Coll-P155 Public Speaking: IU

stasis theory

every speech has a good place to rest an ending point idea that the speech consists of movement and rest

ideograph

word or phrase that is potent in expressing an ideology, ideal, a vision of life.

relation of theory and practice

you have agency and responsibility to shape the world you want to live in

agency

"the focus is less on how one person can design symbolic action to persuade other people and more on how symbolic actions spontaneously, intuitively, and often unconsciously act upon people to create a sense of collective identity.

components of a good claim

1. declarative sentence 2 tightly focused 3. no loaded language 4. calibrated appropriately to audience and constraints of your speech

rhetorical claim

addressed to particular people, on particular occasions, in a particular times and cultures, about particular issues.

inference

a leap=imagination plus experience. link that connects supporting material to each claim

strengths and weaknesses of arguments from example

advantage is that it makes a general or abstract statement more concrete and tangible. cannot be absolutely certain that examples are representative, but we can select them in a way that removes all known causes of distortion or bias. paints picture in audience mind.

analogy

a:b as C:D. comparing relationships. compare the relevant similarities of the relationship, compare the relevant dissimilarities of the relationship.

social constitution

ability to change social norms.

practical judgement

act of defining a particular person, object, or event for the purposes of making a practical decision. tells us what things are, and what we should do about them.

non sequitur

an inference in which the claim doesn't follow from the supporting material. claim couldn't be inferred from supporting material

exigence

an interruption of the norm, some imperfection that mars the calm form of the status quo.

the possible and the probable

an invitational speech operates in the boundaries of the possible and the probable. probable is better.

rhetoric as adaptation

analysis of demographics and opinions. adjusts your topics and opinions. adapt to identify areas of consensus. adapt to determine depth of your speech.

rightness of fit

appropriateness; fitness, balance, measure. hitting the target, sweet spot.

slippery slope

arguing that a small first step leads to a drastic consequences not immediately in that first step.

fallacy of division

arguing that what is true of whole is true of part.

fallacy of composition

arguing without support that what is true of the part is automatically true of the whole.

ad hominem

argument directed at character of opponent rather than quality of their reasoning.

enthymeme

argument in which one premise isn't explicitly stated.

motive

audiences were motivated by respect for the speaker (ethos) by emotional affection or dislike (pathos) and by strength of reason and evidence (logos).

structure of motives

belief, value, feeling, emotion, habit, desire.

presence

by the very fact of selecting certain elements and presenting them to the audience. their importance and pertinency to the discussion endows elements with a presence.

speech event

can be defined by a unified set of components throughout: same purpose of communication same topic same participants same language variety social constitution=speech as event.

social intelligence

capacity to negotiate complex social relationships and environments. robots lack it.

scientific proof

claim based on a system of rules by which they can be proved with absolute certainty as long as you operate within that system.

norms

common views held by society/communities

civic virtue model

community- friendship, cultivating habits of personal living. claimed to be important for success of community.

polis

community-friendship. Greek ideal.

tensions and collaborations rhetoric and philosophy

complicated relationship. rhetoric marked by urgency, philosophy can offer rhetoric.

constitution vs transmission

constitution: constitutive rhetoric, social construction. transmission: passage of info or data from one point to another is instrumental, it does not change the nature of reality or the identity of the sender or receiver.

public sphere model of communication

contributes to ongoing circulation of discourse in the public sphere and helps to create publics around issues of common interests. Circulation is the defining feature. how your own speaking is connected to the public sphere. speaker's message is influenced by other messages that circulate in the public sphere.

convention and invention

convention is norm. invention is speech art. both constantly circulating, speech act changes norms, norms then change what we say.

identification

convincing your listeners that action is necessary, ideas sound and success necessary.

transmission model

depicts public speaking as a form of one way communication from speaker to audience. shows whether listeners receive a message but doesn't show how they interpret it.

individual vs aggregate

describing an individual occurrence as an example versus describing a general statistic about a large group as an example.

dissensus

disagreement among members of a society.

paradigm shift

dramatic change in paradigm of community or individual or a change from one paradigm to another. paradigm is a framework containing basic assumptions and ways of thinking that are commonly accepted.

dissoi logoi

embody the opposing side of an argument so as to further your own or even enhance your credibility by displaying your recognition of the opposition.

paradigm of POC

even though speaker is the one talking to audience, POC is centered around audience as opposed to speaker.

particular and the general

explaining the overall sense of a topic (general). going in depth within that topic, the details (particular)

factual vs hypothetical

factual examples are actual occurrences versus created illustrations to construct an abstract example.

synecdoche

figure of contiguity, use of part for whole, or whole for part.

schemes

figures of sound and rhythm

icon

image that has become a symbol

criterion of the reasonable

in offering a rhetorical proof, you must satisfy the immediate audience and also meet a broader standard of reasonableness that would satisfy a larger imagined audience of critical thinkers.

canons of rhetoic

invention: logos ethos pathos and the proofs. arrangement: how you organize speech. style: how you speak schemes: deals with order, syntax, letters, sounds. delivery: how you articulate memory: ability to recall what it is you want to say trophes: figures of speech with an unexpected twist in the meaning of the words.

tests of sign

is the sign part of a pattern or a single unusual case.

regimes of discourse

language of corporate culture: career ladder, efficiency, getting ahead, loyalty, rising in the ranks

habiuts

like a habit. lifestyle values, dispositions and expectations of certain social groups. (2nd speech, persuade without insulting others' beliefs.)

denotation

literal meaning of a word in a contrast to the feelings or ideas the word suggests.

