cognitive psychology - final exam

The application of a(n) _________________ makes it easier to solve the "drinking beer" version of the Wason problem. a.permission schema b.conjunction rule c.atmosphere effect d.availability heuristic

a. permission schema

According to the hub and spoke model, which area of the brain serves as the hub? a. Anterior temporal lobe b. Occipital lobe c. Parietal lobe d. Medial thalamus

a. Anterior temporal lobe

Spreading activation a. primes associated concepts. b. weakens the link between unrelated concepts. c. inhibits unrelated concepts. d. creates new links between associated concepts.

a. primes associated concepts.

As described in your text, the pegword technique relies on all of the following EXCEPT a. propositions. b. visualizations. c. associations. d. rhymes.

a. propositions.

Experimental evidence suggesting that the standard model of consolidation needs to be revised are data that show that the hippocampus was activated during retrieval of ___________ memories. a. recent and remote episodic b. remote semantic c. recent episodic d. recent and remote semantic

a. recent and remote episodic

The circle problem, in which the task is to determine the length of a line inside a circle, was proposed to illustrate a. representation and restructuring. b. means-end analysis. c. how analogies can be used to solve problems. d. the problem space.

a. representation and restructuring.

In the experiment conducted by Viskontas and coworkers using picture pairs, a participant's later experience of familiarity with a particular pair was coded as ________. a. "sense." b. "know." c. "think." d. "remember."

b. "know."

The rule of the Wason four-card problem is, "If there is a vowel on one side, then there is an even number on the other side." Let's say you are presented with A, 8, M, and 13, each showing on one of four cards. To see if the rule is valid, you would have to turn over the cards showing a.A and M. b.A and 13. c.8 and M. d.8 and 13.

b. A and 13.

Chaz is listening to his grandma reminisce about the first time she danced with his grandpa 60 years ago. When his grandma says, "It seemed like the song would play forever," Chaz understands that it is more likely his grandma was listening to a radio playing and not a CD. This understanding requires Chaz use a(n) a. age-appropriate principle. b. instrument inference. c. given-new contract. d. garden path model.

b. instrument inference.

In the context of language, another term for "heuristics" is ________. a. turns b. rules c. meanings d. phrases

b. rules

___________is a "typical" member of a category. a. A unit b. A component c. A prototype d. An exemplar

c. A prototype

When two people engage in a conversation, if one person produces a specific grammatical construction in his or her speech and then the other person does the same, this phenomenon is referred to as a. phonemic restoration. b. anaphoric inferencing. c. syntactic priming. d. garden pathing.

c. syntactic priming.

In analogical problem solving, the _________________ problem is the problem that an individual is trying to solve, and the _________________ problem, which has been solved in the past, is used as a guide for reaching that solution. a. source; target b. exemplar; source c. target; source d. prototype; target

c. target; source

A syllogism is valid if a.there is evidence to support the two premises. b.there is no more than one exception to the conclusion. c.the conclusion follows logically from the two premises. d.the two premises and the conclusion are true.

c. the conclusion follows logically from the two premises.

The conjunction rule states that a.people make decisions based upon both the costs and benefits of the choices. b.people make decisions based upon possible benefits when the choices are framed positively and based upon possible costs when the choices are framed negatively. c.the probability of two events co-occurring is equal to or less than the probability of either event occurring alone. d.the probability of two events co-occurring is the sum of the probabilities of each event occurring.

c. the probability of two events co-occurring is equal to or less than the probability of either event occurring alone.

The repeated reproduction technique used in memory studies involves a. the same participants recalling some information many times but, each time, receiving different retrieval cues to assist their recall. b. different groups of participants remembering some information across different periods of time after learning the information. c. the same participants remembering some information at longer and longer intervals after learning the information. d. the same participants remembering some information for as many trials as it takes to recall all of the information correctly.

c. the same participants remembering some information at longer and longer intervals after learning the information.

___________ consolidation involves the gradual reorganization of circuits within brain regions and takes place on a fairly long time scale. a. Standard b. Remote c. Systems d. Synaptic

c. Systems

The idea that we remember life events better because we encounter the information over and over in what we read, see on TV, and talk about with other people is called the a. cognitive hypothesis. b. reminiscence hypothesis. c. narrative rehearsal hypothesis. d. life-narrative hypothesis.

c. narrative rehearsal hypothesis.

The "telephone game" is often played by children. One child creates a story and whispers it to a second child, who does the same to a third child, and so on. When the last child recites the story to the group, his or her reproduction of the story is generally shorter than the original and contains many omissions and inaccuracies. This game shows how memory is a __________ process. a. consequentiality based b. narrative-rehearsal c. life-narrative d. constructive

d. constructive

Which of the following reaction time data sets illustrates the typicality effect for the bird category, given the following three trials? (NOTE: Read data sets as RTs for Trial 1: Trial 2: Trial 3) Trial 1: An owl is a bird. Trial 2: A penguin is a bird. Trial 3: A sparrow is a bird. a. 583: 653: 518 ms b. 653: 583: 518 ms c. 518: 583: 653 ms d. 583: 518: 653 ms

a. 583: 653: 518 ms

Which of the following is the best example of a garden path sentence? a. Before the police stopped, the Toyota disappeared into the night. b. The man was not surprised when he found several spiders, roaches, and other bugs in the room. c. The cats won't bake. d. The Eskimos were frightened by the walrus.

a. Before the police stopped, the Toyota disappeared into the night.

