Cognitive Test 2

which the following statements is correct

objects in central vision fall on the small area called the fovea

People perceive vertical and horizontal orientations more easily than other orientations according to the

oblique effect

Which of the following options would not be an important factor in automatic processing

Close attention

What contains the words, stored in memory, each of which has a threshold for being activated?

dictionary unit

Which of the following is most closely associated with Treisman's attenuation theory of selective attention?

dictionary unit

It's not her and Triston's experiment, in which participants were asked to indicate whether a target stimulus was present in a series of rapidly presented frames divided attention with easier

Once processing had been automatic

According to Treisman's attenuation model which of the following would you expect to have the highest threshold for most people

The word platypus

A person ________ would likely have a deeper experience of Bayesian influence.

beliefs

When Sam listens to his girlfriend Susan in the restaurant and ignores other people's conversations, he is engaged in the process of ____ attention.

selective

the cocktail party effect is

the ability to pay attention to one stimulus while filtering out the other stimuli

The liklihood principle states that

we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received

the process by which small objects become perceptually grouped to form larger objects is the principle of perceptual

organization

The notion that every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible is called the law of

Pragnanz

according to Travis feature integration theory, the first stage of perception is called the _______ stage

Preattentive

The street perfect occurs whenParticipants

Try to name colors and ignore words

During a visit to the local museum you appreciate the incredible beauty of the painting is displayed. Your ability to see the painting is a complete pictures rather than individual, disconnect the dots of color, texture, and location of cars through a process called

binding

Illusory conjunctions are

combinations of features from different stimuli

Which of the following word strings all refer to the same pathway?

dorsal, where, action

Which of the following best describes the result of attention in the contexts of perception

enhancement

Suppose you were in your kitchen writing a grocery list while your roommate is watching TV in the next room. Ice commercial for spaghetti sauce comes on TV. Although you were not paying attention to the TV, you suddenly remember that you need to pick up spaghetti sauce and add it to the list. Your behavior is the best predicted by which of the following models of attention

late selection

how does perceptual load different from processing capacity

perceptual load is individual and processing capacity is universal

According to your textbook, perception goes beyond the simple receipt of sensory info. It is involved in many different cognitive skills. Which of the following is NOT one of those skills as noted by the chapter?

Experiencing neuromodulation

In the text's use of the Olympic Rings example, which Gestalt law contributes to the correct perception of five interlocking circles?

Simplicity

When Carlos moved to the U.S., he did not understand any English. Phrases like "Anna Mary Can Pi And I Scream Class Hick" didn't make any sense to him. Now that Carlos has been learning English, he recognizes this phrase as "An American Pie and Ice Cream Classic." This example illustrates that Carlos was not capable of ____ in English.

Sppech Segmentation

With the stupid fact you expect to find longest response times when

The color and the name differed

Which stage and tries means attenuation model has a threshold component

The dictionary unit

I tracking studies investigating attention as we carry out actions such as making a peanut butter sandwich found that a persons eye movements

are determined primarily by the task

The sequence of steps that includes the image on the retina, changing the image into electrical signals, and neural processing is an example of _____ processing.

bottom-up

scene schema is

knowledge about what is contained in a typical scene

Lane has no idea what she just read her text because she was thinking about how hungry she is and what she's going to have for dinner. This is a real world example of

mind wandering

Ahmad is doing an experiment in which he has to choose between the object he has been shown previously (the target object) and another object. Choosing the target object will result in a reward. What sort of task is Amhad doing?

object discrimination problem

Speech Segmentation is defined as

organizing the sounds of speech into individual words

The use of a machine that tracks the movement of one's ass can help rebuild the shifting of ones _______ attention

overt

landmark discrimination problem is more difficult to do if you have damage to your ______ lobe.

parietal

Which of the followingvis an example of unconscious inference?

perceiving that a partially covered automobile continues beneath the cover

the gestalt psychologist believe that

perception is affected by experience, but built in principles can override experience

the fact that trees are more likely to be vertical or horizontal than slanted is an example of

physical regularity

saccadic eye movement is a

reaction to physical properties of stimulus

as the _____of a stimulus increases, _______ tends to ______

salience; fixation; increase

Entering a church service and seeing someone selling hot dogs and cotton candy from a cart near the altar would be perceived as a violation of

scene schema

in which concept is an individuals knowledge most important

schema

which of the following adjectives has the LEAST connection to perception?

conscious

Colin Cherry's experiment in which participants listened to two different messages, one presented to each ear, found that people

could focus on one message and ignore the other one at the same time

research on the use of cell phones while driving indicates that

the main effect of cell phone use on driving safety can be attributed to the fact that attention is used up by the cognitive task of talking on the phone.

Which of the following is true about perception?

It involves rapid processes

The existence of transitional probabilities adds an ______ quality to learning and using language.

anticipatory

Which of the following is NOT an example of a physical regularity in your text?

Angled orientation

I bought him a processes involved in fixating on an area of a scene that

Has high stimulus silence

I have a threshold and tries model of attention implies

It takes a strong signal to call the activation

Which of the following is an wxample of an effect of top-down processing?

Recognizing a crying friend's sounds as words in a sentence

The notion that faster responding occurs when enhancements bed within an object is called

Same object advantage

Which of the following attention model components produces two levels of output

Triesmans attenuator

Members of a security team are stationed on rooftops surrounding a large city plaza before a scheduled rally

Viewpoint invariance

Which term best reflects what we do with an image projected onto our retina?

