to ___________.
aware; unaware
Your author points out that studying the mind requires both __________ and __________ experiments.
behavioral; physiological
A person with strong ________ would likely have a deeper experience of Bayesian influence.
beliefs
During a visit to the local museum, you appreciate the incredible beauty of the paintings displayed. Your ability to see the paintings as complete pictures rather than individual, disconnected dots of color, texture, and location occurs through a process called __________.
binding
If you stand very close to a pointillist painting, all you will see are tiny colored dots. But as you step away from the painting, larger areas of color become noticeable and eventually become recognizable objects such as flowers or clouds. This is similar to which of the following?
binding
Murdoch's "remembering a list" experiment described the serial position curve and found that memory is best for ___________ of a list.
both the first and last words
The sequence of steps that includes the image on the retina, changing the image into electrical signals, and neural processing is an example of _____ processing.
bottom-up
The difficulty we have in recognizing even an obvious alteration in a scene is called __________ blindness.
change
Attention, perception, memory, and decision making are all different types of mental processes in which the mind engages. These are known as different types of
cognition
The study of the physiological basis of cognition is known as
cognitive neuroscience
Illusory conjunctions are
combinations of features from different stimuli
Which of the following stimulus characteristics most challenges the processing capacity of short-term memory?
complexity
Which of the following adjectives has the LEAST connection to perception?
conscious
Early studies of brain tissue that used staining techniques and microscopes from the 19th century described the "nerve net." These early understandings were in error in the sense that the nerve net was believed to be
continuous
Early studies of the brain tissue that used staining techniques and microscopes form the 19th century described the "nerve net". These early understandings were in error in the sense that the nerve net was believed to be
continuous
Colin Cherry's experiment in which participants listened to two different messages, one presented to each ear, found that people
could focus on one message and ignore the other one at the same time.
Newell and Simon were among the first to use computers for artificial intelligence. Their computer program
created proofs for problems in logic
The idea that specific cognitive functions activate many areas of the brain is known as
distributed representation
Which of the following word strings all refer to the same pathway?
dorsal, where, action
Brief sensory memory for sound is known as
echoic memory
"I remember being really excited last year, when my college team won the national championship in basketball." This statement is an example of _______
episodic
As people get older, their memories of past experiences tend to have an emphasis on ________.
facts
Neurons that respond to specific qualities of objects, such as orientation, movement, and length, are called
feature detectors
When recording from a single neuron, stimulus intensity is represented in a single neuron by the
firing rate of the action potential
Each time you briefly pause on one face, you are making a(n) ______________.
fixation
The _____ lobe of the cortex serves higher functions such as language, thought, and memory
frontal
The __________ lobe of the cortex receives information from all of the senses and is responsible for coordination of the senses, as well as higher cognitive functions such as thinking and problem solving
frontal
The __________ lobe of the cortex receives information from all of the senses and is responsible for coordination of the senses, as well as higher cognitive functions such as thinking and problem solving.
frontal
A bottom-up process is involved in fixating on an area of a scene that
has high stimulus salience
The recency effect occurs when participants are asked to recall a list of words. One way to eliminate the recency effect is to
have participants count backwards for 30 seconds after hearing the last word of the list.
When we search a scene, initial fixations are most likely to occur on __________ areas.
high-saliency
You are walking down the street and see a really nice car drive by. You notice many features of it: its color, movement, shape, location, and so forth. All of these features are processed
in different parts of the brain
The primary effect of chunking is to
increase the efficiency of short-term memory
Sperling's delayed partial report procedure provided evidence that
information in sensory memory fades within one or two seconds
Your text describes an "Italian woman" who, after an attack of encephalitis, had difficulty remembering people or facts she knew before. She could, however, remember her life events and daily tasks. Her memory behavior reflects
intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory.
K.C., who was injured in a motorcycle accident, remembers facts like the difference between a strike and a spare in bowling, but he is unaware of experiencing things like hearing about the circumstances of his brother's death, which occurred two years before the accident. His memory behavior suggests
intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory.
