cognitive psych exam 2 memory

The final piece of working memory model is the central executive.

It locates information in long term memory and coordinates the activity of the phonological loop in the visuospatial sketchpad. There is considerable support for the existence of the phonological loop and a visuospatial sketchpad.

mental rotation control processes

as in Shepards and Metzlers mental rotation experiment

True or false? Over time, details are lost from memory, but other than that the content is not altered?

false

hippocampus

is thought to organize the storage of new memories in a manner that they can be later retrieved.

echoic memory

is where auditory information is briefly held. decays in about 4 seconds

In eyewitness testimony

it is often important to remember where and when something occurred.

autobiographical memories

memories of one's own experiences, including one's thoughts and emotions

True or false. Long term memory is permanent according to the modal model.

true

True or false? A flashbulb memory is one for an event that provokes a powerful emotional reaction.

true

True or false? Eyewitness testimony is most often used to convict people of a crime?

true

True or false? People with greater memory spans tend to have higher IQ cues.

true

True or false? Relating information to aspects of yourself will help you remember that information.

true

state-dependent memory (emotional context)

Your mood can also affect your memory. In this experiment, subjects were either put into a happy or sad mood while they learned. If their mood at test matched their mood at study, they tested better than if their mood changed.

rehearsal control process

a control process by which an item is maintained in ST memory in order for it to be further processed analyzed or used to perform a more complex tasks like ordering a pizza

disruption of consolidation process

a. It is retrograde amnesia because memory is lost for the events occurring prior to the trauma. It Is graded amnesia because the events that occurred closest to the time of trauma are most likely to have been forgotten. This loss of memory is thought to be the result of a disruption in the consolidation process.

chunking

creating meaningful combinations of items; ex FBI ABC and USF

controlling memory

depending on what we are doing allows us to perform certain tasks or meet our goals

levels of processing theory

different types of rehearsal or encoding operations can improve log term memory; consist of deep or shallow processing.

Implicit memory

effects are those that alter our behavior without us knowing it

The absolute identification and the digit span tasks lead to different estimates of the capacity of short-term memory.

The answer is false. Miller proposed that one way to enhance the capacity of short-term memory is to practice the digit span task

True or false. Articulatory suppression is the result of hypoxia.

The answer is false. Articulatory suppression is the result of saying some irrelevant word when trying to remember some other words.

Creating a sentence out of a word that you are trying to remember is is an example of shallow processing.

The answer is false. Creating a sentence out of a word requires one to attend to the meaning of the word, which is a rather deep level of processing.

True or false, implicit memory effects diminish more rapidly than memory for past events.

The answer is false. Episodic memory decays more quickly.

True or false, in the Scientific American Frontiers segment on amnesic EP, EP was unable to remember his name.

The answer is false. He could remember his name, he just had trouble remembering events that occurred after his disease

. True or false. Iconic memory is a place where auditory information is briefly held, and echoic and memory is where visual information is briefly held.

The answer is false. Iconic memory is where visual information is briefly held, and echoic memory is where auditory information is briefly held.

true or false, unlike normal individuals, amnesics are immune to implicit effects.

The answer is false. Implicit effects amnesics indicate that some new memories are being stored even though they're unable to recall them.

Parallel searches is like what happens in the varied mapping condition of Schneider and Shiffrin's experiments.

The answer is false. In the varied mapping condition of Schneider and Shiffrin's experiments, a serial search was used.

True or false. Once information is lost from short term memory, it may never be retrieved.

The answer is false. Information lost from short term memory may in the future be retrieved from long term memory.

True or false, consolidation occurs in the first one to two minutes after an event.

The answer is false. It takes about 45 minutes for memories to be consolidated.

True or false, memories are encoded completely and without error.

The answer is false. Memories are stored incompletely and are often error prone

True or false. According to the modal model, memory is only a set of memory structures.

The answer is false. Memory consists of a set of memory structures and control processes.

Study guide three, mood does not affect context-dependent memory.

The answer is false. Mood can be considered a context.

True or false? The primacy and recency effects are due to retrieval from short term memory.

The answer is false. Only the recency effect is due to retrieval from short term memory. The primacy effect, or the enhanced recall of items from the beginning of a list, are due to the fact that they are rehearsed longer and are easily retrieved from long term memory.

True or false. The phonological loop is the voice that you hear in your head. The answer is true. Compared to humans, monkeys have a terrible spatial memory.

The answer is false. Only when area 46 is lesioned do monkeys have terrible spatial memory. And the same is true for humans.

Study guide four. According to Gary Wells on the 60 Minutes segment, simultaneous lineups enhance the accuracy of convictions?