The conceptual peg hypothesis would predict enhanced memory for which word pair? a. Cake mug b. Mission impossible c. True lies d. Amazing grace

a. Cake mug

The key difference between depictive representation and propositional representation is based on which of the following? a. Content b. Neural response c. Longevity d. Validity

a. Content

Which of the following has been shown to play a role in the strength of memories that are associated with emotion? a. Cortisol b. Cholesterol c. Acetylcholine d. Androgen

a. Cortisol

Which of the following is not part of a complete definition of a problem? a. Has one correct answer b. Is difficult c. Involves obstacles between one's current state and a desired goal d. The solution is not obvious

a. Has one correct answer

Which of the following is not true about divergent thinking? a. It has a single correct answer. b. It has a large number of potential solutions. c. It is open-ended. d. It is the cornerstone of creativity.

a. It has a single correct answer.

Gick and Holyoak consider which of the following to be the most difficult step to achieve in the process of analogical problem solving? a. Noticing that there is an analogous relationship between problems because most participants need prompting before they notice a connection b. Mapping corresponding parts between the problems because the elements are difficult to identify c. Applying the mapping to generate a parallel solution because of the difficulty in generalizing from one problem to another d. Solving the problem through reorganization because past experience can make it more difficult to reorganize a problem

a. Noticing that there is an analogous relationship between problems because most participants need prompting before they notice a connection

Consider the following argument: Observation: Here in Nashville, the sun has risen every morning. Conclusion: The sun is going to rise in Nashville tomorrow. a.The argument is strong because there are a large number of observations. b.The argument is weak because there is only one specific case. c.The argument is strong because the premise includes scientific evidence. d.The argument is weak because the observation does not consider other cities.

a. The argument is strong because there are a large number of observations.

Which statement below is most closely associated with the early history of the study of imagery? a. Thought is always accompanied by imagery. b. Imagery is based on spatial mechanisms like those involved in perception. c. People can rotate images of objects in their heads. d. Imagery is closely related to language.

a. Thought is always accompanied by imagery.

Which of the following would be in a basic level category? a. Truck b. Vehicle c. Transportation d. Pickup truck

a. Truck

Imagery neurons respond to a. an actual visual image as well as imagining that same image. b. only visual images in a specific category. c. all visual images. d. concrete mental images but not abstract mental images.

a. an actual visual image as well as imagining that same image.

The typical purpose of subgoals is to a. bring the problem solver closer and closer to the goal state. b. solve insight problems. c. move the solver directly from the initial state to the goal state. d. avoid the need to perform means-end analysis.

a. bring the problem solver closer and closer to the goal state.

The process of back propagation is most closely associated with a. connectionist networks. b. reasoning about categories. c. semantic networks. d. spreading activation.

a. connectionist networks.

According to your text, imagery enhances memory because a. imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered. b. research shows people like pictures better than words, so there is an enhanced emotional response. c. the brain processes images more easily than the meanings of words. d. pictures fit better with our basic instincts because children learn pictures before reading words.

a. imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered.

Most of the coherence in text is created by a. inference. b. phoneme restoration. c. parsing. d. syntax.

a. inference.

Ira and his sister are playing "Name that Tune," the object of which is to name the title of the song when given the song's first line. Ira suggests the line "Sleigh bells ring, are you listening?" His sister can't come up with the answer at first, but realizing that the title is often embedded in the lyrics, she tries to sing them silently to herself. She then bursts out "Ah! It's 'Winter Wonderland'!" It is most likely that Ira's sister used ___________ in playing the game. a. inner audition b. mental chronometry c. visual imagery d. mental synthesis

a. inner audition

Sanfey and coworkers' "ultimatum game" experiment revealed that people tended to make the _________________ decision of ____. a.irrational; accepting only high offers b.rational; accepting any offer c.irrational; accepting any offer d.rational; accepting only high offers

a. irrational; accepting only high offers

Kosslyn concluded that the image field is limited in size. This conclusion was drawn from the ___________ experiment. a. mental walk b. mental synthesis c. mental set d. image scanning

a. mental walk

Imagine that your friend James has just taken up the habit of smoking cigars because he thinks it makes him look cool. You are concerned about the detrimental effects of smoking on his health, and you raise that concern to him. James gets a bit annoyed with your criticism and says, "My grandfather smoked cigars, and he lived to be 100!" You might point out that a major problem with his argument involves a.sample size. b.the conjunction rule. c.none of these d.framing.

a. sample size.

The standard model of consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is a. strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated. b. strongly active for both new memories as they are being consolidated and memories for events that occurred long ago and are already consolidated. c. strongly active for long-ago memories that are already consolidated but becomes less active when memories are first formed and being consolidated. d. uninvolved in memory consolidation.

a. strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated.

Lexical ambiguity studies show that people access ambiguous words based on a. the meaning dominance of each definition of the word. b. the word that comes immediately before and the word that comes immediately after the ambiguous word in the sentence. c. a bottom-up progression of meaning comprehension. d. the identification of a single meaning for that word.

a. the meaning dominance of each definition of the word.

At a lunch meeting with a client, the CEO of Gossip Polls, Inc., was asked to determine America's favorite day of the week. Hundreds of Gossip employees across the U.S. started collecting data immediately, calling people at their residences. One hour later, the attitudes from 10,000 Americans, across all 50 states, were collected. A staff member called the CEO, still at her lunch meeting, to tell her the results of the poll: America's favorite day of the week is Monday. Given your text's discussion of inductive reasoning in science, we might suspect that the observations in this poll are not representative because a.the people who are home to answer the phone in the early afternoon are not an appropriate cross-section of the U.S. population. b.everyone in America was not asked their opinion. c.the participants were not sufficiently geographically diverse. d.the participants were only asked one question for this poll.

a. the people who are home to answer the phone in the early afternoon are not an appropriate cross-section of the U.S. population.

Jeannie loves to dance, having taken ballet for many years. She is now learning salsa dancing. Although the movements are very different from the dances she is familiar with, she has found a successful memory strategy of linking the new dance information to her previous experiences as a dancer and to her own affection for dance. This strategy suggests reliance on a. the self-reference effect. b. a mass practice effect. c. semantic memory. d. the integrative experience effect.

a. the self-reference effect.

