Cognitive Exam 3 (Klein)

Which of the following theories on conceptual representation combines both sensory and motor experiences?

The embodied approach

Which property below is NOT one of the characteristics that makes human language unique?

communication

The given-new contract is a method for creating

comprehension between a speaker and a listener in a conversation

Two different definitions of ___________ offered by your book include (a) "the mental representation of a class or individual," and (b) "categories of objects, events, and abstract ideas."

concepts

Learning in the connectionist network is represented by adjustments to network

connection weights

Intermediate states can be created by

creating subgoals

When the front part of a sentence can be interpreted more than one way, but the end of the sentence clarifies which meaning is correct, we say that the sentence is an example of

speech segmentation.

Items high on prototypicality have ______ family resemblances

strong

Experts _________________ than novices.

take a more effective approach to organizing the solution to a problem

The connectionist network has learned the correct pattern for a concept when

the error signals are reduced to nearly none and the correct properties are assigned.

Lexical ambiguity studies show that people access ambiguous words based on

the meaning dominance of each definition of the word

In evaluating retrieval rates for category information for a concept, Collins and Quillian's semantic network approach would predict the slowest reaction times for which of the following statements using a sentence verification technique?

A field sparrow is an animal

According to Collins and Quillian's semantic network model, it should take longest to verify which statement below?

A turtle is an animal

Which of the following is NOT commonly associated with people who are considered highly creative?

Analysis

Which term best describes the task of factoring the equation 9x2 + 5x - 7 = 4x2 - 2x + 8?

Analytical

Which term best describes the task of factoring the equation 9x^2 + 5x - 7 = 4x^2 - 2x + 8?

Analytical

According to the hub and spoke model, which area of the brain serves as the hub?

Anterior temporal lobe

Which of the following is NOT a property of the connectionist approach?

Before any learning has occurred in the network, the weights in the network all equal zero.

Which of the following statements does NOT apply to the results of research on difference between how experts and novices solve problems?

Being an expert in one field can transfer to better problem solving in another field

Which term best describes the process of brainstorming?

Divergent

Which of the following represents a basic level item

Guitar

Which of the following is not part of a complete definition of a problem?

Has one correct answer

If human speech is represented as a string of taffy on a candy-making assembly line, then what function does speech segmentation serve at the candy factory?

It cuts the taffy into pieces

Yoda, a central character of the Star Wars movies created by George Lucas, has a distinctive way of speaking. His statement, "Afraid you will be," violates which property of the English language?

Language has a structure that is governed by rules

Janet is alone in a room that contains a chair and a shelf with a book resting on top. She attempts to retrieve the book, but the shelf is a foot above her reach. How will Janet retrieve the book? Psychologists would NOT classify the scenario as a problem because

The solution is immediately obvious

For the category "fruit," people give a higher typicality rating to "banana" than to "kiwi." Knowing that, we can also reason that

The word "fruit" will lead to a larger priming effect for banana than for kiwi

Which term best reflects a musical composer who writes a film score in the key of E?

Tonic

A researcher had participants read each of the sentences below and measured the time it took to read each sentence. Trial 1: The lamb ran past the cottage into the pasture. Trial 2: The dog ran past the house into the yard The participants' response times were longer for _____ because of the ____ effect

Trial 1; word frequency

Which problem provides an example of how functional fixedness can hinder solution of a problem?

Two-string problem

Which of the following provides the best example of functional fixedness?

Using a juice glass as a container for orange juice

Which set of stimuli would be the best selection for having people perform a lexical decision task?

Words "pizza, history" and non-words "pibble, girk"

A task for determining how prototypical an object is would be

a task where participants rate the extent to which each member represents the category title.

Dr. Chan is doing a follow-up study to the mutilated checkerboard problem experiment. In this new study, participants solve the following shoe problem before tackling the checkerboard problem. By doing this, Dr. Chan is studying the effect of _________________ on problem solving. The shoe problem: A first-grade class is using a trampoline in gym class, so all the children have removed their shoes, which are all jumbled in a large pile. One of the students, Miguel, is leaving early, so the teacher tells him to grab his shoes and report to the lobby. In his hurry, Miguel grabs two identical left-footed, size 6 red sneakers and runs to his mother still sock-footed. Will the remaining students be able to shoe-up with the remaining shoes without getting a foot-ache?

analogies

Boxing champion George Foreman recently described his family vacations with the statement, "At our ranch in Marshall, Texas, there are lots of ponds and I take the kids out and we fish. And then of course, we grill them." That a reader understands "them" appropriately (George grills fish, not his kids!) is the result of a(n) _____ inference.

anaphoric

One beneficial property of connectionist networks is graceful degradation, which refers to the property that

damage to the system does not completely disrupt its operation

In the lexical decision task, participants are asked to

decide whether a string of letters is a word or a nonword.

Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgements every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. The purpose of this experiment was to

demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems

In the movie Apollo 13, astronauts aboard a damaged spacecraft have to build a carbon dioxide filter out of random items that are aboard the ship with them. If they do not, they will all die rapidly of carbon dioxide poisoning. The fact that they are able to do so with the help of experts on Earth is similar to the _________________ approach developed by Ronald Finke.

divergent thinking

Tanenhaus and coworkers' eye movement study presented participants with different pictures for interpreting the sentence, "Put the apple on the towel in the box." Their results showed the importance of _____ in how we understand sentences in real-life situations.

environmental context

If you say that "a Labrador retriever is my idea of a typical dog," you would be using the ___________ approach to categorization.

exemplar

Priming occurs when presentation of one stimulus

facilitates the response to another stimulus that usually follows closely in time.

The process of analogical encoding is focused on ________.

finding similarity

In New Guinea, tribes that had been isolated for centuries were found that they

had a large number of sophisticated language systems.

Language consists of smaller components, like words, that can be combined to form larger ones, like phrases, to create sentences, which themselves can be components of a larger story. This demonstrates the _______ property of language.

hierarchical

Noam Chomsky proposed that

humans are genetically programmed to acquire and use language.

Chaz is listening to his grandma reminisce about the first time she danced with his grandpa 60 years ago. When his grandma says, "It seemed like the song would play forever," Chaz understands that it is more likely his grandma was listening to a radio playing and not a CD. This understanding requires Chaz use a(n)

instrument inference

Evidence that language is a social process that must be learned comes from the fact that when deaf children find themselves in an environment where there are no people who speak or use sign language, they

invent a sign language themselves.

According to the situation model of text processing,

people. create a mental representation of what the text is about in terms of people, objects, locations, and events

Imagine that a young child is just learning about the category "dog." Thus far, she has experienced only two dogs, one a poodle and the other a German shepherd. On her third encounter with a dog, she will be LEAST likely to correctly categorize the animal as a dog if that animal

is a breed of dog that is hairless and teacup-sized

According to the typicality effect

items that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group.

The analogical paradox refers to problem-solving differences between

laboratory and real-world settings.

Lilo can't wait for school to start. This year is the first time she gets to take a foreign language class, and she is taking Japanese. Dr. Nabuto is a professor interested in studying how people learn additional languages later in life, and he is including Lilo's class in his research. Dr. Nabuto is most likely studying

language acquisition

Ron is an avid reader. He has a large vocabulary because every time he comes across a word he doesn't know, he looks it up in the dictionary. Ron encounters "wanderlust" in a novel, reaches for the dictionary, and finds out this word means "desire to travel." The process of looking up unfamiliar words increases Ron's

lexicon

Finke's creating an object studies show that people were more likely to come up with creative uses for preinventive objects if they

made the objects themselves

Within the realm of conversational speech, knowledge refers to the

previously understood information that we bring into the conversation

In the information-processing approach to problem solving, an operator is most closely associated with ______

progress

Ty has finished work on his doctoral dissertation. He studied how most adults understand words, specifically the priming effects of categorically related words, and submitted a proposal to be included in a psychological conference to present his work to his peers. Presentations at the conference are grouped based on the particular topic in psychology under consideration. It is most likely that Ty's work will be presented in a conference session on

psycholinguistics

B.F. Skinner, the modern champion of behaviorism, proposed that language is learned through

reinforcement

The circle problem, in which the task is to determine the length of a line inside a circle, was proposed to illustrate

representation and restructuring.

In the context of language, another term for "heuristics" is ________.

rules

Syntax is the

rules for combining words into sentences

The water-jug problem demonstrates that one consequence of having a procedure that does provide a solution to a problem is that, if well-learned, it may prevent us from

seeing more efficient solutions to the problem.

According to the ________ approach, there are certain types of concepts that have specific neural circuits in the brain

semantic category

According to the ___________ approach, there are certain types of concepts that have specific neural circuits in the brain.

semantic category

The constraint-based approach to parsing states that

semantics is activated as a sentence is being read

According to the concept of ________, when we read a sentence like, "Jorge grabbed his coat from the bedroom and his backpack from the living room, walked downstairs, and called his friend Gerry," we create a simulation of Jorge's apartment and keep track of his location as he moves throughout the apartment.

situation models

The word frequency effect refers to the fact that we respond more

slowly to low-frequency words than high-frequency words

Rosch and coworkers conducted an experiment in which participants were shown a category label, like a car or vehicle, and then, after a brief delay, saw a picture. The participants' task was to indicate as rapidly as possible whether the picture was a member of the category. Their results showed

the priming effect was most robust for basic level categories

Janet is alone in a room that contains a chair and a shelf with a book resting on top. She attempts to retrieve the book, but the shelf is a foot above her reach. How will Janet retrieve the book? Psychologists would NOT classify this scenario as a problem because

the solution is immediately obvious.

Insight refers to

the sudden realization of a problem's solution.