Viewpoint ________ is the ability to recognize the same object even if it is seen from different perspectives.
invariance
The task of determining the object responsible for a particular image on one's retina is called the
inverse projection problem
Neuropsychological evidence indicates that short- and long-term memories probably
involve the same brain regions.
According to Tulving, the defining property of the experience of episodic memory is that
it involves mental time travel.
A high threshold in Treisman's model of attention implies that
it takes a strong signal to cause activation
Semantic memory is to ________ as episodic memory is to ________.
knowing; remembering
Scene schema is
knowledge about what is contained in a typical scene
Suppose you are in your kitchen writing a grocery list, while your roommate is watching TV in the next room. A commercial for spaghetti sauce comes on TV. Although you are not paying attention to the TV, you "suddenly" remember that you need to pick up spaghetti sauce and add it to the list. Your behavior is best predicted by which of the following models of attention?
late selection
An oscilloscope can display "spikes" that correspond to nerve impulses in response to a certain stimulus intensity. If the stimulus intensity is decreased, you are likely to observe spikes that are
less frequent and of the same size
The saying, "If you've seen one, you've seen 'em all" best reflects which of the following?
likelihood principle
Paul Broca's and Carl Wernicke's research provided early evidence for
localization of function
Recording from single neurons in the brain has shown that neurons responding to specific types of stimuli are often clustered in specific areas. These results support the idea of
localization of function
A property of control processes in the modal model of memory is that they
may differ from one task to another
Suppose twin teenagers are vying for their mother's attention. The mother is trying to pay attention to one of her daughters, though both girls are talking (one about her boyfriend, one about a school project). According to the operating characteristics of Treisman's attenuator, it is most likely the attenuator is analyzing the incoming messages in terms of
meaning
The Stroop effect demonstrates people's inability to ignore the __________ of words.
meaning
Semantic regularity refers to the _____
meaning between properties of an object
Compared to brain-imaging techniques, ERP occurs on a
much faster time scale
Speech segmentation is defined as
organizing the sounds of speech into individual words
One of the defining characteristics of implicit memory is that
people are not conscious they are using it.
The Gestalt psychologists believe that _____.
perception is affected by experience, but built-in principles can override experience
The value that stays the same as long as there are no signals in the neuron is known as
resting potential
The layer of neurons that lines the back of the eye is called the
retina
As the ________ of a stimulus increases, ________ tends to ________.
salience; fixation; increase
Information remains in sensory memory for
seconds or a fraction of a second
Remembering that a tomato is a fruit rather than a vegetable is an example of ___________ memory.
semantic
The predominant type of coding in long-term memory is
semantic.
The type of coding that occurs in a particular situation primarily depends on the ________.
task
According to your text, the ability to divide attention depends on all of the following EXCEPT
task cueing YES: practice the difficulty of the tasks the type of processing being used
The cocktail party effect is
the ability to pay attention to one stimulus while filtering out other stimuli
One function of ___________ is to pull information out of long-term memory.
the central executive
Broadbent's model is called an early selection model because
the filter eliminates unattended information at the beginning of the information flow
Occipital Lobe
the first place in the cerebral cortex where visual information is received
Placing tomatoes, onions, jalapenos, garlic, cilantro, and lime juice into a blender and turning it on to produce salsa is similar to which of the following?
the focused attention stage of feature integration theory
The dramatic case of patient H.M. clearly illustrates that ___________ is crucial for the formation of long-term memories.
the hippocampus
When a sparkler is twirled rapidly, people perceive a circle of light. This occurs because
the length of iconic memory is about a fraction of a second
Transitional probabilities
the likelihood that one sound will follow another within a word.