Jeannie loves to dance, having taken ballet for many years. She is now learning salsa dancing. Although the movements are very different from the dances she is familiar with, she has found a successful memory strategy of linking the new dance information to her previous experiences as a dancer and to her own affection for dance. This strategy suggests reliance on a. the self-reference effect. b. a mass practice effect. c. the integrative experience effect. d. semantic memory.

a. the self-reference effect.

Recent research on memory, based largely on fear conditioning in rats, indicates that a. when a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed. b. memory consolidation does not occur when animals are afraid of a stimulus. c. memories are not susceptible to disruption once consolidation has occurred. d. fear conditioning is the most effective kind of conditioning for forming durable memories.

a. when a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed.

Consider the following sentences: "Captain Ahab wanted to kill the whale. He cursed at it." These two sentences taken together provide an example of a(n) a. anaphoric inference. b. instrument inference. c. garden path sequence. d. global connection.

a. anaphoric inference. Answers: a. anaphoric inference. b. instrument inference. c. garden path sequence. d. global connection.

One hundred students are enrolled in State University's course on introductory physics for math and science majors. In the group, 60 students are math majors and 40 are science majors. Sarah is in the class. She got all As in her high school science courses, and she would like to be a chemist someday. She lives on campus. Her boyfriend is also in the class. There is a _________________ chance that Sarah is a science major. a.50 percent b.40 percent c.100 percent d.60 percent

b. 40 percent

Your text describes an experiment by Talarico and Rubin (2003) that measured people's memories of the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. Which of the following was the primary result of that research? a. Participants had very little confidence in the accuracy of their memories of the events 32 weeks after they occurred. b. After 32 weeks, participants had a high level of confidence in their memories of the terrorist events, but lower belief in their memories of "everyday" events. c. Participants had a very high level of confidence of the terrorist events and also had high confidence in their present "everyday" memories 32 weeks later. d. Participants had high confidence in the accuracy of their memories of the terrorist events 32 weeks later, but when actually tested made significant errors when asked what they were doing on the day of the attacks.

b. After 32 weeks, participants had a high level of confidence in their memories of the terrorist events, but lower belief in their memories of "everyday" events.

Which example below best demonstrates state-dependent learning? a. Even though Walt hasn't been to the beach cottage his parents owned since he was a child, he still has many fond memories of time spent there as a family. b. Although Emily doesn't very often think about her first love, Steve, she can't help getting caught up in happy memories when "their song" (the first song they danced to) plays on the radio. c. Carmen always suffers test anxiety in her classes. To combat this, she tries to relax when she studies. She thinks it's best to study while lying in bed, reading by candlelight with soft music playing. d. Last night, at the grocery store, DeShaun ran into a psychology professor he took a class with three semesters ago. He recognized her right away.

b. Although Emily doesn't very often think about her first love, Steve, she can't help getting caught up in happy memories when "their song" (the first song they danced to) plays on the radio.

In an effort to get his sister Sharon to vaccinate her young children, Frank compiled the results from many scientific research studies that show the long-term health benefits of childhood vaccines. Yet when Frank presented the information to Sharon, she refused to believe him, stating that the research was clearly faked by large pharmaceutical companies. Sharon not only said that vaccines are risky but also now claims they are poisonous. What occurred in the conversation between Frank and Sharon? a.Falsification principle b.Backfire effect c.Mental modeling d.Belief bias

b. Backfire effect

Which of the following terms is most closely associated with semantic networks? a. Distributed processing b. Cognitive economy c. Prototype formation d. Serial processing

b. Cognitive economy

In written English, which punctuation mark has the most parsing power? a. Period b. Comma c. Exclamation point d. Hyphen

b. Comma

Which property below is NOT one of the characteristics that makes human language unique? a. It involves arrangement of a sequence of symbols b. Communication c. Hierarchical structure d. Governed by rules

b. Communication

Which term best reflects the process of reading and understanding sentences in a story? a. Sequential b. Dynamic c. Rigid d. Conscious

b. Dynamic

Which of the following provides the key benefit to the generate-and-test study strategy? a. Rehearsal b. Engagement c. Classification d. Elaboration

b. Engagement

Which of the following is NOT associated with the semantic network model? a. Cognitive economy b. Family resemblance c. Spreading activation d. Hierarchical organization

b. Family resemblance

If human speech is represented as a string of taffy on a candy-making assembly line, then what function does speech segmentation serve at the candy factory? a. It adds flavors to the taffy. b. It cuts the taffy into pieces. c. It mixes the taffy ingredients. d. It puts the taffy in packages.

b. It cuts the taffy into pieces.

Lydia is 48 years old, single, outspoken, and very bright. She majored in philosophy as an undergraduate. As a student, she was deeply concerned with issues of discrimination and social justice, and she participated in anti-nuclear demonstrations. Which of the following alternatives is most probable? a.Lydia is a state governor and active in the feminist movement. b.Lydia is a U.S. Congresswoman. c.Lydia is a U.S. Congresswoman and active in the feminist movement. d.Lydia is a state governor.

b. Lydia is a U.S. Congresswoman.

Which approach to categorization involves forming a standard representation based on an average of category members that a person has encountered in the past? a. Typicality b. Prototype c. Exemplar d. Network

b. Prototype

Dr. Leung is leading a research team to explore the retrieval practice effect. Which of the following will likely be a key component of her team's research protocol? a. Organizing b. Testing c. Elaborating d. Sleeping

b. Testing

Dr. Leung is leading a research team to explore the retrieval practice effect. Which of the following will likely be a key component of her team's research protocol? a. Organizing b. Testing c. Sleeping d. Elaborating

b. Testing

Which type of research employed a "train on perception, test on perception" method to demonstrate imagery/perception overlap? a. Paired-associate learning b. Transcranial magnetic stimulation c. Multivoxel pattern analysis d. Method of loci

b. Transcranial magnetic stimulation

In a lexical decision task, participants have to decide whether a. a statement is true. b. a presented stimulus is a word. c. two stimuli are associated. d. a stimulus is presented.

b. a presented stimulus is a word.

The misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented a. during the event. b. after the event. c. all of the above d. before the event.

b. after the event.

Boxing champion George Foreman recently described his family vacations with the statement, "At our ranch in Marshall, Texas, there are lots of ponds and I take the kids out and we fish. And then of course, we grill them." That a reader understands "them" appropriately (George grills fish, not his kids!) is the result of a(n) ____________________ inference. a. narrative b. anaphoric c. analogic d. instrument

b. anaphoric

Suppose that, as a participant in an imagery study, you are asked to memorize the four outside walls of a three-story rectangular house. Later, you are asked to report how many windows are on the front of the house. You will probably be fastest to answer this question if you create an image as though you were standing a. right at the front door. b. at the far side of the front yard, away from the house. c. one mile away from the house. d. two feet from the front door.

b. at the far side of the front yard, away from the house.

Wally and Shamika are out on a date. When Shamika asks where they should go for dinner, Wally says, "My coworkers keep telling me about that new Japanese place downtown, so it must be a great place to eat." Wally's response illustrates the use of a(n) a.permission schema. b.availability heuristic. c.confirmation bias. d.conjunction rule.

b. availability heuristic.

According to Rosch, the ___________ level of categories reflects people's everyday experience. a. prototypical b. basic c. exemplary d. subordinate

b. basic

Given its definition, expected utility theory is most applicable to deciding whether to a.go out for junior varsity hockey or junior varsity basketball. b.buy first-class or coach tickets for a spring break trip. c.take astronomy or geology as a physical science elective course. d.break up or stay involved with a current girlfriend.

b. buy first-class or coach tickets for a spring break trip.

Which of the choices best represents cognitive economy in the following sentence? The property _______is stored at the _______node. a. can fly; canary b. can fly; bird c. bird; penguin d. has feathers; ostrich

b. can fly; bird

Arkes and Freedman's "baseball game" experiment asked participants to indicate whether the following sentence was present in a passage they had previously read about events in a game: "The batter was safe at first." Their findings showed inaccurate memories involved a. participants who did not understand baseball and assumed more information was presented than actually was. b. creations from inferences based on baseball knowledge. c. confusions about presented information when it was ambiguous. d. omissions of information that was presented.

b. creations from inferences based on baseball knowledge.

In the lexical decision task, participants are asked to a. separate a sentence into individual words. b. decide whether a string of letters is a word or a nonword. c. decide which meaning of an ambiguous sentence is correct in a specific situation. d. identify words that are contained in sentences.

b. decide whether a string of letters is a word or a nonword.

Stereotypes are reinforced by all of the following EXCEPT a.the availability heuristic. b.the falsification principle. c.illusory correlations. d.selective attention.

b. the falsification principle.

Elementary school students in the United States are often taught to use the very familiar word "HOMES" as a cue for remembering the names of the Great Lakes (each letter in "HOMES" provides a first-letter cue for one of the lakes: Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior). This memory procedure usually works better than repeating the names over and over. The use of this familiar word provides an example of a. repetition priming. b. elaborative rehearsal. c. implicit memory. d. a self-reference effect.

b. elaborative rehearsal.

Research into reconsolidation of memories in people who have PTSD has focused on the ________ aspects of memory. a. episodic b. emotional c. visual d. systemic

b. emotional

If you say that "a Labrador retriever is my idea of a typical dog," you would be using the ___________ approach to categorization. a. prototype b. exemplar c. family resemblance d. definitional

b. exemplar

Language consists of smaller components, like words, that can be combined to form larger ones, like phrases, to create sentences, which themselves can be components of a larger story. This demonstrates the ____________________ property of language. a. parallel b. hierarchical c. relational d. propositional

b. hierarchical

Research shows that ___________ does not improve reading comprehension because it does not encourage elaborative processing of the material. a. organization b. highlighting c. feedback d. making up questions about the material

b. highlighting

Noam Chomsky proposed that a. language is learned through the mechanism of reinforcement. b. humans are genetically programmed to acquire and use language. c. as children learn language, they produce only sentences they have heard before. d. the underlying basis of language is different across cultures.

b. humans are genetically programmed to acquire and use language.

One reason that most people do not easily solve the original (abstract) version of the Wason four-card problem is that they a.incorrectly apply the permission schema. b.ignore the falsification principle. c.confuse the ideas of validity and truth. d.are influenced by the atmosphere effect.

b. ignore the falsification principle.

Evidence that language is a social process that must be learned comes from the fact that when deaf children find themselves in an environment where there are no people who speak or use sign language, they a. start speaking out loud even though they cannot hear themselves. b. invent a sign language themselves. c. lose the ability to communicate in any way. d. demonstrate compensatory regeneration of lost auditory neural pathways.

b. invent a sign language themselves.

Sanfey and coworkers' "ultimatum game" experiment revealed that people tended to make the _________________ decision of ____. a.irrational; accepting any offer b.irrational; accepting only high offers c.rational; accepting only high offers d.rational; accepting any offer

b. irrational; accepting only high offers

Bransford and Johnson's study had participants hear a passage, which turned out to be about a man on the street serenading his girlfriend in a tall building. The wording of the passage made it difficult to understand, but looking at a picture made it easier to understand. The results of this study illustrated the importance of ___________ in forming reliable long-term memories. a. implicit memory b. organizational context c. reconsolidation d. imagery

b. organizational context

Bransford and Johnson's study had participants hear a passage, which turned out to be about a man on the street serenading his girlfriend in a tall building. The wording of the passage made it difficult to understand, but looking at a picture made it easier to understand. The results of this study illustrated the importance of ___________ in forming reliable long-term memories. a. reconsolidation b. organizational context c. implicit memory d. imagery

b. organizational context

When the "abstract" version of the Wason four-card problem is compared to a "concrete" version of the problem (in which beer, soda, and ages are substituted for the letters and numbers), a.performance is the same for both tasks. b.performance is better for the concrete task. c.performance is better for the abstract task. d.performing the abstract task improves performance of the concrete task.

b. performance is better for the concrete task.

