Cognitive Psychology Exam 2

the Office Experiment (Brewer & Treyens

-30% recalled seeing books in the office even though there were none -This was probably due to their office schema -Prior knowledge influence memory -

__________ transforms new memories from a fragile state, in which they can be disrupted, to a more permanent state, in which they are resistant to disruption.

Consolidation

Central Executive

Coordinates information in the PL and VS sketch pad and pulls in information from long-term memory

Recent research on memory, based largely on fear conditioning in rats, indicates that

when a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed.

It is easier to perform two tasks at the same time if

one is handled by the visuospatial sketch pad and one is handled by the phonological loop

Compared to Sperling's whole report technique, the partial report procedure involves reporting

only one row of numbers in an array of 12 numbers.

Funahashi's work on monkeys doing a delayed response task examined the role of neurons in the

prefrontal cortex

Physiological studies indicate that damage to the brain's ___________can disrupt behaviors that depend on working memory

prefrontal cortex

Where is working memory in the brain?

prefrontal cortex

The maintenance rehearsal task of learning a word by repeating it over and over again is most likely to

produce some short-term remembering, but fail to produce longer-term memories.

Treatment of PTSD has benefitted from recent research on

reconsolidation

When a sparkler is twirled rapidly, people perceive a circle of light. This occurs because

the length of iconic memory is about a fraction of a second

Working memory differs from short-term memory in that

working memory emphasizes the processing that takes place in short-term memory rather than its storage capacity

Digit span is one measure of capacity of

short-term memory.

Research suggests that the capacity of short-term memory is

somewhat small, holding only about five to nine items at one time

The standard model of consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is

strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated.

serial position curve

supports the idea that STM and LTM are different kinds of memory

Bartlett's "war of the ghosts"

-Participants hanged aspects of the story to reflect their own culture -This could also be a source monitoring error-one source of the memory was the original story, and the other was what they knew about their own culture

flashbulb memories

-Personal memories of shocking, highly charged events -They are vivid, highly detailed, and memorable

Lost in the Mall technique

-Read stories about 3 real childhood events & 1 false events (eg spill punch bowl) -Instructed participants to write down how much they remember form the incident, or if didn't remember write "i do not remember" -Asked them to recall immediately, 2 days later, and 2-4 weeks later -2-4 weeks later 25% remembered the false events even though they didn't remember initially -The take-home message is that memory works well for us most of the time, but it can be distorted or flat-out wrong at times

The effective duration of short-term memory, when rehearsal is prevented, is

15-20 seconds or less.

Which of the following stimuli will last longer in the receiver's sensory memory?

A lion's roar at the zoo

semantic memory

A memory for facts, like who was the first president of the US, what a tomato is, etc

implicit memory

A type of long-term memory that does not require conscious or explicit recollection of past events or information -like riding a bike

recency effect

Enhanced memory for items at the end of a list as compared to items in the middle of a list

Long Term Memory:

Explicit ad Implicit

Henry Molaison (HM) taught us

Hippocampus is vital in storing and retrieving new LTM but it's not where LTM are stored

primacy effect

Is enhanced memory for items at the beginning of a list as compared to items in the middle of a list

Katie and Alana are taking the same chemistry class. They have a test in four days. Both women intend to study for three hours, but because of different work schedules, Katie will study one hour for each of the next three days, while Alana will study three hours the day before the exam. What could you predict about their performances?

Katie should perform better because of the spacing effect

Lakeisha and Kim have been studying for two hours for their biology exam. Both girls are tired of studying, so Lakeisha decides to watch a two-hour movie on DVD, while Kim decides to go to bed. What would you predict about their performance on the biology exam?

Kim performs better because of consolidation

According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words?

Making a connection between the words and something you've previously learned

episodic memory

Memory for personal events, like what you had for breakfast, the first time you drove a car by yourself, yout senior prom, etc

source monitoring error

Misidentifying the source of a memory

priming

Occurs when the presentation of one stimulus changes the way a person responds to another stimulus

Graf et al. (1985) experiment

Tested patients with: -Korsakoff syndrome who had anterograde amnesia -Patients with alcoholism but no amnesia -Patients with no alcoholism and no amnesia Results: -Amnesiacs did poorly on explicit memory test but performed same as controls on implicit memory test -This indicates that implicit and explicit memory are different kinds of memory, are controlled by different areas of the brain, and can operate independently of one another

Imagine yourself walking from your car, bus stop, or dorm to your first class. Your ability to form such a picture in your mind depends on which of the following components of working memory?

The visuospatial sketch pad

Which example below best demonstrates state-dependent learning?

Whenever Emily has a fight with her girlfriend, she remembers every fight that she had with her.

