COM 112 Exam 1

Why we communicate: physical, identity, social, practical needs

physical, identity, social, practical needs

Ethnicity

refers to the degree to which a person identifies with a particular group, usually on the basis of nationality, culture, or some other unifying perspective

Sex and Gender

"Sex" is biological difference, born male or female (physiological) "Gender" is what it means to be male or female in a particular place or time; the social construction of sexual difference (social/psychological)

Horn effect

(also called the "devil" or "pitchfork" effect) occurs when a negative appraisal adversely influences the perceptions that follow if you know little about someone, but what you do know is bad, yo make negative assumptions

Negotiation

work out what something means- communicators influence each other's perceptions. Imagine you think a person you just met is attractive, and you mention this impression to friends. If you hear negative appraisals from them ("I don't find that person attractive"), you might shift your initial perception

risks of self-disclosure

• rejection, • negative impression, • decrease in relational satisfaction, • loss of influence, • loss of control, and • hurting the other person.

SELF QUIZ 3.3

- 1. Carmen is 78, black, middle-class, Episcopalian, cisgender, and legally blind. Which communication concept would best address this description of her? -intersectionality 2. Which term refers to the degree to which a person identifies with a particular group, usually on the basis of nationality, culture, or some other unifying perspective? -ethnicity 3. Jasmine is openminded, adaptable, and creative. She enjoys a diverse group of friends. She is likely a(n) __________ group member. -multiple 4. Katy Perry performing in geisha get-up and Justin Bieber singing "Despacito" in Spanish are two controversial instances of cultural __________. -appropriation 5. Which journalist eventually came out as gay to increase visibility of this co-culture? -anderson cooper 6. On average, 1 in __________ hate crimes in the United States targets others on the basis of their sexual orientation. -4 7. Which statement is TRUE of people in their 60s? -Overall, they are just as happy as people in their 20s. 8. Getting older is typically viewed as a purely __________ process. -biological 9. Reluctant to discuss your anxiety with colleagues, you decide not to inquire about bringing your emotional support dog to work. Which strategy of integration have you chosen? -deemphasizing differences 10. How many adults in the United States live with a major disability? -1 in 4 11. Why is "a person who is deaf" a better description than "a deaf person"? -The first description treats the disability as one feature rather than the defining feature of a person 12. Manny's working-class family taught him to respect authority and value interdependence. Research in this area demonstrates that __________ status can have a significant impact on how people communicate. -socioeconomic

guidelines for self disclosure

- Is the other person important to you - Is the risk of disclosing reasonable - Are the amount and type of disclosure appropriate - Is the self disclosure reciprocated - Will effect be constructive - do you have a moral obligation to disclose

How self-concept develops:

--Reflected appraisal-a mirroring of others' judgments (can be negative "you're fat" or positive "you're smart") --Social comparison: evaluating ourselves in comparison with others

SELF QUIZ 5.4

1. "Why are you mad at me?" or "What's the matter with you?" are questions likely to make a person feel __________. - defensive 2. "You didn't send me a birthday card. What happened?" Which part of a complete perception check is missing from this message? -Two possible interpretations of the behavior 3. What is the ultimate goal of perception checking? -Achieving mutual understanding 4. Perception checking helps clarify meaning and __________. -save face 5. What kind of communicator is more likely to regard candid approaches such as perception checking as potentially embarrassing? -high context 6. Over dinner, you say to your dad, "You seem unusually quiet tonight. You could just be tired but maybe you're worried about something. What's up?" This perception check has how many parts? -3 7. Empathy requires you take on another's viewpoint and experience emotional ____________. -contagion 8. When you __________, your feelings focus on the other person's confusion, joy, or pain. When you __________, the experience becomes your own, at least for the moment. -sympathize; empathize 9. A sincere interest in the well-being of someone is which ingredient of empathy? -concern 10. Which is the ultimate interpersonal goal for a competent communicator? -Communicating empathy to another 11. Empathy is related to which rule? -The "golden rule" 12. Which three qualities are needed to make the perceptual leaps that empathy requires? -Open-mindedness; Imagination; Commitment correct

SELF QUIZ 4.1

1. "Your self-concept is influenced by the messages you've received throughout your life—both in person and via social media." This assertion is most closely related to which concept? -reflected appraisal 2. Because parents are __________, their messages are an early and important influence on the self-concept. -significant others 3. Which of the following statements about the development of the self-concept is TRUE? -While some features of the self are immediately apparent, the significance we attach to them depends greatly on the opinions of others 4. __________ is the part of the __________ that involves evaluations of __________. -Self-esteem; self-concept; self-worth 5. Graham always questions his talent as a writer after seeing news of his Facebook friends' recent publications. What does this scenario illustrate? -Social comparison correct 6. Professional athletes may continue to insist they are essential to the team when they are past their physical prime. This example illustrates that the self-concept is __________. -resistant to change 7. What do scholars call the tendency to seek out people who confirm how you see yourself? -Cognitive conservatism 8. A diamond is a metaphor for the __________ nature of the self-concept. -multifaceted 9. Your boss is demanding and harshly critical of her employees, who are afraid to complain and praise her instead. Consequently, she believes herself to be an excellent manager, an inaccurate self-evaluation due to ____________. -distorted feedback 10. When colleagues compliment you on your top sales performance, you claim you got lucky that month. Your desire to be seen as successful yet humble is due to __________. -social expectations 11. You earned an A in your math class. Which of the following is a self-fulling prophecy for that achievement? -Feedback from your math professor reassures you about your ability to excel in class 12. Other-imposed and __________ are two kinds of self-fulfilling prophecies. -self-imposed

