Cognitive Psych Ch. 9

Experts categorize problems based on

General principles that problems share.

Dr. Curious is doing a follow-up study to the mutilated checkerboard problem experiment. In this new study, participants solve the following shoe problem before tackling the checkerboard problem. By doing this, Dr. Curious is studying the effect of _____ on problem solving. The shoe problem: A first-grade class is using a trampoline in gym class, so all the children have removed their shoes, which are all jumbled in a large pile. One of the students, Miguel, is leaving early, so the teacher tells him to grab his shoes and report to the lobby. In his hurry, Miguel grabs two identical left-footed, size 6 red sneakers and runs to his mother still sock-footed. Will the remaining students be able to shoe-up with the remaining shoes without getting a foot-ache?

Analogies

Which of the following statements does NOT apply to the results of research on differences between how experts and novices solve problems?

Being an expert in one field can transfer to better problem solving in another field.

Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. The purpose of this experiment was to

Demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems.

Holly was in her mother-in-law's kitchen preparing lunch for the family. When she was ready to dish up the soup, she searched all the cupboards and drawers for a ladle but couldn't find one. She decided to wait until her mother-in-law returned to ask her where the ladle was, leaving the soup in the stove pot. Her mother-in-law later explained that the ladle had been broken, so she told Holly to use a coffee mug to "spoon" the soup into bowls. Holly's ability to solve the "dish up the soup" problem was hindered by which of the following obstacles?

Functional Fixedness

It is difficult to apply means-end analysis to an insight problem because it is difficult to define ____ for an insight problem.

Intermediate states

The solution to the candle problem involves realizing that the

Match box can be used as a shelf.

To reduce the likelihood of design fixation when completing a creative design task, you should

Not present a sample design

Gick and Holyoak proposed that analogical problem solving involves the following three steps:

Noticing, mapping, and applying

Functional fixedness would be LOWEST for a thumbs down

Novel object.

The radiation problem can be solved using

Representation and restructuring

The circle problem, in which the task is to determine the length of a line inside a circle, was proposed to illustrate

Representation and restructuring.

Warmth judgments on nearness to a solution ____ prior to the solution of an insight problem and ____ prior to the solution of a non-insight problem.

Rise suddenly just; gradually rise

Newell and Simon were early pioneers in designing computer programs that could solve problems. Their research program was based on the idea that problem solving is a process that involves

Search

The water-jug problem demonstrates that one consequence of having a procedure that does provide a solution to a problem is that, if well-learned, it may prevent us from

Seeing more efficient solutions to the problem.

Illustrative of functional fixedness, people are more likely to solve the candle problem if

The box is empty.

Janet is alone in a room that contains a chair and a shelf with a book resting on top. She attempts to retrieve the book, but the shelf is a foot above her reach. How will Janet retrieve the book? Psychologists would NOT classify this scenario as a problem because

The solution is immediately obvious.

Insight refers to

The sudden realization of a problem's solution.

Kaplan and Simon's experiment presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. The main purpose of their experiment was to demonstrate that

The way the problem is represented can influence the ease of problem solving. Correct

Which problem provides an example of how functional fixedness can hinder solution of a problem?

Two-string problem