Cognitive Psychology Exam 3

Lindsay's misinformation effect experiment, in which participants were given a memory test about a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer, showed that participants are influenced by MPI

even if they are told to ignore the post event information.

In the word list experiment that was based on work by Deese (1959) and Roediger & McDermott (1995), many students incorrectly remembered hearing the word ________ as part of the list of presented stimuli. This highlights a disadvantage of memory's constructive nature.

sleep

The primacy effect (from the serial position curve experiment) is associated with ________ memory.

long-term

From the behavior of H.M., who experienced memory problems after a brain operation, we can conclude that a hippocampus is important in

long-term memory acquisition

Experiments that argue against a special flashbulb memory mechanism find that as time increases since the occurrence of the flashbulb event, participants

make more errors in their recollections.

The concept that states that the more often you see something, the more you prefer it is

mere exposure effect

The idea that we remember life events better because we encounter the information over and over in what we read, see on TV, and talk about with other people is called the

narrative rehearsal hypothesis.

How many people out of a hundred experience synesthesia?

one

Explicit memory is to _____ as implicit memory is to _____.

Declarative; Nondeclarative

Which statement below is most closely associated with levels of processing theory?

Deep processing involves paying closer attention to a stimulus than shallow processing and results in better processing.

The principle that we encode information together with its context is known as

encoding specificity.

Treatment of PTSD has benefitted from recent research on

reconsolidation

When investigating the serial position curve, presenting the word list at a slower pace...

Increases the primacy effect

The defining characteristic of implicit memory is that...

We are not conscious we are using it

Lindsay and coworkers "slime in the first-grade teacher's desk" experiment showed that presenting

a photograph of the participant's first-grade class increased the likelihood of false memories.

The primacy effect is attributed to

a recall of information stored in LTM

The memory mechanism Hebb proposed is associated with

both changes at the synapse and long-term potentiation.

Mantyla's "banana / yellow, bunches, edible" experiment demonstrates that, for best memory performance, retrieval cues should be created

by the person whose memory will be tested.

What is the ability to remember motor acts like changing lanes?

procedural memory

Free recall of the stimulus list "apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants" will most likely yield which of these response patterns?

"apple, cherry, plum, shoe, coat, lamp. chair pants"

Loftus and Palmer's "car-crash films" experiment described in the text shows how a seemingly minor word change can produce a change in a person's memory report. In this study, the MPI was (were) the word(s)

"smashed."

Jacoby's experiment, in which participants made judgments about whether they had previously seen the names of famous and non-famous people, found that inaccurate memories based on source misattributions occurred after a delay of

24 hours.

How many card draws were required for the subject to be able to decide which decks were good and bad in Antoine Brandon's experiment?

25

Lamar has just gotten a new job and is attending a company party where he will meet his colleagues for the first time. His boss escorts him around to small groups to introduce him. At the first group, Lamar meets four people and is told only their first names. The same thing happens with a second group and a third group. At the fourth group, Lamar is told their names and that one of the women in the group is the company accountant. A little while later, Lamar realizes that he only remembers the names of the people in the first group, though he also remembers the profession of the last woman he met (the accountant). Lamar's experience demonstrates

A build-up and release of proactive interference

A study participant is given a list of words to remember. One week later, he recalls the list. Let's say that one of the list words was PEAR. Which of the following, none of which actually appeared on the list, would be most likely incorrectly recalled if the participant doesn't remember PEAR?

APPLE

Which example below best demonstrates state-dependent learning?

Although Emily doesn't very often think about her first love, Steve, she can't help getting caught up in happy memories when "their song" (the first song they danced to) plays on the radio

Which statement below is NOT true, based on the results of memory research?

Although eyewitness testimony is often faulty, people who have just viewed a videotape of a crime are quite accurate at picking the "perpetrator" from a lineup.

The medial temporal lobe (MTL), involved in memory consolidation, includes all of the following structures EXCEPT the...

Amygdala

Bransford and Johnson's study had participants hear a passage which turned out to be about a man on the street serenading his girlfriend in a tall building. The wording of the passage made it difficult to understand, but looking at a picture made it easier to understand. The results of this study illustrated the importance of _______ in forming reliable long-term memories.