SELF QUIZ 1.1

1. According to Maslow's hierarchy, which category of needs can be fulfilled once self-esteem needs are met? -self-actualization 2. Which category of needs is most basic in Maslow's hierarchy? -physical 3. What do parents identify as the most important skill set for their children to learn? -communication competence 4. Which statement is TRUE about loneliness and isolation? -Beyond a certain point, solitude becomes loneliness because we all need to communicate. 5. As little as __________ minutes of talking a day, face to face or by phone, improves memory and boosts intellectual function. -10 6. Which U.S. Senator spent more than 5 years as a prisoner of war in North Vietnam, often in solitary confinement? -John McCain 7. When you tell yourself "I want to be with others; others want to be with me," you are engaging in positive __________. -self-talk 8. Whose case illustrates the importance of human contact and interaction in early childhood? -The "Wild Boy of Aveyron" 9. An anthropologist calls the drive for meeting which kind of needs through communication "the human career"? -Social 10. Children who grew up in what kind of family report more satisfying friendships and romantic relationships as adults? -conversation-oriented 11. Which of the following statements about interpersonal communication is TRUE? -Making small talk with strangers generally raises happiness levels for all parties involved. correct 12. Communication competence is a strong predictor of __________ success. -academic

channels make a difference

Communication scholars use the term channel to describe the medium through which messages are exchanged

Punctuation

Communication theorists use the term punctuation to describe the determination of causes and effects in a series of interactions cycle of demanding and withdrawing

SELF QUIZ 1.4

1. Competent communication is the ability to achieve goals in a manner that is both effective and __________. -appropriate 2. You insist on bringing your children to a neighborhood party for the adults. Next time, there's a get-together, you are not invited. This is because your communication was __________ but not __________. -effective; appropriate 3. What quality is important when different cultures meet? -flexibility 4. Like a chef who knows when to use garlic, chili, or sugar, a competent communicator selects the most appropriate responses and channels for different audiences. This feature of competent communication is known as _____________. -adaotability 5. When you text friends you use abbreviations such as 4 and IDK, but when you email professors you are careful to spell out "for" and "I don't know." What do scholars call this ability to adapt messages to the context? -Code-switching 6. In communication, as in other activities, __________ is the key to skillful performance. -practice 7. Empathy is associated with which behavior? -perspective taking 8. When Sam received no response to her email after two days, she assumed her boss must have reviewed and rejected her ad campaign proposal. Which explanation might account for Sam's conclusion? -She has low cognitive complexity. 9. What do scholars call the process of paying close attention to one's own behavior and using these observations to shape it? -self-monitoring 10. A high self-monitor is most likely to make which statement? -This approach isn't succeeding. I should revise my message and change my communication channel. correct 11. A large number of constructs for interpreting the behavior of others leads to greater __________. -conversational sensitivity 12. Research shows a connection between cognitive complexity and __________. -empathy

SELF QUIZ 3.1

1. Countries such as the United States are in some ways microcosms of Marshall McLuhan's __________. - global village 2. In North American culture, categories such as age, ethnicity, race, gender, sexual orientation, physical disabilities, and religion are all considered __________. -co-cultures 3. Culture is, to a great extent, a matter of __________ and definition. -perception 4. Hadil is an American citizen and a sorority member of Alpha Chi Omega. The first group is an example of a(n) __________; the second is an example of a(n) __________. -culture; co-culture 5. According to co-cultural theory, bilingual Latinx employees who speak only English at work are engaging in which strategy? -assimilationsk 6. Which of the following physical characteristics often plays an important role in establishing cultural identity? -skin color 7. Asim is Muslim; his spouse, Maria, is Catholic. Until they had to decide in which faith they would raise their children, religion had not been a(n) __________ difference. -salient 8. Enrico is Latino. His basketball teammate, Xiao, is Chinese. Both are intent on winning the league championship game, and their different backgrounds and interests outside the sport aren't prominent in their communication. They are experiencing __________. -low salience of culture 9. Rather than classifying some exchanges as intercultural and others as free from cultural influences, it's more accurate to talk about __________. -degrees of cultural significance 10. An English-speaking shopper asking an English-speaking grocery store employee where the organic bananas are located would be a situation of __________ interpersonal significance and __________ intercultural significance. -low; low 11. A husband and wife from different cultural backgrounds who develop a mutual understanding reflect which dimensions of communication? -high interpersonal; high intercultural 12. Which of the following statements regarding intercultural differences is TRUE? -Generalizations—even when accurate and helpful—don't apply to every member of a group.