One of Chomsky's most persuasive arguments for refuting Skinner's theory of language acquisition was his observation that children a. are rewarded for using correct language. b. produce sentences they have never heard. c. learn to follow complex language rules, even though they are not aware of doing so. d. show similar language development across cultures.

b. produce sentences they have never heard.

In the experiment in which participants sat in an office and then were asked to remember what they saw in the office, participants "remembered" some things, like books, that weren't actually there. This experiment illustrates the effect of __________ on memory. a. scripts b. schemas c. confabulation d. bias

b. schemas

A mental rotation task is focused on the ________ aspect of imagery. a. abstract b. spatial c. detail d. propositional

b. spatial

Complete the following analogy: Perception is to ________ as imagery is to ________. a. gold; lead b. stone; smoke c. wave; droplet d. spark; flame

b. stone; smoke

Based on the information your textbook provided about different category types, jumping from ___________ categories results in the largest gain in information. a. basic level to subordinate level b. superordinate level to basic level c. subordinate level to basic level d. basic level to superordinate level

b. superordinate level to basic level

Based on the information your textbook provided about different category types, jumping from ___________ categories results in the largest gain in information. a. subordinate level to basic level b. superordinate level to basic level c. basic level to superordinate level d. basic level to subordinate level

b. superordinate level to basic level

The evolutionary approach proposes that the Wason problem can be understood in terms of people's a.innate language abilities. b.tendency to detect when others are cheating. c.innate reasoning abilities. d.ability to work well with a group of others.

b. tendency to detect when others are cheating.

Lexical ambiguity studies show that people access ambiguous words based on a. the word that comes immediately before and the word that comes immediately after the ambiguous word in the sentence. b. the meaning dominance of each definition of the word. c. the identification of a single meaning for that word. d. a bottom-up progression of meaning comprehension

b. the meaning dominance of each definition of the word.

For the category "fruit," people give a higher typicality rating to "banana" than to "kiwi." Knowing that, we can also reason that a. neither kiwi nor banana is likely to be the fruit "closest" to the prototype of the fruit category. b. the word "fruit" will lead to a larger priming effect for banana than for kiwi. c. people will have a similar number of exemplars for kiwi and banana. d. when people are asked to list all the fruits they can think of, kiwi will usually appear on their list before banana.

b. the word "fruit" will lead to a larger priming effect for banana than for kiwi.

Consider the sentence, "Because he always jogs a mile seems like a short distance to him." The principle of late closure states that this sentence would first be parsed into which of the following phrases? a. "Because he always jogs" b. "he always jogs" c. "Because he always jogs a mile" d. "a mile seems"

c. "Because he always jogs a mile"

In evaluating retrieval rates for category information for a concept, Collins and Quillian's semantic network approach would predict the slowest reaction times for which of the following statements using a sentence verification technique? a. A field sparrow is a field sparrow. b. A field sparrow is a bird. c. A field sparrow is an animal. d. A field sparrow is a sparrow.

c. A field sparrow is an animal.

Which term best describes the task of factoring the equation 9x 2 + 5x - 7 = 4x 2 - 2x + 8? a. Analogical b. Functional c. Analytical d. Divergent

c. Analytical

According to the hub and spoke model, which area of the brain serves as the hub? a. Medial thalamus b. Occipital lobe c. Anterior temporal lobe d. Parietal lobe

c. Anterior temporal lobe

Which of the following activities would require Type 2 cognitive processing? a.Zipping your jacket when it's cold b.Turning the lights off at bedtime c.Choosing an entree from a menu d.Making a left turn on a green light

c. Choosing an entree from a menu

Which statement below is most closely associated with levels of processing theory? a. Events that are repeated enough can influence our behavior, even after we have forgotten the original events. b. Information enters memory by passing through a number of levels, beginning with sensory memory, then short-term memory, then long-term memory. c. Deep processing involves paying closer attention to a stimulus than shallow processing and results in better processing. d. People who were sad when they studied did better when they were sad during testing.

c. Deep processing involves paying closer attention to a stimulus than shallow processing and results in better processing.

How would you describe the relationship between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal in terms of establishing long-term memories? a. Both are equally effective in all learning circumstances. b. Each one is sometimes more effective, depending on the learning circumstances. c. Elaborative is more effective than maintenance. d. Maintenance is more effective than elaborative.

c. Elaborative is more effective than maintenance.

Holly was in her mother-in-law's kitchen preparing lunch for the family. When she was ready to dish up the soup, she searched all the cupboards and drawers for a ladle but couldn't find one. She decided to wait until her mother-in-law returned to ask her where the ladle was, leaving the soup in the stove pot. Her mother-in-law later explained that the ladle had been broken, so she told Holly to use a coffee mug to "spoon" the soup into bowls. Holly's ability to solve the "dish up the soup" problem was hindered by which of the following obstacles? a. Discriminability b. Perseveration c. Functional fixedness d. Divergent thinking

c. Functional fixedness

The concept of encoding specificity is grounded in which of the following? a. Task b. Structure c. Location d. Mood

c. Location

Which of the following is key to the illusory truth effect? a. Stress b. Source c. Repetition d. Culture

c. Repetition

The analogy that makes the solution to the mutilated checkerboard problem obvious is the _________________ problem. a. light bulb b. Tower of Hanoi c. Russian marriage d. radiation

c. Russian marriage

In a study, participants listened to the following tape recording: Rumor had it that, for years, the government building had been plagued with problems. The man was not surprised when he found several spiders, roaches, and other bugs in the corner of the room. As participants heard the word "bugs," they completed a lexical decision task to a test stimulus flashed on a screen. To which of the following words would you expect participants to take the longest to respond to? a. ANT b. SPY c. SKY d. ROACH

c. SKY

Which of the following statements is NOT accurate? a. The scope of lexical semantics is variable. b. Semantics are multidimensional in scope. c. Semantics and lexicons are equal in scope. d. Lexicon is smaller in scope than semantics.

c. Semantics and lexicons are equal in scope.