The answer is false. Simultaneous lineups can lead to false convictions.

True or false. The dependent variable and Sternberg's experiment was accuracy.

The answer is false. Sternberg's task was very easy. And therefore, accuracy was at ceiling. Therefore, we looked at how fast people could perform the task

Shallow processing during study improves memory.

The answer is false. The deeper one studies material, the better they'll remember it

The serial position curve increases and the parallel position curve remains constant.

The answer is false. There is no parallel position curve. The serial position curve is u-shaped as long as no distraction is given during the retention interval.

true or false?Trying to remember the letters B-T-G would be easier then trying to remember the letters F-Z-K

The answer is false. This is due to the auditory nature of the phonological loop. Similar items get confused, whereas distinct items do not

True or false? The manner in which memory is tested has no impact on how you should study.

The answer is false. You should try to study in a way that's consistent with how your memory will be tested

Information can be held in short-term memory indefinitely, as long as that information is attended to.

The answer is true. From the Brown-Peterson task, we can see that once the subject is distracted, information is lost from short-term memory in about 20 seconds or so. Without distraction, subjects may hold that information in short-term memory as long as they are attending to it.

Short-term memory has a limited capacity.

The answer is true. Miller says it's about seven, plus or minus two items

True or false. The serial self-terminate search is just like what one does when searching for their house keys.

The answer is true. Once you find your keys, you stop searching

Study guide one, true or false. Memory for past events requires one to define the event with respect to the context in which it occurred.

The answer is true. Similar events are distinguished by the context in which they occurred.

The amygdala influences the activity of the hippocampus

The answer is true. The amygdala directs the hippocampus to store meaningful or important events

Memory is best when the context during study and the context during test are the same.

The answer is true. This is a definition of context-dependent memory.

True or false? Based on prior research, if one studies high on marijuana, then one will remember the material better if high on marijuana.

The answer is true. This is an example of state-dependent memory.

True or false, we often read into situations things that did not actually occur.

The answer is true. This is why the suggestions of others can affect our memories

True or false, our knowledge of the world affects our experience and therefore what we remember.

The answer is true. This is why two people can experience the same event that have two very different memories for what actually occurred

the full report procedure

The full Report Procedure produces an inaccurate measure of the capacity of sensory memory The capacity of sensory memory is much larger than is apparent from the results of full report experiments. The partial report experiments suggest that the capacity of sensory memory is quite large.(repeat only items in the specific row)

reconstruction

The idea that remembering involves retrieval of information about what actually occurred, and information that one might reasonably expect might have occurred, is referred to as

consolidation

The preferential storage of traces that represent important events occurs during a process known as Initially, the hippocampus creates new connections with cortical areas of the brain. However, over time, they do and the connections that were formed from the hippocampus to the cortical areas weaken.and it's what creates permanent memories of important events.

experiment by bower

The subjects were given a pair of items to be remembered, such that if given one of the items, they should recall the other item it was paired with. In one condition, subjects were instructed to say the word, pairs, over and over again in their head. In the other condition, subjects were instructed to create an interactive image of the words. Note, that the interactive imagery instructions enhance memory above what was observed when items were simply rehearsed.

This is how one neuron learns to respond to a stimulus

The surface of the axon and the dendrite becomes more irregular. That is, as the surface area increases, this allows more neurotransmitters to be released by the axon and absorbed by the dendrite. As a result, the firing rate of the receiving neuron increases.

ways to improve long term memory

When studying a set of information, it helps to create connections between the items. These connections are sometimes, called associations. Another way to actively create from one on one's own mind, the items one wishes to remember. This is related to a common way that students study for exams using flashcards.

Declarative memories

are memories of events or knowledge about the world. These forms of memory are often referred to as episodic and semantic memory.retrieval of these memories is often accomplished under our control.

short term memory capacity

as the number of standards exceeds the capacity of short term memory task performance suffers; also related to intelligence

Flashbulb memories are more accurate than everyday memories.

false

true or false? Memories change over time, but are not susceptible to our own biases.

false

control processes

influence how memories are stored and retrieved.

the full report procedure results

information in iconic memory decays very quickly and far less than one second.

primacy effect

is due to enhanced recall from long term memory attributive from the fact that items at the beginning of the list are given more rehearsal then items in the middle of the list or end of the list

recency effect

is due to very accurate retrieval from the contents of short term memory, due to the advantage of for recalling items from the short term store.