SELF QUIZ 2.3

1. Face-to-face communication is __________ than most mediated communication. -richer 2. Which series ranks interview interaction from rich to lean communication? -In-person interview; Phone interview; Email interview 3. Micha and Tamir met online and quickly started sharing deep personal disclosures. They fell in love without even meeting each other in person. This is an example of what kind of communication?" -Hyperpersonal communication 4. Which statement about lean messages is TRUE? -They may minimize the perception of differences due to gender, social class, race or ethnicity, and age. correct 5. Which is an example of synchronous communication? -Chat room 6. The __________ nature of most mediated messages makes them fundamentally different from face-to-face __________ communication. -asynchronous; synchronous 7. A friend sends you a personal Facebook message about her recent engagement. To celebrate this event, you post her good news on your wall. Although you mean well, you may have violated which guideline for communication? -Respect privacy boundaries. 8. What do scholars call the tendency to send messages without considering their consequences? -Disinhibition 9. You emailed your work colleague, texted a friend, and called your grandmother to encourage them to vote on election day. In other words, you employed __________. -multimodality 10. Disinhibition is less likely when sending which kind of message? -Face-to-face 11. Your colleague often silently checks her phone when you are having lunch together. Which guideline for communication competence is she neglecting? -Respect others' need for undivided attention. 12. You should always adapt your communication __________ to your __________ when sending a message. -channel; audience

SELF QUIZ 2.1

1. For most of history, what type of communication was the foundation of interpersonal relationships? - Face-to-face 2. What is the term for websites and applications that enable individual users to network and share content? -Social media 3. Which series of categories is arranged from largest to smallest? -Mediated communication, Social media, Twitter correct 4. Technology is most __________ when it's used as a substitute for face-to-face communication. -alienating 5. In passing conversation, your neighbor recommends a reliable and affordable mechanic for your foreign sports car. This exchange demonstrates the usefulness of __________ in relationships. -weak ties 6. According to "Dunbar's number," a person's most inner circle is a core group of how many people? -5 7. Which of these social media behaviors is considered healthy? -Actively engaging with others for interpersonal reasons rather than passive social comparison 8. __________ is vital to healthy social media use. -moderation 9. Which of the following statements best captures the research on smartphones and wellbeing? -There's a strong argument for carefully monitoring smartphone use and wellbeing. correct 10. In addition to emailing and texting each other, Liam and Beth also communicate on Instagram, Snapchat, Twitter, and Facebook. This media __________ strengthens their sense of closeness. -multiplexity 11. Your spouse is in the military and stationed abroad. What does research suggest about your communication via technologies such as Skype and Facebook compared to that of couples who live together? -Your exchanges are longer, and your number of your personal disclosures is higher. correct 12. LinkedIn allows you to stay in touch with colleagues in your field of public relations while expanding your network of professional connections. In other words, LI helps you develop your __________. -social capital correct

SELF QUIZ 3.5

1. In your travels, you reach out to locals and have developed successful relationships with many people from other cultures. Having this kind of ___________ is an important starting point for developing intercultural communication competence. - motivation and attitude 2. The ability to live with __________ is an essential ingredient of intercultural communication competence. -uncertainty 3. When Natalia arrived in California as an international student, she felt confused, lonely, and homesick. But she gradually began to adapt, make friends, and eventually complete her degree. Which element of intercultural competence does this demonstrate? -patience and perserverance 4. __________ can be a risk even when it comes to well-established cultural values like individualism and collectivism as not all members of a group are equally individualistic or collectivistic. -sterotyping 5. Ethnocentrism can lead to an attitude of __________. -prejudice 6. Adam believes all women are emotional. Eve believes all men are insensitive. These beliefs are an example of which of the following? -stereotyping 7. On your first trip to India, you stereotype the locals and rate your hotel as subpar and distinctly below American standards. Which quality of intercultural communication competence do you need to work on? -open-mindedness 8. Which skill is correlated with intercultural competence? -bilingualism 9. What do scholars call an unfairly biased and intolerant attitude toward others who belong to an out-group? -prejudice 10. Formally studying a culture by taking courses or training seminars can help increase __________, as can informal learning experiences such as traveling, reading international press, and having contact with people from different cultural groups. -mindfulness 11. Culture shock is also known as __________ shock. -adjustment 12. Which of the following statements about cultural adaptation is TRUE? -Cultural adaptation often occurs in a "draw back and leap" pattern

SELF QUIZ 1.3

1. The quality of the interaction is one way to think about defining interpersonal communication. What is the other approach? -Number of people interacting 2. Which is an example of a dyad (two people interacting)? -Asking a stranger for directions correct 3. Which approach to interpersonal communication defines the opposite of interpersonal as impersonal interaction? -Qualitative 4. A quantitative approach to communication requires at least how many individuals for it to be interpersonal? -2 5. Which of the following qualities distinguish interpersonal relationships from less personal ones? -Uniqueness and interdependence 6. In a large lecture hall, Kareem listens attentively to his economics professor in the hope of getting an A on the exam. He also listens actively to his girlfriend, Alicia, because he enjoys simply being with her. The rewards of the student-professor relationship are often ____________, whereas the rewards for romantic partners are typically ____________. -extrinsic; intrinsic 7. When you finally admit to a friend that you really don't like the movies she picks for you to watch together, this is an example of ____________. -self-disclosure correct 8. You tease one of your friends mercilessly but refrain from saying anything that might offend another. This illustrates which characteristic of interpersonal communication? -Uniqueness 9. Because he recognizes the value of ____________, Jaden spent the night at home watching Netflix instead of joining his friends at a concert. -alone time 10. Which is the best metaphor for qualitatively interpersonal communication? -Rare artwork 11. The recent marriage of a neighbor means less to you than that of a close friend because of which quality of interpersonal relationships? -Interdependence correct 12. Each relationship is defined by its own specific language, customs, and rituals—what communication scholars call a ____________ culture. -relational correct