Your book explains that brief episodes of retrograde amnesia (e.g., the traumatic disruption of newly formed memories when a football player takes a hit to the head and can't recall the last play before the hit) reflect

a failure of memory consolidation

types of implicit memory

conditioning, procedural, priming

The diving experiment is an example of

encoding specifity

Acquiring information and transforming it into long-term memory is

encoding.

maintenance rehersal

helps maintain information in STM, but it is not an effective way of transferring it into LTM

Research shows that ___________ does not improve reading comprehension because it does not encourage elaborative processing of the material

highlighting

What area of the brain is HM missing?

hippocampus

Brief sensory memory for visual stimulation is known as

iconic memory

Memories for emotional events tend to be ___

more easily remembered and more detailed

Chantal has frontal lobe damage. She is doing a problem-solving task in which she has to choose the red object out of many choices. She can easily complete this repeatedly, but when the experimenter asks her to choose the blue object on a new trial of the task, she continues to choose the red one, even when the experimenter gives her feedback that she is incorrect. Chantal is displaying

perseveration

Short Term Memory:

phonological loop, central executive, visuospatial sketch pad

Examples from your book describing real experiences of how memories, even ones from a long time ago, can be stimulated by locations, songs, and smells highlight the importance of ___________ in long-term memory

retrieval cues

Information remains in sensory memory for

seconds or a fraction of a second.

The three structural components of the modal model of memory are

sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory

One function of ___________ is to pull information out of long-term memory

the central executive

According to the levels of processing theory, memory depends on

the depth of processing

How real-world knowledge affects memory

-Bartlett's war of the ghosts -Making inference -Schemas and scripts

causes for eyewitness testimony errors

-Emotions or arousal is too high -Weapons focus -Misidentification due to familiarity -Errors due to suggestion -Lineup bias

What can be done to make eyewitness testimony more reliable?

improve the lineup, and improve interviewing techniques -Question the witness as soon after the crime as possible -Allow the witness to talk with minimal interruptions -Have the witness place themselves back in the scene and recreate the emotions or feelings at the time of the crime -When asked a witness to pick the perpetrator from a lineup, inform the witness that the perpetrator may not be in the lineup -Use a "blind" lineup administrator and get an immediate confidence rating -When constructing a lineup, use "fillers" who are similar to the suspect -Use sequential and not simultaneous presentation because it leads witnesses to compare people in the lineup with one another and not to the memory

Structural changes that occur at the synapse during learning is called

synaptic consolidation

Transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if

the type of encoding task matches the type of retrieval task

articulatory suppression

-Interference with the operation of the phonological loop that occurs when a person repeats an irrelevant word such as "the" while carrying out a task that requires the phonological loop -Articulatory suppression occurs because the processing of the words and "the" both use the phonological loop

Evidence that episodic and semantic memory are different

-Neuroimaging -neuropsychological evidence

Why are emotional memories better remembered?

-Rehearsed more -Pay more attention -Tend to be more novel -Amygdala activation

the methodology and results of the Becoming Famous Overnight experiment.

-Showed that familiarity with the names led people to believe that they were famous -This is form of source monitoring error

What are some causes of lineup bias?

-Suspect looks different than the fillers -Should be a 1 in 6 chance of picking the suspect based on the description of the perpetrator -Witness picks someone who is innocent because they think the perpetrator has to be in the lineup

how does the Morris (1977) experiment challenge levels of processing theory?

-because "deeper processing" (meaning) didn't necessarily lead to better retrieval -What mattered most was if the encoding tasks matched the retrieval task-transfer appropriate processing

explicit memory

-is what we typically think of as LTM. -It is conscious memory -If i asked you what year it was or what you had for breakfast, you would be using explicit memory

Can you think of something that would affect recency effect but not the primacy effect or vice versa?

-less imagable -less time -not allowed to rehearse

what did wickens experiment show

-shows that semantic coding can occur in STM because the interference was caused by the meaning of the words -When they changed the meaning of the words (professions to fruits), the proactive interference went away

A task with the instructions "Read the following words while repeating 'the, the, the' out loud, look away, and then write down the words you remember" would most likely be studying

articulatory suppression

elaborative rehearsal

occurs when you think about the meaning of an item and is a more effective way of transferring information in LTM

types of explicit memory

episodic, semantic

the difference between episodic and semantic memory

episodic:Memory for personal events, like what you had for breakfast, the first time you drove a car by yourself, yout senior prom, etc semantic:A memory for facts, like who was the first president of the US, what a tomato is, etc -Due to a motorcycle accident, patient KC lost his episodic memory but not his semantic memory -Italian woman who had encephalitis has episodic memory but no semantic memory

In the diving experiment, participants who learned the list of words underwater and were tested underwater

had better memory performance than participants who learned the list of words on land and were tested underwater.

In the Roediger and Karpicke experiment (2006) in which participants were required to read a passage and then solve some math problems, participants had better memory performance one week later

if they were tested on the passage after the math problems

Sperling's delayed partial report procedure provided evidence that

information in sensory memory fades within one or two seconds.

retrograde amnesia

loss of memory for events that happened in the past -Henry Molaison (HM)

Anterograde amnesia

loss of the ability to make new memories -clive wearing -korsakoff syndrome

Yerkes-Dodson Law

memory performance increases with arousal, but if arousal is too high it decreases