Cognitive Psychology chapter 12

in-vivo problem solving

A researcher records a brainstorming session in an industrial research and development department rather than in an artificial laboratory setting. Later, she analyzes the recorded discussions, identifying certain problem-solving techniques. This research is an example of_________________ research.

operators

Actions that take the problem from one state to another are known as

divergent thinking

Ali works for Citrus Squeeze, a company that makes orange juice. Sales of their calcium-enhanced OJ have been poor, and the product was cancelled. His factory still had three cases of cartons, and Ali was told he could take them if he wanted them. With the cartons, Ali made several birdfeeders for his backyard and also planted tree seedlings in some of them; he used the remaining ones to build a "fort" for his four-year-old son. Ali's use of the cartons represents

a mental set

Amber lives in a housing development between two parallel streets that both connect to a freeway. She usually takes the street to the south when heading southbound on the freeway to work, but that street is closed for repairs for three months. Amber takes the street to the north during that time. After the street to the south is re-opened, she continues to take the street to the north, even though it is a slightly longer route. Continuing to take the street to the north represents

analogies

Dr. Chan is doing a follow-up study to the mutilated checkerboard problem experiment. In this new study, participants solve the following shoe problem before tackling the checkerboard problem. By doing this, Dr. Chan is studying the effect of _________________ on problem solving. The shoe problem: A first-grade class is using a trampoline in gym class, so all the children have removed their shoes, which are all jumbled in a large pile. One of the students, Miguel, is leaving early, so the teacher tells him to grab his shoes and report to the lobby. In his hurry, Miguel grabs two identical left-footed, size 6 red sneakers and runs to his mother still sock-footed. Will the remaining students be able to shoe-up with the remaining shoes without getting a foot-ache?

take a more effective approach to organizing the solution to a problem

Experts _________________ than novices.

reorganization or restructuring

Gestalt psychologists consider problem solving as a process involving

Noticing that there is an analogous relationship between problems because most participants need prompting before they notice a connection

Gick and Holyoak consider which of the following to be the most difficult step to achieve in the process of analogical problem solving?

noticing, mapping, and applying

Gick and Holyoak proposed that analogical problem solving involves the following three steps:

the box is empty

Illustrative of functional fixedness, people are more likely to solve the candle problem if

bread and butter

In Kaplan and Simon's experiment, they presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. Participants in the _________________ group had the fastest response time.

target;source

In analogical problem solving, the _________________ problem is the problem that an individual is trying to solve, and the _________________ problem, which has been solved in the past, is used as a guide for reaching that solution.

flexibiliy;experience

In its discussion of expertise and problem solving, your text identifies the kind of scientists who are most likely to make revolutionary discoveries in their fields. This particular discussion suggests that _________________ may be more important than _________________ in creative thinking.

initial

In the Tower of Hanoi problem, the _________________ state involves having three discs stacked on the left peg, with the middle and right pegs empty.

progress

In the information-processing approach to problem solving, an operator is most closely associated with ________.

the sudden realization of a problem's solution.

Insight refers to

creating subgoals

Intermediate states can be created by

the solution is immediately obvious

Janet is alone in a room that contains a chair and a shelf with a book resting on top. She attempts to retrieve the book, but the shelf is a foot above her reach. How will Janet retrieve the book? Psychologists would NOT classify this scenario as a problem because

search

Newell and Simon were early pioneers in designing computer programs that could solve problems. Their research program was based on the idea that problem solving is a process that involves

group brainstorming

Phoenix Decorating Company is responsible for designing and building many of the floral floats seen in the Tournament of Roses Parade every New Year's Day. Phoenix's designers start preparing the floats for the next year's parade soon after the first of the year. For each corporate sponsor, Phoenix gets their best advertising team members, and they sit in a room for several hours throwing out every idea they can come up with, no matter how good or bad it is. After a substantial list has been created, they then go through every idea and rate its merits or deficits, until they come up with the best idea to pitch to the corporate sponsor. This process demonstrates

temporal lobe

Research conducted by Chi and Snyder demonstrated that the Gestalt-style perceptual grouping of items occurs in which region of the brain?

means-end analysis

Subgoals serve a key role in which of the following?

analogical transfer

The ability to shift experience from one problem-solving situation to a similar problem is known as

laboratory and real-world settings

The analogical paradox refers to problem-solving differences between

what information a person is attending to while solving a problem.

The best description of the purpose of think-aloud protocols is that they are used to determine

representation and restructuring

The radiation problem can be solved using

analogy

The radiation problem was used in your text to illustrate the role of _________________ in problem solving.

analogies

The text's discussion of the research on in vivo problem solving highlighted that _________________ play(s) an important role in solving scientific problems.

seeing more efficient solutions to the problem.

The water-jug problem demonstrates that one consequence of having a procedure that does provide a solution to a problem is that, if well-learned, it may prevent us from

analysis

Which of the following is NOT commonly associated with people who are considered highly creative?

has one correct answer

Which of the following is not part of a complete definition of a problem?

it has a single correct answer

Which of the following is not true about divergent thinking?

Being an expert in one field can transfer to better problem solving in another field.

Which of the following statements does NOT apply to the results of research on differences between how experts and novices solve problems?