Cognitive Psychology Exam 3

Research on eyewitness testimony has shown that the more confident the person giving the testimony is of their memories,

the more convincing the testimony is to a jury

Jacoby's experiment, in which participants made judgments about whether they had previously seen the names of famous and non-famous people, found that inaccurate memories based on source misattributions occurred after a delay of

24 Hours

Which of the following reaction time data sets illustrate the typicality effect for the bird category, given the following three trials? (NOTE: Read data sets as RTs for Trial 1: Trial 2: Trial 3)

583;653;518

Connectionist theory states that a particular object (like a canary) is identified by activity in the specific "canary" output unit of the network

FALSE

The misinformation effect does not occur when people are told explicitly that the postevent information may be incorrect.

FALSE

Paivio proposed the conceptual peg hypothesis. His work suggests which of the following would be most difficult to remember?

Freedom

What of the following represents a basic level item?

Guitar

Which of the following is an example of the sentence verification technique?

Indicate whether the following statement is true: An apple is a fruit. YES NO

Flashbulb memory is best represented by which of the following statements?

It is memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but not necessarily accurate over time.

Jackie went to the grocery store to pick up yogurt, bread, and apples. First, she picked up a hand basket for carrying her groceries, and then she searched the store. After finding what she needed, she stood in a check-out line. Then, the cashier put her items in a plastic bag, and soon after, Jackie left the store. As readers of this event, we understand that Jackie paid for the groceries, even though it wasn't mentioned, because we are relying on a grocery store _____ that is stored in _______ long-term memory.

SCRIPT ; SEMANTIC

For the category "fruit," people give a higher typicality rating to "banana" than to "kiwi." Knowing that, we can also reason that

The word "fruit" would lead to a larger priming effect for banana than for kiwi

The sleep list experiment, in which many people misremember the word "sleep" as being part of a list of words, is an example of

a disadvantage of memory's constructive nature

Mental-scanning experiments found

a positive linear relationship between scanning time and distance on the image.

For most adults over age 40, the reminiscence bump describes enhanced memory for

adolescence and early adulthood

The misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented

after the event

The misinformation effect can be explained by

all of these

Your text's discussion of instances when people report a memory of being abused or witness abuse after years of having no memory for these events highlights the importance of considering

all of these

Your text's discussion of false memories leads to the conclusion that false memories

are a natural consequence of a largely adaptive memory system

Arkes and Freedman's "baseball game" experiment asked participants to indicate whether the following sentence was present in a passage they had previously read about events in a game: "The batter was safe at first." Their findings showed inaccurate memories involved

creations from inferences based on baseball knowledge

The observation that older adults often become nostalgic for the "good old days" reflects the self-image hypothesis, which states that

memory for life events is enhanced during the time we assume our life identities

The "telephone game" is often played by children. One child creates a story and whispers it to a second child, who does the same to a third child, and so on. When the last child recites the story to the group, his or her reproduction of the story is generally shorter than the original and contains many omissions and inaccuracies. This game shows how memory is a ______ process.

constructive

In the "sleep list" false memory experiment, false memory occurs because of

constructive memory process

Bartlett's experiment in which English participants were asked to recall the "War of the Ghosts" story that was taken from the French Indian culture illustrated the

constructive nature of memory

Unconscious plagiarism of the work of others is known as

cyptomnesia

One beneficial property of connectionist networks is graceful degradation, which refers to the property that

damage to the system does not completely disrupt its operation

The semantic network model predicts that the time it takes for a person to retrieve information about a concept should be determined by

distance traveled

Research on the physiology of semantic memory has shown that the representation of different categories in the brain (like living and non-living things) is best described as being

distributed

If you say that "a Labrador retriever is my idea of a typical dog," you would be using the _____ approach to categorization.

exemplar

Mental imagery involves

experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input.