Which of the following is NOT one of the types of units found within a parallel distributed processing model? a. Input units b. Hidden units c. Working units d. Output units

c. Working units

"You can't have any pudding unless you eat your meat," says a man to his son at the dinner table. This is an example of a.inductive reasoning. b.a self-serving bias. c.a permission schema. d.the illusory correlation.

c. a permission schema.

In a lexical decision task, participants have to decide whether a. a stimulus is presented. b. two stimuli are associated. c. a presented stimulus is a word. d. a statement is true.

c. a presented stimulus is a word.

The propositional approach may use any of the following EXCEPT a. an equation. b. a statement. c. a spatial layout. d. abstract symbols.

c. a spatial layout.

In Kaplan and Simon's experiment, they presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. Participants in the _________________ group had the fastest response time. a. color b. black and pink c. bread and butter d. blank

c. bread and butter

In the multiple-factor approach, the fact that people exhibit physical attributes, actions, and emotions is known as ________. a. weighting b. loading c. crowding d. stacking

c. crowding

In the lexical decision task, participants are asked to a. identify words that are contained in sentences. b. decide which meaning of an ambiguous sentence is correct in a specific situation. c. decide whether a string of letters is a word or a nonword. d. separate a sentence into individual words.

c. decide whether a string of letters is a word or a nonword.

An experiment measures participants' performance in judging syllogisms. Two premises and a conclusion are presented as stimuli, and participants are asked to indicate (yes or no) if the conclusion logically follows from the premises. Error rates are then calculated for each syllogism. This experiment studies _________________ reasoning. a.intuitive b.falsification c.deductive d.inductive

c. deductive

Research into reconsolidation of memories in people who have PTSD has focused on the ________ aspects of memory. a. systemic b. episodic c. emotional d. visual

c. emotional

Tanenhaus and coworkers' eye movement study presented participants with different pictures for interpreting the sentence, "Put the apple on the towel in the box." Their results showed the importance of ____________________ in how we understand sentences in real-life situations. a. instrumental inferences b. local connections c. environmental context d. the cooperative principle

c. environmental context

Tanenhaus and coworkers' eye movement study presented participants with different pictures for interpreting the sentence, "Put the apple on the towel in the box." Their results showed the importance of ____________________ in how we understand sentences in real-life situations. a. local connections b. the cooperative principle c. environmental context d. instrumental inferences

c. environmental context

Josiah is trying to decide whether to take a new job in a new city. He is worried that if he takes the job and fails, he will suffer from intense anxiety and depression. This is an example of a.incidental immediate emotion. b.immediate emotion. c.expected emotion. d.integral immediate emotion.

c. expected emotion.

Ling is sure that if her boyfriend proposes, she will feel elation. This is an example of an a.incidental immediate emotion. b.integral immediate emotion. c.expected emotion. d.immediate emotion.

c. expected emotion.

Research shows that ___________ does not improve reading comprehension because it does not encourage elaborative processing of the material. a. making up questions about the material b. feedback c. highlighting d. organization

c. highlighting

Bonnie has ordered her monthly supply of medicines through the mail for the past five years. Except for one order, all orders have arrived within two business days. Bonnie placed an order yesterday, and she expects to receive her order tomorrow. Bonnie is using a.an omission bias. b.the conjunction rule. c.inductive reasoning. d.the similarity-coverage model.

c. inductive reasoning.

The analogical paradox refers to problem-solving differences between a. experimental groups and control groups. b. experts and novices. c. laboratory and real-world settings. d. well- and ill-defined problems.

c. laboratory and real-world settings.

Finke's creating an object studies show that people were more likely to come up with creative uses for preinventive objects if they a. had received training in creative thinking. b. had been preselected as "creative" individuals. c. made the objects themselves. d. were told they were expected to be creative.

c. made the objects themselves.

Finke's "creating an object" experiment had participants create a novel object by combining parts. Once they created an object, they were given the name of an object category and instructed to interpret their creation as a practical object or device within that category. Finke used the term preinventive forms to describe the a. object parts. b. inventions rated high in both practicality and originality. c. novel objects before a function was described. d. practical objects within the category.

c. novel objects before a function was described.

Within the realm of conversational speech, knowledge refers to the a. tendency to see relationships between spoken concepts even when those relationships do not exist. b. rules for combining spoken words into sentences. c. previously understood information that we bring into the conversation. d. meaning of a conversation.

c. previously understood information that we bring into the conversation.

Retrograde amnesia is usually less severe for ______ memories. a. recent b. emotional c. remote d. anterograde

c. remote

Gestalt psychologists consider problem solving as a process involving a. continuity and form. b. sensory operators. c. reorganization or restructuring. d. multiple goal states.

c. reorganization or restructuring.

Coherence refers to the a. principle that we process information in isolation before we link it to its context. b. mental process by which readers create information during reading that is not explicitly stated in the text. c. representation of the text in a reader's mind so that information in one part of the text is related to information in another part of the text. d. mental process whereby ambiguity is resolved online during sentence reading.

c. representation of the text in a reader's mind so that information in one part of the text is related to information in another part of the text.

