Cognitive Psychology Chapter 13
Illusory Correlation
Relationship that appears to exist between two events, when in reality there isn't a connection
Base Rate
Relative proportion of different classes in a population
Ultimatum Game
Activity used to study people's decision-making strategies
Belief Bias
Tendency to think a syllogism is valid if its conclusion is credible
Myside Bias
Tendency for people to test hypotheses in a way that confirms their own opinions
Status Quo Bias
Tendency to do nothing when faced with making a decision
Risk Aversion
Tendency to make decisions that minimize the likelihood of unsatisfactory outcome
Confirmation Bias
Tendency to selectively look for information that validates our hypothesis
Risk-taking Strategy
Decision-making plan that can potentially lead to an unsatisfactory result or a rewarding outcome
Incidental Emotion
Feeling that is not directly caused by the act of having to make a decision
Syllogism
Form of reasoning that includes three statements: two premises followed by a conclusion
Conditional Syllogism
Form of reasoning whose first premise is an if then statment
Framing Effect
Idea that decisions are influenced by how the choices are stated
Availability Heuristic
Idea that events that are more easily remembered are more probable than those less easily remembered
Social Exchange Theory
Idea that human relationships are formed by people cooperating in a mutually beneficial way
Evolutionary Perspective on Cognition
Idea that many properties of our minds can be traced to principles of natural selection
Expected Utility Theory
Idea that people are basically rational and will make decisions to attain the best results
Dual Systems Approach
Idea that there are two mental processes that have different capabilities and serve different functions
Inductive Reasoning
Logical process in which a conclusion follows from a consideration of evidence
Mental Model Approach
Method of determining of syllogisms are valid by creating representation of situations in your mind
Permission Schema
Model stating that if a person satisfies condition A, they can carry out action B
Opt-in Procedure
Process in which individuals must take an active step to choose a course of action
Utility
Outcome that achieves a person's goals
Conjunction Rule
Probability of co-occurrence of two events cannot be higher than that of single constituents
Representativeness Heuristic
Probability that event A comes from class B can be determined by degree of similarity
Opt-out Procedure
Process in which individuals must take an active step to avoid a course of action
Heuristic
Shortcut or rule of thumb that provides a best-guess solution to a problem
Mental Model
Specific situation that is represented in a person's mind
Falsification Principle
Theory that testing a rule involves looking for situations that would make the rule untrue
Law of Large Numbers
Theory that the bigger your sample is, the closer average the result will be
Deductive Reasoning
Thought process that involves syllogisms in which a conclusion logically follows from premises