Your text's discussion of eyewitness testimony illustrates that this type of memory is frequently influenced by all of the following EXCEPT

failing to elaboratively reherse these kinds of events due to fear

To explain the fact that some neuropsychological studies show close parallels between perceptual deficits and deficits in imagery, while other studies do not find this parallel, it has been proposed that the mechanism for imagery is located at _____ visual centers and the mechanism for perception is located at _____ visual centers.

higher; both lower and higher

Shepard and Metzler's "image rotation" experiment was so influential and important to the study of cognition because it demonstrated

imagery and perception may share the same mechanisms

The experiment in which participants first read sentences about John fixing a birdhouse and were then asked to identify sentences they had seen before, illustrated that memory

involves making inferences

The scanning task used by Kosslyn involves

mental images

Ben has had problems with the pipes in his apartment. First, he had a clog in his bathroom sink, and then two months later, his garbage disposal in the kitchen sink clogged. Ben's superintendant told him he was not adequately flushing the debris from his pipes. She suggested that he run the water a little longer and visualize the debris (be it carrot peelings or toothpaste) traveling through the pipes all the way out to the sewer connection in the street. Using this technique, Ben has had no more clogs. The superintendant's suggestion involved

mental scanning

Kosslyn's island experiment used the _____ procedure.

mental scanning

The technique in which things to be remembered are placed at different locations in a mental image of a spatial layout is known as

method of loci

The idea that we remember life events better because we encounter the information over and over in what we read, see on TV, and talk about with other people is called the

narrative rehersal hypothesis

In the semantic network model, a specific category is represented at a

node

The pegword technique is particularly suitable for use when you need to remember items based on their

order

In discussing the survival value of the memory system your text highlights the undesirability of

photographic memory

is an average representation of a category.

prototype

Your friend has been sick for several days, so you go over to her home to make her some chicken soup. Searching for a spoon, you first reach in a top drawer beside the dishwasher. Then, you turn to the big cupboard beside the stove to search for a pan. In your search, you have relied on a kitchen

schema

People playing the parlor game "20 Questions" often use hierarchical organization strategies. One player asks up to 20 yes/no questions to determine the identity of an object another player has selected. The player's questions usually start as general and get more specific as the player approaches a likely guess. Initial questions asked by a player are often one of three questions: "Is it an animal?" "Is it a vegetable?" and "Is it a mineral?" Each of these three questions describes which level of categorization?

superordinate

In their imagery study, Finke and Pinker presented a four-dot display briefly to participants. After a two-second delay, participants then saw an arrow, and their task was to indicate whether the arrow would have pointed to any of the dots in the previous display. The significance of their results was they called into question the ____ explanation of imagery.

tacit-knowledge

According to Collins and Quillian's semantic network model, it should take longest to verify which statement below?

A pig is an animal

Your text describes cross-cultural studies of categorization with U.S. and Itza participants. Given the results of these studies, we know that if asked to name basic level objects for a category, U.S. participants would answer ____ and Itza participants would answer ____.

Bird; sparrow

Which of the following statements is NOT cited in your text as a reason why categories are useful?

Categories provide definitions of groups of related objects

The memory-trace replacement hypothesis states that the misinformation effect occurs because

MPI impairs or replaces memories formed during the original experiencing of an event

Which of the following statements is true of the cognitive interview technique?

Police allow witnesses to talk with a minimum of interruption from the officer.

Occurs when more recent learning impairs memory for something that happened further back in the past.

Retroactive interference

Collins and Loftus modified the original semantic network theory of Collins and Quillian to satisfy some of the criticisms of the original model. However, their revised model was not immune to criticism. One criticism of Collins and Loftus' semantic network theory is that it

is of little explanatory value because it can explain just about any result

Which approach to categorization involves forming a representation based on an average of category members that a person has encountered in the past?

prototype

The experiment for which people were asked to make fame judgments for both famous and non-famous names (and for which Sebastian Weissdorf was one of the names to be remembered) illustrated the effect of _____ on memory.

source misattributions

Kosslyn interpreted the results of his research on imagery (such as the island experiment) as supporting the idea that the mechanism responsible for imagery involves ____ representations.

spatial

Collins and Quillian explained the results of priming experiments by introducing the concept of _____ into their network model.

spreading activation

The repeated reproduction technique used in memory studies involves

the same participants remembering some information at longer and longer intervals after learning the information.

Good psychological theories must have all of the following properties EXCEPT being

too powerful to be refuted by empirical evidence

Collins and Loftus modified the original semantic network theory of Collins and Quillian to satisfy some of the criticisms of the original model. In their modification, Collins and Loftus account for the typicality effect by

using shorter links

Imagery neurons respond to

visual images as well as objects in a specific category

Research on eyewitness testimony reveals that

when viewing a lineup, an eyewitness's confidence in her choice of the suspect can be increased by an authority's confirmation of her choice, even when the choice is wrong.