An organizational complex during learning

Ming is taking a memory test. She is more likely to recall the name of a popular singer if she had...

Attended the singer's concert last year with her boyfriend

According to levels of processing theory, deep processing results in better memory. However, studies have shown that shallow processing can result in better memory when the individual en-codes _____ and is tested _____.

Auditorially, Auditorially

Which of the following statements is the most accurate with regard to autobiographical memories?

Autobiographical memories can involve both episodic and semantic content.

Why is classical conditioning considered a form of implicit memory?

Because it is involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it.

Which of the following learning techniques is LEAST likely to lead to deep processing of the information?

Bree has just bought a new car and is trying to learn her new license plate sequence. Every morning, for three weeks, she repeats the sequence out loud when she wakes up.

Which task below would most likely be used to test for implicit memory?

Completing a word for which the first and last letter have been supplied

How would you describe the relationship between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal in terms of establishing long-term memories?

Elaborative is more effective than maintenance

According to the levels of processing theory, memory durability depends on how information is...

Encoded

Acquiring information and transforming it into memory is...

Encoding

People often report an annoying memory failure when they walk from one end of the house to the other for something and then forgetting what they went to retrieve when they reach their destination. As soon as they return to the first room, they are reminded of what they wanted in the first place. This common experience best illustrates the principle of...

Encoding specificity

Two types of declarative memory are ____ and _____ memory.

Episodic; Semantic

Murdoch's "remembering a list" experiment described the serial position curve and found that memory is best for the ____ of a list.

First five and the last five words

In Slameka and Graf's (1978) study, some participants read word pairs, while other participants had to fill in the blank letters of the second word in a pair with a word related to the first word. The latter group performed better on a later memory task, illustrating the...

Generation effect

The recency effect occurs when participants are asked to recall a list of words. One way to get rid of the recency effect is to...

Have participants count backwards for 30 seconds after hearing the last word of the list.

Which of the following is an example of a semantic memory?

I remember that the big island of Hawaii has many active volcanoes.

Which of the following is NOT an example of semantic memory?

I remember the day we learned about how talking on cell phones can impair driving ability

Which of the following would most likely be a detailed long-term memory?

I was talking to that girl just before class

A patient suffering from Korsakoff's syndrome, such as "Jimmy G" who is described in your text, would be able to perform which of the following activities without difficulty?

Identifying a photograph of his childhood home

Work with brain-injured patients reveals that _____ memory does not depend on conscious memory

Implicit and procedural

Your text describes an "Italian woman" who, after an attack of encephalitis, had difficulty re-membering people or facts she knew before. She could, however, remember her life events and daily tasks. Her memory behavior reflects...

Intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory

K.C., who was injured in a motorcycle accident, remembers facts like the difference between a strike and a spare in bowling, but he is unaware of experiencing things like hearing about the circumstances of his brother's death, which occurred two years before the accident. His memory behavior suggests...

Intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory

Katie and Inez are roommates taking the same psychology class. They have a test in four days during a 10:00 - 11:00 AM class period. Both women intend to study for three hours, but because of different work schedules, Katie will study one hour for each of the next three days, while Inez will study three hours the day before the exam. What could you predict about their performances?

Katie should perform better because of the spacing effect

Lourdes and Kim have been studying for two hours for their chemistry exam. Both girls are tired of studying. Lourdes decides to watch a two-hour movie on DVD, while Kim decides to go to bed. What would you predict about their performance on their chemistry exam?

Kim performs better because of reactivation

Which of the following is NOT a conclusion from the case of H.M., who had an operation to help alleviate his epileptic seizures?

LTMs are stored in the hippocampus

According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words?

Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned

Donald Hebb proposed that memory is represented in the brain by structural changes in all of the following EXCEPT the...

Neurotransmitters

Which of the following statements is true of the cognitive interview technique?

Police allow witnesses to talk with a minimum of interruption from the officer.