Procedural memory

is memory for how to do things such as driving a car or typing. These memories are extremely resistant to forgetting and may be required even by amnesics

memory

is the acquisition, representation, and retrieval of information

amygdala

is the center for emotion and it directs the hippocampus to store those events or stimuli that have the greatest consequences. That is, the stimuli that produce the highest costs and the highest rewards.

can short term memory capacity be increased?

miller created chunks of info. comprised of several items this has be shown to enhance the number of items that will be stored in ST memory

Miller Magic Number

the number is the capacity of short term memory which he states is seven plus or minus two. that is the mind has the ability to concurrently hold seven plus or minus two stimuli in a ready state for processing. number was identified by absolute identification process.

inferential memory

the system must make inferences about what we have experienced in the past. These inferences are based on our knowledge about the way the world typically works. Of course, everyone has different experiences. And therefore, they also possess different knowledge about the world.

duration of short term memory

this is another form of capacity, how long can stimuli be maintained without attending to it (15-20 seconds)

programatic inferences

this occurs when reading a sentence leads to a person to expect something that is not explicit said

sentence creation

to enhance memory

Warrington and Weiskrantz experiment

trained subjects over three sessions to identify incomplete line drawings by presenting patients more and more complete drawings until they could be identified. Over the course of three days of training, the amnesics became better at naming the line drawings. That is, the number of errors that they made decreased. new memories were encoded but the patients were unable to retrieve them.

People tend to be highly confident in their memories for emotional events.

true

Recognition involves determining whether an event occurred or not?

true

Study guide four. Control processes influence how memories are stored and retrieved.

true

The number of rehearsal predicts free recall performance

true

The performance of the absolute identification task illustrates one way to measure the capacity of short-term memory.

true

True or false, implicit memory is when a recent event needlessly impacts your behavior without your awareness.

true

True or false, one of the big ideas in this class is that much of the craziness that we observe in our behavior and the behavior of others is the result of the manner in which the cognitive system overcomes limits on the amount and quality of information that it has to work with.

true

True or false, our memories can be affected by the suggestions of others.

true

True or false, sometimes memory is impacted by factors out of our control.

true

True or false, the influence of ascending neuron on a receiving neuron increases as the result of a physical change in the axon and the dendrite at the synapse.

true

declarative memories are memories for events or knowledge about the world.

true

true or false> The dis tractor test used in the Brown-Peterson procedure causes people to forget.

true The function relating recall to the retention interval decreases the asymptote, after which, items that can be remember are retrieved long term memory. But some items will never be recalled again.

Information resides in short term memory for 15 or 20 seconds without rehearsal.

true.

True or false. Memory is the acquisition, representation, and retrieval of information.

true.

True or false. Sensory memory is where brief representations of our environment are stored.

true.

True or false. The modal model is the most common way of thinking about memory.

true.

True or false. Working memory emphasizes the goal of short term memory is to do something with the information that it contains in order to meet a goal.

true.

true or false? Sperling was interested in the capacity of iconic memory.

true.

True or false. The full Report Procedure produces an inaccurate measure of the capacity of sensory memory

true. The capacity of sensory memory is much larger than is apparent from the results of full report experiments. The partial report experiments suggest that the capacity of sensory memory is quite large.

serial position curve

when the ability to recall an item from a list is plotted against the serial position it was studied, with no dis tractor task it is u-shaped, with items at the beginning and end of the list best were recalled.

self-terminating hypothesis

It states that items in short term memory are compared to the test item one at a time in a serial fashion.predicts an increase in reaction time with increases in list length Moreover, the old new response functions should be different.

relationship between short term and long term memory

while focus in current conversation with one another is talking is coming from short term memory but other thoughts associated with more distant events are being retrieved from long term memory

millers experiment way to improve long term memory

Miller's advice concerning chunking, organizing the to be learned material in a non-random manner facilitates long-term memory.

episodic memory

A category of long-term memory that involves the recollection of specific events, situations and experiences.(context dependent)

Modal Model of Memory

According to the modal model, information interacts with control processes in order to flow through the memory structures. Depending on what we are doing, the controlling memory allows us to perform certain tasks or meet our goals It is called the modal model because of the great influence it has had on memory research

retrieval in memories

As in any other type of retrieval, memories appear to be constructed from information representing what actually happened plus additional factors that did not actually happen. Since encoding is incomplete and error prone, the challenge for retrieval is to make sense of the information that was stored

state dependent learning experiment (context)

Consider these results from an experiment in which the environmental context were varied at study and test. Subjects either studied in a quiet environment or in a noisy environment. The results show that test scores are better if the test context matched the study context.