According to the sensory-functional hypothesis, our ability to differentiate living things and artifacts depends on a semantic memory system that distinguishes _____ and one that distinguishes _____. a. serial nodes; familiar concepts b. sensations; facts c. sensory attributes; function d. sequential networks; familial resemblance

c. sensory attributes; function

According to the concept of ________, when we read a sentence like, "Jorge grabbed his coat from his bedroom and his backpack from the living room, walked downstairs, and called his friend Gerry," we create a simulation of Jorge's apartment and keep track of his location as he moves throughout the apartment. a. causal inference b. global connections c. situation models d. speech continuity

c. situation models

The word frequency effect refers to the fact that we respond more a. quickly to letters that appear multiple times in a word than just once in a word. b. quickly to phonemes that appear multiple times in a word than just once in a word. c. slowly to low-frequency words than high-frequency words. d. slowly to letters appearing in nonwords than letters appearing in words.

c. slowly to low-frequency words than high-frequency words.

The principle that we encode information together with its context is known as encoding a. consolidation. b. priming. c. specificity. d. transcription.

c. specificity.

When the front part of a sentence can be interpreted more than one way, but the end of the sentence clarifies which meaning is correct, we say that the sentence is an example of a. parsing. b. temporary ambiguity. c. speech segmentation. d. lexical priming.

c. speech segmentation.

Free recall of the stimulus list "apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants" will most likely yield which of these response patterns? a. "apple, desk, shoe, coat, lamp, pants" b. "apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants" c. "apple, chair, cherry, coat, desk, lamp, plum, shoe, sofa" d. "apple, cherry, plum, shoe, coat, pants, lamp, chair"

d. "apple, cherry, plum, shoe, coat, pants, lamp, chair"

Katie and Alana are roommates taking the same psychology class. They have a test in four days during a 10:00-11:00 AM class period. Both women intend to study for three hours, but because of different work schedules, Katie will study one hour for each of the next three days, while Alana will study three hours the day before the exam. What could you predict about their performances? a. Alana will perform better because of a long-term memory recency effect. b. State-dependent learning predicts that Katie should perform better, because the exam takes place during a one-hour class period. c. Katie and Alana should perform equally well, because each studied the same time overall (supporting the equal-time hypothesis). d. Katie should perform better because of the spacing effect.

d. Katie should perform better because of the spacing effect.

Lakeisha and Kim have been studying for two hours for their chemistry exam. Both girls are tired of studying. Lakeisha decides to watch a two-hour movie on DVD, while Kim decides to go to bed. What would you predict about their performance on the chemistry exam? a. Kim performs better because of encoding specificity. b. Lakeisha performs better because of encoding specificity. c. Lakeisha performs better because of consolidation. d. Kim performs better because of consolidation.

d. Kim performs better because of consolidation.

Which of the following is a connectionist model proposing that concepts are represented by activity that is spread across a network? a. The prototype approach b. Semantic network theory c. Enhancement due to priming d. Parallel distributed processing theory

d. Parallel distributed processing theory

Which of the following statements is true of the cognitive interview technique? a. Police offer positive reinforcement to witnesses (e.g., "Good, that makes sense.") when the witnesses give information consistent with what is in the police file. b. Police ask witnesses questions and have them rate their confidence level in their recollections. c. Police start their interview with simple filler questions to make the witnesses feel comfortable. d. Police allow witnesses to talk with a minimum of interruption from the officer.

d. Police allow witnesses to talk with a minimum of interruption from the officer.

Consider the following syllogism: Premise 1: All dogs are cats. Premise 2: All cats say "meow." Conclusion: Therefore, all dogs say "meow." Which statement below describes this syllogism? a.Both premises are valid. b.The conclusion is not valid. c.The conclusion is true. d.The conclusion is valid.

d. The conclusion is valid.

For most adults over age 40, the reminiscence bump describes enhanced memory for a. childhood and middle age. b. young adulthood and middle age. c. childhood and adolescence. d. adolescence and young adulthood.

d. adolescence and young adulthood.

The text's discussion of the research on in vivo problem solving highlighted that _________________ play(s) an important role in solving scientific problems. a. subgoals b. insight c. flexibility d. analogies

d. analogies

The conclusion to be drawn from the man named Shereshevskii whose abnormal brain functioning gave him virtually limitless word-for-word memory is that having memory like a video recorder a. is largely a blessing because no event would be erased. b. helped him draw powerful inferences and intelligent conclusions from his vast knowledge base. c. is an advantage because it eliminates "selective" recording (remembering some events and forgetting others), which provides no useful service to humans. d. can seriously disrupt functioning in one's personal life

d. can seriously disrupt functioning in one's personal life

Consider the following syllogism: If it's a robin then it is a bird. It is a bird. Therefore, it is a robin. In the example above, "Therefore, it is a robin" is a _________________ of a _________________ syllogism. a.premise; categorical b.premise; conditional c.conclusion; categorical d.conclusion; conditional

d. conclusion; conditional

In the "word list" false memory experiment where several students incorrectly remembered hearing the word sleep, false memory occurs because of a. verbatim recall. b. the effect of scripts. c. cryptoamnesia d. constructive memory processes.

d. constructive memory processes.

One beneficial property of connectionist networks is graceful degradation, which refers to the property that a. these networks learn by a process that is analogous to the way a child learns about the world by making mistakes and being corrected. b. learning can be generalized between similar concepts to facilitate future learning. c. learning a new concept does not interfere with remembering a previously learned concept. d. damage to the system does not completely disrupt its operation.

d. damage to the system does not completely disrupt its operation.

One beneficial property of connectionist networks is graceful degradation, which refers to the property that these networks learn by a process that is analogous to the way a child learns about the world by making mistakes and being corrected. b. learning can be generalized between similar concepts to facilitate future learning. c. learning a new concept does not interfere with remembering a previously learned concept. d. damage to the system does not completely disrupt its operation.

d. damage to the system does not completely disrupt its operation.