____ occurs when reading a sentence leads a person to expect something that is not explicitly stated or necessarily implied by the sentence.

Pragmatic inference

Which of the following involves procedural memory?

Reading a sentence in a book

Retrograde amnesia is usually less severe for _____ memories.

Remote

_______ cues help us remember information that has been stored in memory.

Retrieval

Examples from your book describing real experiences of how memories, even ones from a long time ago, can be stimulated by locations, songs, and smells highlight the importance of ____ in LTM.

Retrieval cues

The predominant type of coding in LTM is...

Semantic

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates how effective or ineffective maintenance rehearsal is in transferring information into LTM?

Serena's keys were stolen from her purse. She cannot give a detailed description of her keychain to the police, even though she used it every day for three years.

Wei has allergy symptoms. He has gone to his regular doctor and an allergy specialist, but he wasn't given a prescription by either doctor. Instead, he was advised to buy an over-the-counter medicine. While he was in the specialist's waiting area, he read a magazine where he saw three ads for an allergy medicine called SneezeLess. A week later, in a drug store, Wei says to his brother, "My doctor says SneezeLess works great. I'll buy that one." Wei and his doctor never discussed SneezeLess. Wei has fallen victim to which of the following errors?

Source monitoring

Which skill is used to illustrate the phenomenon of unconscious learning?

The ability to tell a chicken hatchling's sex

The author of your text makes a suggestion that students should study in a variety of places. This suggestion is based on research showing that people remember material better if they learned it in a number of different locations, compared to studying the same amount of time in one location. The suggestion solves a problem raised by...

The encoding specificity principle

The dramatic case of the patient H.M. clearly illustrates that ____ is crucial for the formation of LTMs.

The hippocampus

Which of the following is most closely associated with implicit memory?

The propaganda effect

Memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches the type of task at retrieval. This is called...

Transfer-appropriate processing

The misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented

after the event.

People who suffer from alcohol abuse may suffer from ________ brought on by Korsakoff's syndrome, and be unable to form new long-term memories.

amnesia

When cleaning her closet, Nadia finds her 20-year-old wedding photo album. As she flips through the pictures, she starts to cry joyful tears. Seeing the photos and rekindling the emotions of her wedding day most likely activated her

amygdala

The conclusion to be drawn from the man named Shereshevskii whose abnormal brain functioning gave him virtually limitless word-for-word memory is that having memory like a video recorder

can seriously disrupt functioning in one's personal life

Schrauf and Rubin's "two groups of immigrants" study found that the reminiscence bump coincided with periods of rapid change, occurring at a normal age for people emigrating early in life but shifting to 15 years later for those who emigrated later. These results support the

cognitive hypothesis.

The "telephone game" is often played by children. One child creates a story and whispers it to a second child, who does the same to a third child, and so on. When the last child recites the story to the group, his or her reproduction of the story is generally shorter than the original and contains many omissions and inaccuracies. This game shows how memory is a ______ process.

constructive

Bartlett's experiment in which English participants were asked to recall the "War of the Ghosts" story that was taken from the French Indian culture illustrated the

constructive nature of memory.

Arkes and Freedman's "baseball game" experiment asked participants to indicate whether the following sentence was present in a passage they had previously read about events in a game: "The batter was safe at first." Their findings showed inaccurate memories involved

creations from inferences based on baseball knowledge.

Hebb's idea of long-term potentiation, which provides a physiological mechanism for the long-term storage of memories, includes the idea of

increased firing in the neurons.

What are complex, inborn behaviors that do not have to be learned better known as?

instincts

What fraction of the light spectrum is visible to us?

less than a ten-trillionth

The story in the text about the balloons that were used to suspend a speaker in mid air was used to illustrate the role of _____ in memory.

organization

In the famous obedience research conducted by Stanley Milgram, a participant was instructed to read a list of word pairs (e.g., "nice day," "blue dress," "fat neck") to another person. The participant would then read the list again but would only provide the first word. The other individual was to recall the word that went with this cueing word. This is an example of

paired-associate learning.