We interpret it

The perception pathway corresponds to the _____ pathway, while the action pathway corresponds to the _____ pathway.

What; where

When does bottom-up processing usually occur?

When environmental energy stimulates the receptors

what is the process of unconscious inference?

When our perceptions are the result of inferences that we make about the environment

Evidence for the role of top-down processing in perception is shown by which of the following examples?

When someone accurately identifies a word in a song on a radio broadcast despite static interfering with reception

Which of the following would have the most semantic regularities?

a shopping mall

the results of gauthiers greeble experiment illustrate

an effect of experience-dependent plasticity

Which of the following is the process by which features such as color for motion and location are combined to create our perception of a coherent object

binding

___________ is the process by which features such as color form notion and location a combined to create our perception of a coherent object

binding

If you stay in very close to a pointillist painting, are you say your tiny color dots. But if you step away from the painting, large areas of color become noticeable and eventually become recognizable objects such as flowers are clouds. This is similar to which of the following?

bunding

The difficulty we have in recognizing even an obvious alteration in a scene is called _____\\\ blindness

change

the ability to focus on one stimuywhile filtering out other stimuli is called

cocktail party effect

The technique where the participants task is to focus on the message in one ear, called the attended ear, and to repeat what he or ahe is hearing out loud is known as

dichotic listening

Which of the following is an experimental procedure used to study how attention affects the processing of competing stimuli?

dichotic listening

proponents of multitasking would note _______ to support their opinion, where his opponents of multitasking would point to _______ to justify their perspective

divided attention;distraction

Each time he briefly pause on one face, you were making a

fixation

You look at a rope coiled on a beach and are able to perceive it as a single strand because of the law of

good continuation

When we started saying, initial fixations are most likely to occur on ______ areas

high-saliency

Perception is NOT essential for

improving empathy

Which of the following illustrate how we can make things even if they are clearly visible

inattentional blindness

Viewpoint ________ is the ability to recognize the same object even if it is seen from different perspectives.

invariance

The task of determining the object responsible for a particular image on one's retina is called the

inverse projection problem

The saying, "if you've seen one, you've seen em all" best reflects which of the following?

liklihood principle

theory of unconscious inference includes the

liklihood principle

If you were folding towels while watching television you may find that you don't have to pay much attention to the act of folding while keeping up with the storyline on the TV show. Folding the towels would be an example

low load

Supposetwin teenagers are vying for their morthers attention. the mother is trying to pay attention to one of her daughters, though both girls are talking. According to the operating characteristics of Treismans attenuator, it is most likely the attenuator is analyzing the incoming messages in terms of

meaning

The Stroop affect demonstrates peoples inability to ignore the _______ words

meaning

semantic regularity refers to the

meaning between properties of an object

The term semantics, when applied to perception, means the

meaning of a scene, often rekated to what is happening within the scene

The demonstration in your text that asks you to visualize scenes such as an office, a department store clothing section, a lion, and a microscope often results in more details in the scene of the office or department store than the scene with the lion or microscope. The latter two tend to have fewer details because most individuals from modern society have less knowledge of _____ in those scenes.

semsntic regularities

You are at a parade where there are a number of marching bands. You perceive the bands that are all in the same uniforms as being grouped together. The red uniforms are one band, the green uniforms another, and so forth. You have this perceptual experience because of the law of

similarity

Strayer and Johnson's experiment involving stimulated driving in the use of hands free versus hand held cell phones found that

talking on either kind of phone impaired driving performance significantly and to the same extent

According to your text, the ability to divide attention depends on all the following except

task cueing

If a gestalt psychologist was baking a cake for an event, what would they be most focused on?

the cake

Broadbents mode is called the early selection model because

the filter eliminates the unattended information right at the beginning of the flow of information

Broadbent's model is called an early selection model because

the filter eliminates unattended information at the beginning of the information flow

Placing tomatoes onions jalapeños garlic cilantro and lime juice into a blender and turning it on to produce salsa is similar to which of the following

the focused attention stage of feature integration theory

How does the phenomenon of apparent movement work?

the perceptual system creates the perception of movement from stationary images

which of the following is true about bayesian inference

the probability of an outcome is determined by tge prior probability and the liklihood of the outcome

What differentiates bottom-up processing from top-down processing?

the source of information

Which of the following is a basic principle of Gestalt psychology?

the whole is different from the sum of its part

which of the following is NOT considered a starting point for perception

thinking

If a word is identified more easily when it is in a sentence than when it is presented alone, this would be an example of _____ processing.

top-down

"Perceiving machines" are used by the U.S. Postal service to "read" the addresses on letters and sort them quickly to their correct destinations. Sometimes, these machines cannot read an address, because the writing on the envelope is not sufficiently clear for the machine to match the writing to an example it has stored in memory. Human postal workers are much more successful at reading unclear addresses, most likely because of

top-down processing

Maria took a drink from a container marked "milk." Surprised, she quickly spit out the liquid because it turned out the container was filled with orange juice instead. Maria likes orange juice, so why did she have such a negative reaction to it? Her response was most affected by

top-down processing

Imagine the lawmakers are considering changing the driving laws and that you have been consult it is an attention expert. Given the principles of divided attention, in which of the following conditions with a person have the most difficulty with driving and therefore pose the biggest safety risk on the road

when the person is driving an unfamiliar vehicle that is more difficult to operate

Anne Treismans attenuator analyzes the incoming message in terms of all of the following EXCEPT

wheter the perceptual load is low or high