Elementary school students in the United States are often taught to use the very familiar word "HOMES" as a cue for remembering the names of the Great Lakes (each letter in "HOMES" provides a first-letter cue for one of the lakes: Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior). This memory procedure usually works better than repeating the names over and over. The use of this familiar word provides an example of a. repetition priming. b. a self-reference effect. c. implicit memory. d. elaborative rehearsal.

d. elaborative rehearsal.

Making probable conclusions based on evidence involves_________________reasoning. a.deductive b.syllogistic c.connective d.inductive

d. inductive

Consider the following conditional syllogism: Premise 1: If I don't eat lunch today, I will be hungry tonight. Premise 2: I ate lunch today. Conclusion: Therefore, I wasn't hungry tonight. This syllogism is a.biased. b.abstract. c.valid. d.invalid.

d. invalid.

Evidence that language is a social process that must be learned comes from the fact that when deaf children find themselves in an environment where there are no people who speak or use sign language, they a. lose the ability to communicate in any way. b. demonstrate compensatory regeneration of lost auditory neural pathways. c. start speaking out loud even though they cannot hear themselves. d. invent a sign language themselves.

d. invent a sign language themselves.

Imagine that a young child is just learning about the category "dog." Thus far, she has experienced only two dogs, one a poodle and the other a German shepherd. On her third encounter with a dog, she will be LEAST likely to correctly categorize the animal as a dog if that animal a. matches the size of the poodle but is of a different breed. b. matches an exemplar of one of the dogs she has experienced. c. is similar to an "average" for the dogs she has encountered. d. is a breed of dog that is hairless and teacup-sized.

d. is a breed of dog that is hairless and teacup-sized.

The "imagery debate" is concerned with whether imagery a. is identical for all people. b. actually exists. c. can be used to inform nonvisual sensory systems. d. is based on spatial or language mechanisms.

d. is based on spatial or language mechanisms.

Ganis and coworkers (2004) used fMRI to measure brain activation for perception and imagery of objects. Their results showed that a. perception and imagery activate the same areas of the frontal lobe, but imagery activates more of the back of the brain than perception does. b. there is no difference between the activation caused by perception and by imagery. c. perception and imagery activate the same areas near the back of the brain, but imagery activates more of the frontal lobe than does perception. d. perception and imagery activate the same areas of the frontal lobe, but perception activates more of the back of the brain than imagery does.

d. perception and imagery activate the same areas of the frontal lobe, but perception activates more of the back of the brain than imagery does.

Rosch found that participants respond more rapidly in a same-different task when presented with "good" examples of colors such as "red" and "green" than when they are presented with "poor" examples such as "pink" and "light green." The result of this experiment was interpreted as supporting the ___________ approach to categorization. a. exemplar b. network c. parallel processing d. prototype

d. prototype

Your text describes the case of M.G.S. who underwent brain surgery as treatment for severe epilepsy. Testing of M.G.S. pre- and post-surgery revealed that the right visual cortex is involved in the a. ability to draw objects from memory. b. ability to visually recognize objects. c. recognition of objects in the left side of space. d. size of the field of view.

d. size of the field of view.

Many people receive unsolicited calls from telemarketers or unwanted "junk" mailers advertising offers for products such as cable or Internet services or cellular phone companies. Most people do not consider these offers and do not make a change to the plans or services that they receive because they do not want to make a decision that requires serious consideration or thought. This is an example of the _________________ bias. a.actor-observer b.dual systems c.self-serving d.status quo

d. status quo

The standard model of consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is a. strongly active for long-ago memories that are already consolidated but becomes less active when memories are first formed and being consolidated. b. uninvolved in memory consolidation. c. strongly active for both new memories as they are being consolidated and memories for events that occurred long ago and are already consolidated. d. strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated.

d. strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated.

The semantic network model predicts that the time it takes for a person to retrieve information about a concept should be determined by a. the representativeness of the information contained in each concept. b. the amount of information contained in each concept. c. the typicality of the information contained in each concept. d. the distance that must be traveled through the network.

d. the distance that must be traveled through the network.

Collins and Quillian's semantic network model predicts that the reaction time to verify "a canary is a bird" is ___________ the reaction time to verify "an ostrich is a bird." a. slower than b. interfered with by c. faster than d. the same as

d. the same as

Transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if a. imagery is used to create connections among items to be transferred into long-term memory. b. the person remembering generates their own retrieval cues. c. there is deep processing during acquisition of the new material. d. the type of encoding task matches the type of retrieval task.

d. the type of encoding task matches the type of retrieval task.

For the category "fruit," people give a higher typicality rating to "banana" than to "kiwi." Knowing that, we can also reason that a. neither kiwi nor banana is likely to be the fruit "closest" to the prototype of the fruit category. b. when people are asked to list all the fruits they can think of, kiwi will usually appear on their list before banana. c. people will have a similar number of exemplars for kiwi and banana. d. the word "fruit" will lead to a larger priming effect for banana than for kiwi.

d. the word "fruit" will lead to a larger priming effect for banana than for kiwi.

An advantage of the exemplar approach over the prototype approach is that the exemplar approach provides a better explanation of the ___________ effect. a. reaction time b. resemblance c. priming d. typicality

d. typicality

Ellen is 52 years old. Which of the following experiences has most likely faded from her memory? a. Moving into her first apartment b. Getting her driver's license c. Going to her high school prom d. Winning the first grade spelling bee

d. Winning the first grade spelling bee

Schrauf and Rubin's "two groups of immigrants" study found that the reminiscence bump coincided with periods of rapid change, occurring at a normal age for people emigrating early in life but shifting to 15 years later for those who emigrated later. These results support the a. self-image hypothesis. b. narrative rehearsal hypothesis. c. autobiographical hypothesis. d. cognitive hypothesis.

d. cognitive hypothesis.