SELF QUIZ 4.2

1. What do scholars call the communication strategies people use to influence how others view them? -impression management 2. Managing our identity involves two selves: the __________ self, the person you believe yourself to be, and the __________ self, the way you want to appear to others. -percieved; presenting 3. Your __________ self often shifts with the context. -presenting 4. What do scholars call our verbal and nonverbal actions that attempt to maintain our own presenting image and the images of others? -facework 5. "You look great! I'm working hard to be as fit and trim as you are." This statement, which simultaneously casts sender and receiver in a favorable light, is an example of __________. -facework 6. When you tease your friend about her messy car, she laughs and reminds you that there's a bus stop around the corner. This exchange reflects which characteristic of impression management? -Impression management is collaborative 7. "Joking friend," "committed volunteer," and "supportive colleague" are roles that suggest which characteristic of impression management? -We strive to maintain a multifaceted identity 8. Wearing either a $10,000 gold Rolex or a $25 plastic Casio watch involves which of the three dimensions of impression management? -appearance 9. Because you have to speak and act, the question isn't whether your __________ sends a message; rather, it's whether the message is intentional. -manner 10. You have diabetes that requires insulin shots twice a day, an activity you hide from your coworkers. What do scholars call your diabetes in this case? -invisible stigma 11. Which type of communication can serve as a tool for impression management at levels equal or superior to face-to-face communication? -mediated 12. In most settings, impression management involves balancing the desire to be honest with the goal of maintaining a __________. -positive face

SELF QUIZ 1.2

1. What do scholars call using messages to generate meanings? -comminication 2. An archer shooting an arrow at a target is a metaphor for which model of communication? -linear 3. A back-and-forth series of text messages highlights which element of communication? -feedback 4. In which channel of communication is it often difficult to distinguish the sender from the receiver? -face-to-face interaction 5. Which model of communication emphasizes the simultaneous nature of sending and receiving messages? -transactional 6. You communicate differently with different partners. You are a competent communicator who scores high in __________. -adaptibility 7. Maria has trouble listening to people with body piercing and tattoos. In these instances, she is experiencing what kind of noise? -psychological 8. Alenis is an engineer from Brazil, and her partner, Rashid, is an artist from Iran. Effective communication is challenging for them at times due to their different __________. -environements 9. You can't decide whether to text, phone, or email your friend to ask him for a favor. In other words, you are having difficulty selecting a(n) __________. -channel 10. You hit "send" before proofreading an email to your boss that was marred by typos. Which principle of communication did you forget? -communication is irreversible 11. "I didn't order this," you snapped when your coffee arrived iced instead of hot. The barista understood the __________ dimension of your message but was offended by its __________ dimension, implied by your irritated tone of voice. -content; relational 12. You tell someone that you have to babysit Friday instead of telling the truth-you have another date. Which principle of communication does this illustrate? -not all communication seeks understanding

SELF QUIZ 5.2

1. When you run into your biology instructor buying beer and pizza before the Super Bowl, your perception of her changes. This is due to which influence on perception? -access to information 2. The first time you have dinner with your romantic partner's family, he is attentive to you but equally so with his parents. Seeing him behave as a devoted son illustrates which phenomenon? -overlapping roles 3. You slept only two hours the night before an important presentation. The next morning you look around the room at your coworkers, interpreting their expressions as a lack of appreciation for all your hard work on this project. This is an example of which influence on perception? -physiological 4. After bickering with your partner over which mattress is more comfortable, you buy an expensive model that allows you to set different firmness levels on each side of the bed. This illustrates which influence on perception? -the senses 5. Parents who have teenagers of their own finally understand the rules their parents imposed on them during this period, a shift in attitude illustrating which influence on perception? -age 6. __________ refers to biological characteristics of a male or female, whereas __________ refers to the social and psychological dimensions of masculine and feminine behavior. -sex; gender 7. Which theory examines how factors such as race, ethnicity, gender, biological sex, sexual orientation, and socioeconomic class shape perception? -standpoint 8. The Zimbardo prison experiment focused on ____________ roles that shape perception. -occupational 9. Until you got a roommate for the first time, you never noticed how messy you kept your apartment. This illustrates the influence of which role on perception? -relational 10. Which of the following statements is TRUE about sexual harassment? -Cultural background shapes perceptions of sexual harassment. 11. Asians often consider a talkative person a(n) ____________. -show off or fake 12. People raised in individualistic cultures, which value independence, are often less adept at ____________ than those from collectivistic cultures, which value interdependence. -perspective taking