Your text describes cross-cultural studies of categorization with U.S. and Itzaj participants. Given the results of these studies, we know that if asked to name basic level objects for a category, U.S. participants would answer ___________ and Itzaj participants would answer ___________.

tree; oak

Consider the sentence, "Because he always jogs a mile seems like a short distance to him." The principle of late closure states that this sentence would first be parsed into which of the following phrases?

"Because he always jogs a mile"

Pollack and Pickett's experiment on understanding speech found that when participants were presented with individual words taken out of conversations (single words presented alone with no context), they could identify

50 percent of the words spoken by their own voices

Which of the following statements does NOT apply to the results of research on differences between how experts and novices solve problems?

Being an expert in one field can transfer to better problem solving in another field.

Which term best reflects the process of reading and understanding sentences in a story?

Dynamic

___________ are actual members of a category that a person has encountered in the past.

Exemplars

Which of the following is NOT associated with the semantic network model?

Family resemblance

Dictionaries commonly list the multiple definitions of a particular word in a numbered list, with the first definition as #1, the next definition as #2, and so on. Which concept does this reflect?

Meaning dominance

Subgoals serve a key role in which of the following?

Means-end analysis

Gick and Holyoak consider which of the following to be the most difficult step to achieve in the problem solving?

Noticing that there is an analogous relationship between problems because most participants need prompting before they notice a connection

Which of the following is a connectionist model proposing that concepts are represented by activity that is spread across a network?

Parallel distributed processing theory

Which of the following correctly pairs a problem-solving stage with a process under Basadur's model?

Problem solving; Planning

Which approach to categorization involves forming a standard representation based on an average of category members that a person has encountered in the past?

Prototype

Which of the following is the core concept underlying the Gestalt perspective on problems?

Representation

The analogy that makes the solution to the mutilated checkerboard problem obvious is the _________________ problem.

Russian marriage

Which of the following is NOT a factor in prosody?

Semantics

Which of the following statements is NOT accurate?

Semantics and lexicons are equal in scope.

Which of the following terms best describes the concept of entrainment?

Similarity

According to the connectionist model, which of the following is impacted by connection weight?

Synapse activity

Amber lives in a housing development between two parallel streets that both connect to a freeway. She usually takes the street to the south when heading southbound on the freeway to work, but that street is closed for repairs for three months. Amber takes the street to the north during that time. After the street to the south is re-opened, she continues to take the street to the north, even though it is a slightly longer route. Continuing to take the street to the north represents

a mental set.

From the perspective of the listener, as a person speaks, each sentence often is characterized by ________ until the sentence is completed.

ambiguity

In the context of cognitive psychology and conceptual models, a tool would be classified as a(n) _______

artifact

Learning takes place in a connectionist network through a process of _____ in which an error signal is transmitted starting from the property units.

back propagation

According to Rosch, the _____ level of categories reflects people's everyday experience.

basic

In Kaplan and Simon's experiment, they presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. Participants in the ______ group had the fastest response time.

bread and butter

In Kaplan and Simon's experiment, they presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. Participants in the _________________ group had the fastest response time.

bread and butter

The typical purpose of subgoals is to

bring the problem solver closer and closer to the goal state

The typical purpose of subgoals is to

bring the problem solver closer and closer to the goal state.

Which of the choices best represents cognitive economy in the following sentence? The property ______ is stored at the ____ node

can fly; bird

The prototype approach to categorization states that a standard representation of a category is based on

category members that have been encountered in the past

Imagine you are interpreting a pair of sentences such as "The sidewalk was covered with ice" and "Ramona fell down." The kind of inference we use to link these sentences together would most likely be a(n) ______ inference

causal

In written English, which punctuation mark has the most parsing power?

comma

Jorge and Bob are neighbors. Jorge loves birds and his father works for the zoo. He has been to a dozen bird sanctuaries, and he and his dad go on bird watching hikes once a month. In contrast, Bob doesn't think much about birds. His only contact with them is in his backyard. It would be correct to say that Jorge's standard probably involves

more exemplars than Bob's

Finke's "creating an object" experiment had participants create a novel object by combining parts. Once they created an object, they were given the name of an object category and instructed to interpret their creation as a practical object or device within that category. Finke used the term preinventive forms to describe the

novel objects before a function was described.

Actions that take the problem from one state to another are known as

operators

When two people engage in a conversation, if one person produces a specific grammatical construction in his or her speech and then the other person does the same, the phenomenon is referred to as

syntactic priming

In analogical problem solving, the ________ problem is the problem that an individual is trying to solve, and the ______ problem, which has been solved in the past, is used as a guide for reaching that solution

target; source

In analogical problem solving, the _________________ problem is the problem that an individual is trying to solve, and the _________________ problem, which has been solved in the past, is used as a guide for reaching that solution.

target; source

Research conducted by Chi and Snyder demonstrated that the Gestalt-style perceptual grouping of items occurs in which region of the brain?

temporal lobe