Experimental evidence suggesting that the standard model of consolidation needs to be revised are data that show that the hippocampus was activated during retrieval of ____ memories.

recent and remote episodic

This multiple choice question is an example of a

recognition

You have been studying for weeks for a nursing school entrance exam. You love the idea of becoming a nurse, and you have been enjoying learning about the material for your exam. Each night, you put on relaxing clothes and study in the quiet of your lovely home. Memory research suggests you should take your test with a _____ mind set.

relaxed

Suppose you have been studying your French vocabulary words for several hours and are making many mistakes. You switch to reviewing the new terms for your upcoming biology test, and your performance is noticeably better. You are experiencing

release from proactive interference.

According to the multiple trace hypothesis, the hippocampus is involved in the retrieval of

remote, episodic memories

Your text argues that the proper procedure for measuring the accuracy of flashbulb memories is

repeated recall.

Kieran found that studying for his Spanish exam made it more difficult to remember some of the vocabulary words he had just studied for his French exam earlier in the day. This is an example of

retroactive interference.

The misinformation effect can be explained by

retroactive interference.

In the experiment in which participants sat in an office and then were asked to remember what they saw in the office, participants "remembered" some things, like books, that weren't actually there. This experiment illustrates the effect of _____ on memory.

schemas

Jackie went to the grocery store to pick up yogurt, bread, and apples. First, she picked up a hand basket for carrying her groceries, and then she searched the store. After finding what she needed, she stood in a check-out line. Then, the cashier put her items in a plastic bag, and soon after, Jackie left the store. As readers of this event, we understand that Jackie paid for the groceries, even though it wasn't mentioned, because we are relying on a grocery store _____.

script

The predominant type of coding in LTM is

semantic

The propaganda effect demonstrates that we evaluate familiar statements as being true

simply because we have been exposed to them before

When presenting lineups to eyewitnesses, it has been found that a(n) ____ lineup is much more likely to result in an innocent person being falsely identified.

simultaneous

______ consolidation involves the gradual reorganization of circuits within the brain regions and takes place on a fairly long time scale, lasting weeks, months, or even years

systems

Jenkins and Russell (1952) presented a list of words like "chair, apple, dish, shoe, cherry, sofa" to participants. In a test, participants recalled the words in a different order than the order in which they were originally presented. This result occurred because of the

tendency of objects in the same category to become organized.

Which sport does your author use to further illustrate the point that both the conscious and unconscious mind play a part in attaining a new ball?

tennis

One way to ensure that a person does not remember that a word was presented to them in the past (when testing priming) is to

test patients with amnesia.

Some suggest that students should study in a variety of places. This suggestion is based on research showing that people remember material better if they learned it in a number of different locations, compared to studying the same amount of time in one location. The suggestion solves a problem raised by

the encoding specificity principle.

Shallow processing of a word is encouraged when attention is focused on

the number of vowels in a word

In the experiment in which participants viewed photographs of men and women and were then asked to rate their attractiveness, which of the men and women they saw were rated to be more beautiful?

the ones they had only viewed briefly

Stanny and Johnson's "weapons focus" experiment, investigating memory for crime scenes, found that

the presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event.

Jeannie loves to dance, having taken ballet for many years. She is now learning salsa dancing. Although the movements are very different from the dances she is familiar with, she has found a successful memory strategy of linking the new dance information to her previous experiences as a dancer and to her own affection for dance. This strategy suggests reliance on

the self-reference effect.

Transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if

the type of encoding task matches the type of retrieval task.

Autobiographical memory research shows that a person's brain is more extensively activated when viewing photos

they took themselves.

Asking people to recall the most influential events that happened during their college careers shows that ____ in people's lives appear to be particularly memorable.

transition points

what hormone is thought to be responsible for prairie voles' monogamy?

vasopressin

Recent research on memory, based largely on fear conditioning in rats, indicates that

when a memory is reactivated, it becomes fragile, just as it was immediately after it was formed

Research on eyewitness testimony reveals that

when viewing a lineup, an eyewitness's confidence in her choice of the suspect can be increased by an authority's confirmation of her choice, even when the choice is wrong.