SELF QUIZ 5.1

1. Which concept supports the claim that the world isn't just "out there." Rather, it's created by communication. - second order realities 2. Many communication problems arise when people mistake__________ realities for __________ realities. -second order; first order 3. A police officer pulls you over. You don't think you were violating any law. The officer, however, feels it is a justified traffic stop. This situation is challenging because the communicators do not share __________. -second order realities 4. 1) Your neighbor recycles. 2) You approve of your neighbor's recycling because she must care about the environment. 3) Your neighbor drives a Tesla. 4) She likes driving a Tesla because it's a high-end car that gives her status on the road. Which of these are first-order realities? -1 and 3 5. Which step of perception involves noticing some messages while ignoring others? -selection 6. Which stage of perception occurs among people rather than within them? -negotiation 7. What do researchers call a form of organization used to identify causes and effects in a series of interactions? -punctuation 8. Which stage of perception is involved when you wonder if your waiter who claims to have enjoyed meeting you is being sincere or hoping for a better tip? -interpretation 9. You would like to see a new blockbuster that got great reviews, but your friend doesn't like Marvel superhero films. Your efforts try to persuade her occur in which stage of perception? -negotiation 10. You view your boss as a domineering micromanager. Your boss views himself as an engaged and supportive manager. Your clashing _________ often cause problems when you attempt to communicate. -narratives 11. Perceptual schema that allow you to make generalizations are involved in which stage of the perception process? -organization 12. Rather than trying to establish "who started it," it would be better to avoid __________ and move on to the more important question of "What can we do to make things better?" -punctuation

SELF QUIZ 3.2

1. Which culture pays close attention to nonverbal behaviors, the history of relationships, and social rules that govern interactions? -high context 2. Fatima, who is Arab, feels her American colleagues can be too blunt in meetings. They sometimes find her contributions evasive and unassertive. These people are encountering value differences primarily associated with __________. -high versus low context 3. Individualistic cultures differ from collectivistic cultures because the former values __________ more than the latter. -autonomy and initiative 4. Which dimension of communication do scholars regard as the most fundamental and the most likely to cause intercultural misunderstandings? -individualism versus collectivism 5. When Americans answer the question "Who am I?" by citing personal factors, while Asians identify groups to which they belong, they are expressing value differences associated with __________. -individualism versus collectiviem 6. Employees in which kind of cultures would expect to be asked for their input regarding projects? -low power distance 7. Melina works in the International Students Office on campus. At the weekly staff meeting, she contributes little to the discussion and always supports her supervisor's position. Melina is likely from a country characterized by __________. -high power distance 8. What do scholars call the degree to which members of a culture feel threatened by and resist ambiguous situations? -uncertainty avoidance 9. Hiroshi prefers a familiar routine at work with no surprises and well-established, clear-cut rules to follow. These preferences are associated with which cultural value? -uncertainty avoidance 10. In Dublin, Liam works to advance his career at Microsoft by getting a raise and promotion. In the Jakarta branch, Gita is more concerned with helping her colleagues and developing supportive relationships at work. These cultural differences are associated with __________. -acheivement versus nurturing 11. In which culture are people who sees themselves as less capable more likely to voice an opinion and feel satisfied when doing so? -nurturing 12. Which culture describes societies that value material success and focus on the task at hand? -acheivement

SELF QUIZ 5.3

1. Which term do social scientists use to describe the process of attaching meaning to behavior? - attribution 2. __________ often exaggerate or oversimplify complex categories such as race, age, gender, and ethnicity. -stereotypes 3. Once we create and hold __________, we seek out isolated behaviors that support inaccurate beliefs in an attempt to be cognitively consistent. -implicit biases 4. After a new employee stole your parking spot on his first day, you never really warmed up to him. This early interaction colored your subsequent perceptions of him due to the __________ effect. -horns 5. After reviewing a candidate's glowing resume, you ask her questions that support your positive first impression. This is an example of __________. -confirmation bias 6. What do researchers call our tendency to pay more attention to, and to better recall, things that happen first in a sequence? -primacy effect 7. Whereas we may evaluate others critically, we tend to judge ourselves more generously. Social scientists use two theories to explain this phenomenon: fundamental attribution error and __________. -self serving bias 8. A salesperson apparently ignores you at the car dealership where you are eyeing a new sports car. You conclude he is an arrogant jerk who assumes you can't afford the car rather than an employee busy with other customers who had made appointments. What might account for this perception? -fundamental attribution error 9. When you fail an exam, you blame poorly written test questions; when you do well, you credit your hard work and intelligence. What likely affects this type of judgment? - self serving bias 10. "Blind review" is a process in which manuscripts are submitted for potential publication without information identifying the authors. This is an effort to combat which of the following common tendencies in perception? -Being influenced by our expectations 11. You are surprised to discover that your enthusiastic account of your research on bacteria bores others at a party. Which perceptual tendency accounts for your behavior? -assuming others are like you 12. When witnessing an argument between two students in the hall, you assume the one who is loudest is to blame. Which perceptual tendency accounts for this conclusion? -being influenced by the obvious

reality is constructed

First-order realities are physically observable qualities of a thing or situation (e.g., your neighbor speaks with an accent). second-order realities involve attaching meaning to first-order things or situations (e.g., the accent makes her sound exotic to you).

social penetration model

For example, the breadth of disclosure in your relationship with a fellow worker will expand as you begin revealing information about your life away from the job as well as on-the-job details. The second dimension of disclosure is the depth of the information being volunteered—the shift from relatively impersonal messages to more personal ones.