Edgar Adrian studied the relationship between nerve firing and sensory experience by measuring how the firing of a neuron from a receptor in the skin changed as he applied more pressure to the skin. He found that
the rate of nerve firing increased as he increased the pressure
Brain-imaging techniques can determine all of the following EXCEPT
the structure of individual neurons
Which of the following do PET and fMRI have in common?
the use of the subtraction technique
At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Symposium on Information Theory, George Miller presented a paper suggesting that
there ae limits to the human ability to process information
Which term best reflects the core concept of echoic memory?
time
Perceiving machines are used by the U.S. Postal Service to "read" the addresses on letters and sort them quickly to their correct destinations. Sometimes, these machines cannot read an address because the writing on the envelope is not sufficiently clear for the machine to match the writing to an example it has stored in memory. Human postal workers are much more successful at reading unclear addresses, most likely because of
top-down processing
The Stroop effect occurs when participants
try to name colors and ignore words
The perception pathway corresponds to the _____ pathway, while the action pathway corresponds to the _____ pathway.
what; where
The temporal lobe is
where signals are received form the auditory system
Anne Treisman's attenuator analyzes the incoming message in terms of all of the following EXCEPT
whether the perceptual load is low or high
The ability to manipulate information in memory temporarily while remembering something else is called
working memory
It is easier to perform two tasks at the same time if
one is handled by the visuospatial sketch pad and one is handled by the phonological loop
Temporal Lobe
primary area for hearing
Neuroimage, a journal devoted solely to reporting neuroimaging research, was founded in which year?
1992
The effective duration of short-term memory, when rehearsal is prevented, is
15-20 seconds or less
As a result of gaps in the behaviorist paradigm, the new cognitive paradigm began to emerge in which decade?
1950s
In which year was positron emission tomography (PET) introduced and made it possible to see which areas of the human brain are activated during cognitive activity?
1976
Which of the following statements best describes how neurons communicate with one another?
A chemical process takes place in the synapse
As pressure to the skin increased what happened to the action potential and the number of action potentials per second
Action potential's shape and height remained the same, but the number per second increased
Which of the following is NOT an example of a physical regularity in your text?
Angled orientation PHYSICAL REGULARITIES IN TEXT: -Having one object that is partially covered by another "come out the other side" -The light-from-above assumption -The oblique effect
In which of the following body parts are neurons NOT present?
Arteries
Which of the following statements is the most accurate with regard to autobiographical memories?
Autobiographical memories can involve both episodic and semantic content.
Action potentials occur in the
Axon
Which of the following neural components is NOT found at the receiving end of neurons?
Axon
Verbal Behavior was written by
B. F. Skinner
Why is classical conditioning considered a form of implicit memory?
Because it involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it.
What does the field of neuropsychology study?
Behavior of people with brain damage
Who introduced the flow diagram to represent what is happening in the mind?
Donald Broadbent
Which of the following is not a stage in the information processing model of memory?
Episodic memory
___________ memories are to experiences as ___________ memories are to facts.
Episodic; semantic
According to your textbook, perception goes beyond the simple receipt of sensory information. It is involved in many different cognitive skills. Which of the following is NOT one of those skills as noted by the chapter?
Experiencing neuromodulation
Ramon is looking at photos of athletes in a sports magazine. He is focusing on their body parts, particularly their chest and legs. Which part of Ramon's brain is activated by this viewing?
Extrastriate body area (EBA)
Ramon is looking at pictures of scantily clad women in a magazine. He is focusing on their body parts, particularly their chest and legs. Which part of Ramon's brain is activated by this viewing?
Extrastriate body area (EBA)
The coding of a stimulus into memory involves a change in which of the following?
Form
You look at a rope coiled on a beach and are able to perceive it as a single strand because of the law of
Good continuation
Some perceptions result from assumptions we make about the environment that we are not even aware of. This theory of unconscious inference was developed by
Helmholtz
Which of the following does NOT characterize the information processing (IP) approach to the study of cognition?
IP emphasizes stimulus-response relationships in cognitive processes. YES: IP traces the sequence of mental operations involved in cognition. IP depicts the mind as processing information in a sequence of stages. IP involves the use of computers as a metaphor to understand human cognition.
In the mid-20th century, the study of the mind began using which technique or model inspired by digital computers?