rogers et al experiment

In one condition, subjects we're told to rate the length of a word, and in the other condition, subjects were asked if the word described them. Relating the word to what they knew about themselves, greatly enhanced memory.

examples of improving long tern memory by associations

One could create sentences of the items being studied. One could create visual images out of the items. Or like the items to oneself.

source memory

People also have a terrible time remembering where they received information. Memory for where, when, or from whom is often

sternburg experiment

Reaction times are plotted as a function of list length. It is clear that they increase. Moreover, there is no difference in the slope of the old and new response reaction time functions, here labeled positive and negative responses. These findings provide compelling support for the serial exhaustive search hypothesis.the exhaustive search was actually more efficient than the serial self-terminating search.

sensory memory

Sensory memory holds all incoming information for seconds or fractions of seconds. This is what was meant by only the thin edge of the present is not memory. brief representations of the environment

short term memory

Short term memory has a limited capacity and holds information for about 15 to 30 seconds.

priming

Sometimes a recent event will facilitate the performance of some task even when retrieval of a memory for that event is not required in order to accomplish the task.

serial exhaustive search hypothesis

exhaustive search of short term memory is always made., even after a match is found, the subject continues to compare the test item to the remainder of the items in short term memory However, this prediction differs from the one made by the serial self-terminating hypothesis in that the reaction time function for both old and new responses should be the same, because subjects always search all the items in memory.

transfer-appropriate processing

focuses on the correspondence between the processing that occurred during study and the processing that occurs at test. When testing conditions match the manner in which items are encoded, memory is predicted to be the best

Flashbulb memory

hat events are remembered so well, as if a flash bulb went off and took a photograph of the event as it occurred. should be highly accurate and very resistant to fading. People are much more confident in the accuracy of the flashbulb memories than everyday memories.

working memory: The phonological loop

holds verbal and auditory information. It is where rehearsal takes place, and it can be compared to an old fashioned cassette tape with a limited capacity that can be played forward, reversed, or fast forwarded. The playing of the information in the phonological loop results in that voice you hear in your head when you're thinking.

The visuospatial sketchpad

holds visual and spatial information. It is where problems are solved using visual imagery.

Iconic memory

or something we are all well aware of from a very early age. It is what produces the trails of light that we see as the iconic image of the world decay.s Regardless of whether the full report or the partial repair procedure was used, subjects only recall four or five letters. This suggests that actually the capacity of iconic memory is very, very large.decays in less than a second

Godden and Baddeley( context state dependent learning)

participants were told to learn a list of words either in water or out of water. In this case, the context is the environment in which learning occurred-- on land or under water. The key result that demonstrates context-dependent memory is that words were better recalled when the study and test context were the same.

long term memory

permanently holds a large amount of information. the more of an item is rehearsed the more chance of getting it into this memory

controlled processing requirement

require the controlled processing of information in short-term memory in order to effectively encode information in long-term memory. Hence, it's not surprising that those people with damage to short-term memory have a more difficult time learning and remembering.

deep processing

requires attention to be focused on the meaning of what is to be remembered. for ex. you integrate what you want to remember with what you already know about the world

digit span task

requires presentation of one or more digits for the subject to remember and the maximum number of digits they may be reported in the correct order what is measured, most people around 7 items

shallow level processing

rote rehearsal or attending to the surface structure of what is to be remembered, such as phonology.

parallel search hypothesis

states that all items in short term memory are compared to the test item simultaneously, And thus reaction times would not be predicted to change as a function of list length. In addition, the reaction times for old and new responses should be the same

Peterson and Peterson(Brown peterson task)

studied to find out how quickly a short-term memory will disappear, when the retention interval is varied the function relating memory to performance to it decreases to n asymptote which is reached about 15 to 20 seconds. once the subject is distracted info. is lost from ST memory in about 20 secs or so, without the distraction subjects may hold info. in the ST memory as long as they are attending to it

identification process for magical number

subjects are presented with a stimulus that over many trials varies randomly on some continuous dimension. stimulus may be a line varied in length. the task of the subject to identify the stimulus using some verbal label. as the number of standards exceeds the capacity of short term memory

partial report

suggests that the capacity of sensory memory is quite large

Bartlett's study

suggests that when retrieving memory, we actually attempt to interpret the contents of memory based on what typically occurs. We also seem to be biased, remember events in a way that presents ourselves in a favorable light

The main areas of the brain..

that support memory are very primitive and they are located in the medial temporal lobe. Medial means that they are located in the center of the brain. And temporal means they are located between our temples.

True or false, the hippocampus is the brain involved in emotion

the answer is false. The amygdala is the brain area involved in emotion.