SELF QUIZ 2.2

1. Which term have scholars coined for messages that blur the boundary between mass and interpersonal communication? -Masspersonal communication correct 2. Which feature characterizes mediated interpersonal communication? -Sense of mutual awareness and obligation 3. Which factor typically characterizes masspersonal communication? -Low expectation of privacy 4. Which feature do mediated interpersonal communication and masspersonal communication share? -Personal content 5. Messages shared with large audiences tend to be more __________ than those exchanged among a small number of communicators. -generic 6. Which is the best example of masspersonal communication? -A message board post that says, "I just got my pilot's license!" correct 7. __________ communication helps keep your extended social network informed about your life events. -Masspersonal correct 8. Your social media audience likely includes people who follow you but do not post or interact with your content. In this case, following is also known as __________. -lurking correct 9. You are happy when at least 10 people Like your Facebook posts, a number known as a __________. -response threshold correct 10. Facebook Likes are a form of __________. -social currency correct 11. Facebook Likes alone are a simple way of maintaining what kind of relationship? -Weak-tie 12. You just passed the bar exam in California. What is the best way to share the good news with your best friend, who lives in Texas? -Skype call

SELF QUIZ 4.3

1. Your professor publicly posts student names with their group project grades. You share the news that your team received the highest score with a classmate in another group. Why is this NOT an example of self-disclosure? -Self-disclosing messages must contain information that the other person isn't likely to already know 2. Sharing your recent medical diagnosis with your family is less of a self-disclosure than sharing it with your class due to __________. -context 3. The __________ model examines __________ of self-disclosure. -Johari window; awareness 4. The fourth type of self-disclosure in the social penetration model—and usually the most revealing one—involves the expression of __________. -feelings 5. You didn't realize that you speak rapidly when you're nervous until your public speaking instructor points it out. What do scholars call information in this part of the Johari Window? -blind 6. When you discover your hidden talent for conflict negotiation and begin mediating disputes among team members at work, this knowledge moves from the __________ to __________ area of the Johari Window. -unknown; open 7. What do communication researchers call the choices people make to reveal or conceal information about themselves? -privacy management 8. No longer able to suppress your resentment, you blurt out to your manager that you are cracking from the stress of being overworked and underappreciated. What do researchers call this effort "to get it off your chest"? -catharsis 9. "I've always thought you were too inexperienced to earn your promotion," you admit to a colleague. This assertion violates which guideline for self-disclosure? -Will the effect of the disclosure be constructive? correct 10. TMI are disclosures that fail to consider which guideline? -Is the self-disclosure appropriate? 11. You tell a friend that her essay on gender roles raised a number of interesting points. Your observation was not literally false, but it avoided noting flaws you saw in her argument. This is an example of __________, which is a form of __________ lying. -equivocation; prosocial 12. Ethicist Sissela Bok identifies the following circumstances where deception may be justified: doing good, avoiding harm, and __________. -protecting a larger truth

Characteristics of Competent Communication

A large repertoire of skills Adaptability Ability to perform skillfully Empathy/perspective taking Cognitive complexity (ability to construct a variety of diferent framework for viewing an issue) Self-monitoring (paying attention to one's own behavior and how it affects others)

Myers Briggs Personality Inventory

A personality inventory that categorises an individual into one of 16 personality types depending on their preferences (does not determine ability to do something)

Perception checking

Check your perception with another person to make sure you got it right/ didnt make wrong assumptions 1. A description of the behavior you noticed. 2. Two possible interpretations of the behavior. 3. A request for clarification about how to interpret the behavior.

Masspersonal vs mediated communications

Hallmarks of mediated -Personal Content (disclosure of personal information) -Small Number of Identifiable Receivers -Mutual Obligation (interpersonal communication calls for an exchange of messages) -Expectation of Privacy Hallmarks of masspersonal -Personal Content (your masspersonal updates might range from superficial to deeply significant) -Larger Audience -Less Mutual Obligation -Low Expectation of Privacy

Identitiy needs

Helps us learn who we are-the reactions of others shape identity.

Thinking vs Feeling

How you make decisions Thinking (75% men, 25% women) -based on logic -detaching themselves/looking at the subject objectively -do what is fair Feeling (75% women, 25% men) -use emotions -concerned with what is kind -put themselves in middle of situations even if theyre not directly involved

Sensing vs Intuition

How you take info/engage with the world sensing (75%) -uses 5 senses -very concrete thinkers -love details -like to go step by step -very realistic -see what things are -enjoy hands-on education/visuals/handouts in a linear order (outline) Intuition (25%) abbreviated N -see the big picture -dont need to go step by step -can make connections between ideas -do not love details -see what things could be (potential possibilities) -discussion or non-linear education

Judging vs. Perceiving

How you use time Judging (50%) -want to decide now/ crossed off the list/planned -much happier after decision is made Perceiving (50%) -want to gather more info before making a decision -want to postpone a decision

Internal and external locus

Internal: fundamentally who they are (late because they are lazy) External: outside factors that contribute to what is done (late because of weather)

co-cultural theory

Members of non-dominant co-cultures face challenges when interacting with members of the dominant culture. according to theory-3 ways to cope with this assimilation—blending in with the dominant culture accommodation—fitting into the dominant culture while maintaining your own identity separation—preserving a group identity that's distinct from the dominant culture