Information processing model
Which of the following statements is the most accurate with regard to specificity coding?
It is unlikely to be correct because there are too many stimuli in the world to have a separate neuron for each
What is a scene schema?
Knowledge of what a scene typically contains
Barbara has recently been diagnosed with a rather aggressive form of abdominal cancer. Her oncologist is interested in determining the best way to treat her so that the tumors can be eliminated. Her gastroenterologist is focused on relieving her symptoms and giving her normal digestive functioning. Barbara is also seeing a psychologist, whose goal is to help her stay calm, relaxed, and keep her anxiety as minimal as possible while keeping her spirits up. The fact that these doctors are considering Barbara's situation with different goals and from different perspectives is similar to the idea of ________ presented in your textbook.
Levels of Analysis
Which of the following is NOT a conclusion from the case of H.M., who had an operation to help alleviate his epileptic seizures?
Long-term memories are unaffected by damage to the hippocampus.
Given what we know about the operation of the phonological loop, which of the following word lists would be most difficult for people to retain for 15 seconds? a. BIP, TEK, LIN, MOD, REY b. MAC, CAN, CAP, MAN, MAP c. PIG, DOG, RAT, FOX, HEN d. SAY, BET, PIN, COW, RUG
MAC, CAN, CAP, MAN, MAP
If the brain can be considered a busy factory that takes in and processes information, which of the following would occur during the synaptic state in Stokes's working memory concept?
Machines would shut down for material resupply
Recordings from single neurons are conducted using which of these pieces of equipment?
Microelectrode
Some neurons respond when we watch someone else do something. These are known as
Mirror neurons
Groups of interconnected neurons are referred to as
Neural Circuits
Groups of neurons or structures that are connected within the nervous system are called ________.
Neural Networks
The concept of distributed neural coding proposes that a specific object, like a face, is represented across a number of
Neurons
Which substance is released when signals reach the synapse at the end of the axon?
Neurotransmitters
Amhad is doing an experiment in which he has to choose between the object he has been shown previously (the target object) and another object. Choosing the target object will result in a reward. What sort of task is Amhad doing?
Object discrimination problem
How does perceptual load differ from processing capacity?
Perceptual load is individual and processing capacity is universal
According to Treisman's feature integration theory, the first stage of perception is called the __________ stage.
Preattentive
Positron emission tomography (PET) utilized which of the following tools?
Radioactive Tracer
If the intensity of a stimulus that is presented to a touch receptor is increased, this tends to increase the ___ in the receptor's axon.
Rate of nerve firing
Which of the following involves procedural memory?
Reading a sentence in a book
Which part of the nervous system picks up information from the outside environment?
Receptors (Not dendrites)
The demonstration in your text that asks you to visualize scenes such as an office, a department store clothing section, a lion, and a microscope often results in more details in the scene of the office or department store than the scene with the lion or microscope. The latter two tend to have fewer details because most individuals from modern society have less knowledge of _____ in those scenes.
Semantic Regularities
The demonstration in your text that asks you to visualize scenes such as an office, a department store clothing section, a lion, and a microscope often results in more details in the scene of the office or department store than the scene with the lion or microscope. The latter two tend to have fewer details because most individuals from modern society have less knowledge of __________ in those scenes.
Semantic Regularities
Which of the following is NOT an example of an implicit memory?
Semantic memory YES Procedural memory Repetition priming Classical conditioning
In the text's use of the Olympic Rings example, which Gestalt law contributes to the correct perception of five interlocking circles rather than nine separate segments?
Simplicity
In the text's use of the Olympic Rings example, which Gestalt law contributes to the correct perception of five interlocking circles?
Simplicity
Which of the following is consistent with the idea of localization of function?
Specific areas of the brain serve different functions, neurons in different areas of the brain respond best to different stimuli, and brain areas are specialized for specific functions
Before the advent of intercoms, old mansions had a sash in each room. Each sash was connected to a bell on a master board in the servants' office. When someone pulled a sash in a particular room, a bell corresponding to the room would ring on the master board, informing a servant where to go to provide assistance. This system is similar to which of the following?