connotation

memory backfills from the future into the past, accruing richer meanings over time

post hoc (false causality)

mistaking a sequential relationship for a casual one (correlation is not causation)

discursive identity

not just the identity that you came into the world with, it is the identity that comes about over time through out interactions with each other and through the cultures we create for ourselves.

particular vs general

particular: a specific event that is applicable to the whole General: broader, more general abstract idea that a particular event supports

ideal speech situation

people bringing their own best thoughts, reasons, emotions, passions, to a topic of discourse.

mobilization

people don't choose the symbols that come to symbolize, they often deploy or mobilize those symbols to achieve strategic ends.

sedimentation

peoples experiences become sedimented and accrue in the meaning of public symbols. they absorb our experience. more than one life experience, more than one set of meanings can become sedimented into and triggered by symbols.

syllogism

premise + premise=conclusion form of reasoning in which a conclusion is drawn from two given or assumed propositions. each of which shares a term with a conclusion, and shares a common/ middle term not present in conclusion.

rhetorical background

provides the broader historical and social context of the speech and its audience.

circular reasoning

providing a reason that simply states the claim in different words.

counterpublics

publics that develop outside of and counter to established mechanisms of the state.

brief vs extended

quick list of examples versus complex description of one case

anaphora

repetition of beginning of word or phrase in a series of sentences

rhetorical proof

represent supporting material that ranges from strong to weak.

constraints

resources of invention. factors that limit persuasive strategies a speaker may have.

the realm of the indeterminate

rhetoric governs the realm of the indeterminate because we won't deliberate about things that are certain. rhetoric is necessary in the indeterminate realm of social means and ends.

discourse community

rhetoric is constitutive of who we are as a community. group who shares a set of discourse: understood as basic values and assumptions

exemplars

saying that you should use examples of introductions given in the book as models to guide and help you think creatively about the best way to introduce your speech.

scopus theory

scopus is not saying that only one view is right. humans are complicated, each can look an issue in more than one way.

scopus

seeing issues from different perspectives. no one POV is correct.

types of inference

sign, cause, testimony, analogy, example

false dilemma

simplifying a dilemma and making it seem like there are only two choices

"a situation" vs rhetorical situation

situation: calls forth a response rhetorical situation: exigence-functions at the organizing principle, it species the audience to be addressed and the change to be affected.

copia

skill of varying expression in order to amplify an idea fully. helps students get beyond insufficient development of a point.

society vs community

society: minimum that you agree to exist. community: group of people that close and tied together in one way. publicness involves society not community, gathering of strangers, mutual respect.

intervention

something that changes the public discourse in a specific moment. interruption of the norm resulting in the discourse to change. invention starts convention.

contingency

something that comes up out of the ordinary; needs to be addressed now.

symbol

something that stands for something else, usually concrete

composite audience

speak to each audience in turn with a different message. speak to all audiences simultaneous with unifying symbols.

style and substance

speech and thought in rhetorical theory.

loci communes

starting points for arguments in a speech

philosophical claim

studies universals, not specifies.

cause

suggests that one factor brings out another

double-two way- agency

symbolic identifications works both: outside people's willing and doing. consciously and strategically by people's intentional use.

fungibility

symbolic meanings develop over time

constitutive rhetoric

symbols and language that constitute a collective identity of an audience

testimony

test: does the statement accurately reflect the source's views. is the source an expert on the topic. is there a basis for the source's statement. is the source reasonably unbiased.

eloquence

the capacity of the beauty and power of language to illuminate and move

ideological distortion

the gap between perception and creation is where distortion seeps in.

consubstantiality

the goal of public oral communication is not merely to relay info, but rather to create a community of minds. speech is a social act.

emergent identity

the world we create through our rhetorical acts then creates the kind of people we are.

vicious relativism

there are no fixed universe values because everything evolves/adapts. modifying both your message and your audience's identity to achieve a message that resonates with your audience.

inherency

things intrinsic to a particular situation

rhetorical proof

through interaction with the speaker and listeners: provides support for a conclusion but not assurance that it is true. social matters of value.

red herring

throwing audience off track by raising an unrelated point.

topic vs claim

topic is not a claim. topic; phrase, theme, no bias. claim; sentence, states a postion.

role of transference

transport meanings, deviation from literal, transgress from norm, redescribe reality

tropes

turn a word to mean something different than its literal meaning

example

types of inference: most common reasoning pattern. specific instances that are used to illustrate a more general claim.

sign

types of inference: something that stands for something else. physical observation, statistical index, institutional regularity.

public sphere

unpredictable flow of messages among diverse speakers and audiences that helps define public sphere idea that public discourse is constantly forming.

conditioning

use of pathos to prep audience for being more receptive to appeals.

ideographic distortion

watching something horrible happen and the news takes control and spread it everywhere. alter real story in a way that benefits you or argument without changing the true meaning

condensation symbol

we fill certain symbols with values, ideas, beliefs. these symbols then become packed with meaning for us. their non-conceptual plasticity allows them to speak to diff people differently. we build ensemble within them. such a symbol thus can be a bridge between people of strongly divergent views.

plasticity of notion (productive ambiguity)

we rely on the fact that language is not a set of mathematical signs with univocal meanings, but a supple, faceted, richly underdetermined symbol system that requires us to fill in with our own experience to understand it. the eloquent speaker exploits this productive ambiguity of language to bring people together

humans as a means and ends

we should never act in such a way that we treat humanity, whether in ourselves or others, as a means only but always an end in itself

ideological webs

web of values, beliefs, understanding that are linked together because of one ideology.

materiality

what actually happened

consensus

when members of a society tend to agree with each other.

situation

when something is the matter, or about something that matters. situation calls forth a response.