Communication misconceptions

Not All Communication Seeks Understanding: -social rituals ("how are you" "good") -attempts to influence others (advertisements aimed to persuade) -deliberate ambiguity and deception ("I can't make it" when you don't want to go out) More Communication Isn't Always Better -Sometimes it is simply unproductive, as when people go over the same ground again and again. Communication Will Not Solve All Problems -"I think it makes you look fat," might do more harm than good. Deciding when and how to self-disclose isn't always easy. Effective Communication Is Not a Natural Ability -most people operate at a level of effectiveness far below their potential. In fact, communication skills are closer to an athletic ability

Transactional Model

Personal context- profession, background, how your day has gone so far context in the environment- communication between two friends, teacher/student etc Noise- anything that distorts the message (physical or psychological) ex) being sick, emotions from prior events

Influences on perception

Physiological Influences -The Senses -age -health and fatigue -biological cycles (morning person?) -hunger -Neurobehavioral Challenges (ADHD) Social influences -standpoint theory to describe how a person's position in a society shapes her or his perspective -sex and gender roles (androgynous have relatively equal masculine and feminine characteristics) -occupational roles -relationship roles -education -childhood -religion -socioeconomic status cultural influences -People raised in individualistic cultures, which value independence, are often less adept at perspective-taking than those from collectivistic cultures, which value interdependence.

Competence in mediated communication

Richness-describe the abundance of nonverbal cues that add clarity to a verbal message (emojis) Leanness describes messages that carry less information due to a lack of nonverbal cues. Synchronicity-Communication that occurs in real time (think in-person conversations or online chats) Permanence-By contrast, text, photos, and video can be stored indefinitely and forwarded to others. Disinhibition-The tendency to transmit messages without considering their consequences is called...(blasting off angry—even vicious—emails, text messages, and blog posts) Multimodality-the ability and willingness to use multiple channels of communication (typically text with friends, phone their families, and use email when contacting instructors)

Characteristics of the self-concept

Subjective-The way we view ourselves may be at odds with others' perceptions—and often with the observable facts. Can be distorted because of: --Obsolete information. The effects of past failures in school or social relations can linger long after they have occurred, even though such events don't predict failure in the future. --Distorted feedback. The remarks of overly critical parents, cruel classmates, uncaring teachers, excessively demanding employers, or even rude strangers can have a lasting effect. --Perfectionism. From the time most of us learn to understand language, we are exposed to models who appear to be perfect. --Social expectations. You probably want to be seen as successful, but also humble. There's often a trade-off between self-promotion and modesty Flexible-Your self-concept is also flexible across contexts. You might be a relaxed conversationalist with people you know but at a loss for words with strangers. Multifaceted-the key to embracing your multifaceted self-concept lies in learning how and when to present the various facets in different roles and contexts. Resists Change-You may resist revising it and even seek out people who confirm how you see yourself—a phenomenon known as cognitive conservatism

Johari window

The relative size of each area in your personal Johari Windows changes from time to time according to your moods, the subject you're discussing, and your relationship with the other person. Despite these changes, a single Johari Window could represent most people's overall style of disclosure.

Linear model

These early, simplistic models characterized communication as a one-way, linear event—something a sender "does" by encoding a message and delivering it to a passive receiver who decodes it. ex) voicemail, text

Communicational principles

Transactional- communication goes both ways (verbal/non-verbal) Can be intentional or unintentional (yawning/ resting bitch face) Irreversible- can't undo communication, only further explanation to clear up confusion Unrepeatable- circumstances are constantly changing/ context is never the exact same Has a content dimension (involves info being explicity discussed) and a relational dimension (expresses how you feel about the other person, tone)

Characteristics of Impression Management

We Strive to Manage a Multifaceted Identity Collaborative Deliberate or Unconscious

Race

a social construction that categorizes people by physical traits, cultural traits, and ancestry.

speed painting video clip

perceiving as paint blobs until its flipped upside down and is a portrait

acheivement and nurturing (masculine and feminine)

achievement culture describes societies that place a high value on material success and a focus on the task at hand nurturing culture regards the support of relationships as an especially important goal.

Balance of interpersonal and impersonal

alone time- high quality interpersonal communications take a lot of energy scarcity of interpersonal communication contributes to its value, should not be used all the time

In-groups

are groups with whom you identify

out-groups

are those you view as different

Interpretation

attach meaning to what you're hearing/smelling/feeling • Relational satisfaction. A behavior that seems positive when you are happy with a partner might seem completely different when the relationship goes wrong • Personal experience. If you've been taken advantage of by landlords in the past, you might be skeptical about reclaiming your cleaning deposit. • Personality. A study found that people with cold (relative to warm) dispositions have difficulty interpreting and labeling the emotions of others • Assumptions about human behavior. Do you assume people are lazy and dislike work, or do you believe people generally exercise self-direction and self-control? • Online vs. in-person communication: people perceive others' self-revelations as more personal and intimate when they read them online than when they hear them in person

ink blot activity

perception varies among people

benefits of self-disclosure

catharsis self-clarification self-validation reciprocity impression formation relationship maintenance and enhancement moral obligation