Specificity coding
When Carlos moved to the U.S, he did not understand any English. Phrases like "Anna Mary Can Pi And I Scream Class Hick" didn't make any sense to him. Now that Carlos has been learning English, he recognizes this phrase as "An American Pie and Ice Cream Classic". This example illustrates that Carlos was not capable for _____ in English.
Speech Segmentation
When sound stimulates receptors in the ear, the resulting electrical signals reach the auditory receiving area in the
Temporal Lobe
Prosopagnosia results from damage to which lobe?
Temporal Lobe. Inability to recognize faces
Why is it easier to study brain tissue from newborn animals than brain tissue from adults?
The density of cells in a newborn brain is small compared with the density in an adult brain.
Which of the following is true about Bayesian inference?
The probability of an outcome is determined by the prior probability and the likelihood of the outcome
Brain-Imaging techniques can determine all of the following except?
The structure of individual neurons
Imagine yourself walking from your car, bus stop, or dorm to your first class. Your ability to form such a picture in your mind depends on which of the following components of working memory?
The visuospatial sketch pad
Which of the following is a basic principle of Gestalt psychology?
The whole is different from the sum of its parts.
According to Treisman's attenuation model, which of the following would you expect to have the highest threshold for most people?
The word "platypus"
Members of a security team are stationed on rooftops surrounding a large city plaza before a scheduled rally. Suddenly, three team members in different locations radio in to the command center, each stating that they have spotted a suspicious box on the ground with a pipe coming from the top. What enables the security team members to report seeing the same object despite being stationed on different rooftops?
Viewpoint invariance
Which of the following correctly lists types of memory from least to most complex?
Visual, semantic, episodic
When does bottom-up processing start?
When environmental energy stimulates the receptors
Imagine that lawmakers are considering changing the driving laws and that you have been consulted as an attention expert. Given the principles of divided attention, in which of the following conditions would a person have the most difficulty with driving and therefore pose the biggest safety risk on the road?
When the person is driving an unfamiliar vehicle that is more difficult to operate
Lamar has just gotten a new job and is attending a company party where he will meet his colleagues for the first time. His boss escorts him around to small groups to introduce him. At the first group, Lamar meets four people and is told only their first names. The same thing happens with a second group and a third group. At the fourth group, Lamar is told their names and that one of the women in the group is the company accountant. A little while later, Lamar realizes that he only remembers the names of the people in the first group, though he also remembers the profession of the last woman he met (the accountant). Lamar's experience demonstrates
a build-up and release of proactive interference.
Compared to the whole report technique, the partial report procedure involves
a smaller response set
On what factor do working memory and short-term memory most differ?
activity
Frontal Lobe receives signals from
all of the senses and plays an important role in perceptions that involves the coordination of information received through two or more senses
Jason quickly scanned the map on his phone to get to his job interview, then took a left and ran down the block so he wouldn't be late. According to Stokes, Jason's ability to recall the directions as he's running is the result of ________.
an activity state followed by a synaptic state
The results of Gauthier's "Greeble" experiment illustrate
an effect of experience-dependent plasticity
Neural circuits are groups of interconnected neurons that
can result in a neuron that responds best to a specific stimulus.
The key structural components of neurons are the
cell body, dendrites, and axons
The staff working in the air traffic control tower at a busy airport can be considered a suitable metaphor for which of the following?
central executive
Which of the following would have the most semantic regularities: a. skyscraper b. forest c. toll booth d. shopping mall
d. Are the characteristics associated with the function carried out in different types of scenes. Meaning of a scene.
Peterson and Peterson studied how well participants can remember groups of three letters (like BRT, QSD) after various delays. They found that participants remembered an average of 80 percent of the groups after 3 seconds but only 10 percent after 18 seconds. They hypothesized that this decrease in performance was due to ___________, but later research showed that it was actually due to ___________.
decay; interference
Donders's main reason for doing his choice reaction time experiment was to study
decision making
When investigating the serial position curve, delaying the memory test for 30 seconds
decreases the recency effect.
Brain imaging has made it possible to
determine which areas of the brain are involved in different cognitive processes
The technique where the participant's task is to focus on the message in one ear, called the attended ear, and to repeat what he or she is hearing out loud is known as
dichotic listening
Chantal has frontal lobe damage. She is doing a problem-solving task in which she has to choose the red object out of many choices. She can easily complete this repeatedly, but when the experimenter asks her to choose the blue object on a new trial of the task, she continues to choose the red one, even when the experimenter gives her feedback that she is incorrect. Chantal is displaying
perseveration
Robin lost the softball game for her team when she ran toward home and was thrown out at the plate. The coach asked her, "Why did you run? You knew it was a risky move." Robin replied, "But I heard you yell, 'Go! Go!'" The coach replied, "I was saying, 'No! No!'" Robin's ill-fated run was the result of a ________ error.
phonological
The "filter model" proposes that the filter identifies the attended message based on
physical characteristics
The fact that trees are more likely to be vertical or horizontal than slanted is an example of ____.
physical regularity
If kittens are raised in an environment that contains only verticals, you would predict that most of the neurons in their visual cortex would respond best to the visual presentation of a
picket fence
Behaviorists believe that the presentation of ____________ increases the frequency of behavior.
positive reinforcers
There are many methods for studying the physiology of the brain. _____ is the technique involving subtraction whereby brain activity is compared between baseline and stimulation measurements
positron emission tomography
The notion that every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible is called the law of
pragnanz
Funahashi's work on monkeys doing a delayed response task examined the role of neurons in the
prefrontal cortex
Reaction time refers to the time between the _______ of a stimulus and a person's response to it.
presentation
The fusiform face area (FFA) in the brain is often damaged in patients with
prosopagnosia
The primacy effect is attributed to
recall of information stored in long term memory
This multiple-choice question is an example of a ___________ test.
recognition
According to Tulving, an episodic memory is distinguished by the process of ________ it.
reliving
Which of the following terms does NOT reflect the concept of control processes?
sensory Correct: varying conscious proactive
The three structural components of the modal model of memory are
sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory
A person with a reduced digit span would most likely have a problem with ___________ memory.
short-term
Observations that people may actually process and manipulate information rather than simply store it for brief periods of time challenged the conceptualization of
short-term memory
uppose you're on the phone with a customer support representative who gives you a ticket number for your records. You're later transferred to a different representative who asks for your ticket number, but you've forgotten it. This probably occurred because the number was only temporarily stored in your
short-term memory
Your book discusses the memory functioning of patient H.M. who underwent brain surgery to relieve severe epileptic seizures. H.M.'s case has been extremely informative to psychologists by demonstrating that
short-term memory can operate normally while long-term memory is impaired.
Rehearsal is important for transferring information from
short-term memory to long-term memory
You are at a parade where there are a number of marching bands. You perceive the bands that are all in the same uniforms as being grouped together. The red uniforms are one band, the green uniforms another, and so forth. You have this perceptual experience because of the law of
similarity
In Donders's experiment on decision making, when participants were asked to press a button upon presentation of a light, they were engaged in a
simple reaction time task
The propaganda effect demonstrates that we evaluate familiar statements as being true
simply because we have been exposed to them before
Procedural memories are also known as ________ memories.
skill
Parietal Lobe
skin senses--touch, temperature, and pain
Research suggests that the capacity of short-term memory is
somewhat small, holding only about seven items at one time
When conducting an experiment on how stimuli are represented by the firing of neurons, you notice that neurons respond differently to different faces. For example, Arthur's face causes three neurons to fire, with neuron 1 responding the most and neuron 3 responding the least. Roger's face causes three different neurons to fire, with neuron 7 responding the least and neuron 9 responding the most. Your results support __________ coding.
sparse