Physical needs

communication improves mental and physical health (life satisfaction)

Mediated Communication

def=any type of communication occurring via a technological channel Alienating or connecting Superficial or meaningful Unhealthy or healthy The bottom line -Moderation -Active versus Passive Use (active use is better, creating own content feel more connected, better than passive social comparison) -Known versus Unknown Communicators

Co-cultures

describe the perception of membership in a group that is part of an encompassing culture Examples: • age (e.g., senior citizen, teen) • race/ethnicity (e.g., African American, Latinx) • sexual orientation (e.g., LGBTQ, straight) • nationality (e.g., expatriate or immigrant from a particular country) • geographic region (e.g., Midwesterner, Southerner) • physical disability (e.g., person who is blind, wheelchair user) • religion (e.g., Mormon, Muslim) • activity (e.g., biker, gamer)

Halo effect

describes the tendency to form an overall positive impression of a person on the basis of one positive characteristic. if you know little about someone, but what you do know is good you give them a halo

Overattribution

dont know a lot about someone, attribute everything they do to one factor you know

Building empathy

empathy—the ability to recreate another person's perspective, to experience the world from his or her point of view empathy involves perspective taking—the ability to take on the viewpoint of another person Besides cognitive understanding, empathy also has an affective dimension—what social scientists term emotional contagion. In everyday language, emotional contagion means that we experience the same feelings that others have. genuine concern for the welfare of the other person. Not only do we think and feel as others do, but we have a sincere interest in their well-being.

Practical needs

ex) telling a hairstylists what you want in hospitals between staff members

Seinfield video clip

girl said she wanted to get some "coffee" late at night, actually meant sex

high and low context

high-context culture relies heavily on subtle, often nonverbal cues to maintain social harmony. High-context communicators pay close attention to nonverbal behaviors, the history of relationships, and social rules that govern interactions. (Most Asian, Middle Eastern, Latin American, and Southern European countries) low-context culture uses language primarily to express thoughts, feelings, and ideas as directly as possible. To low-context communicators, the meaning of a statement lies in the words spoken. (The United States, Canada, and most Northern European countries)

Salience

how much weight we attach to a particular person or phenomenon

maslows heirarchy

human needs in 5 categories physical-air,water, food,reproduce safety-protection of well-being social sels-esteem-desire to believe you are worthwhile self-actualization-desire to develop our potential

identity management/ impression management

impression management—the communication strategies people use to influence how others view them verbal= what to disclose about yourself non-verbal= the clothes you wear, how you sit

individual and collevtivist

individualistic culture-view their primary responsibility as helping themselves (self reliance, competition, encouraged to stand out) ex) The United States, Canada, the United Kingdom collectivistic cultures-feel loyalties and obligations to in-groups: extended family, the community, or even organizations (more attentive to and concerned with the opinions of others, encouraged to blend in) ex)Ecuador, Indonesia, Pakistan

What makes communication impersonal

interchangeable seperate private extrinsic reward

Introversion vs Extroversion

introversion (50%) -get energy from inside -energy drains with each social interaction extroversion (50%) -gets energy from outside -energy boosts with each social interaction (alone drains energy)

Communication Competence

is the ability to achieve goals in a manner that is both effective and appropriate effective communication would get the results you want. Appropriate communication would do so in a way that, in most cases, avoids damaging the relationship in which it occurs. There's No Single "Ideal" or "Effective" Way to Communicate Competence Is Situational Competence Can Be Learned

Elements of culture

language, symbols, traditions and practices the language, values, beliefs, traditions, and customs people share and learn

high and low power distance

low power distance believe in minimizing distinctions between various social classes, support the notion that challenging authority is acceptable—even desirable. ex) US, Canada, Austria, Denmark, Israel, and New Zealand In countries with higher degrees of power distance, employees have much less input into the way they perform their work,The greater the power distance, the less likely children are to question their parents or other authority figures. ex)Philippines, Korea, Mexico, Venezuela, India, and Singapore.

Self serving bias

means that when we perform poorly, we usually blame external forces—and when we perform well, we credit ourselves rather than the situation when we attribute our own behavior to external, not our fault

self-fulfilling prophecy

occurs when a person's expectations of an event, and subsequent behavior based on those expectations, make the expected outcome more likely to occur 4 stages 1. Holding an expectation (for yourself or for others) 2. Behaving in accordance with that expectation 3. The expectation coming to pass 4. Reinforcing the original expectation Internal and external self-fulfilling prophecies (your own expectations influence your behavior and someone else's expectations influence your behavior)

Developing intercultural compentence

occurs when members of two or more cultures or co-cultures exchange messages in a manner that is influenced by their different cultural perceptions and symbol systems, both verbal and nonverbal -Motivation and Attitude (desire to communicate successfully with strangers is an important start) -Tolerance for Ambiguity -Open-mindedness (no ethnocentrism/prejudice going in) -Knowledge and Skill (The ability to "shift gears" and adapt one's style to the norms of another culture or co-culture) -Patience and Perseverance

uncertainty avoidance

reflect the levels of discomfort or threat people feel in response to ambiguous situations and how much they try to avoid them. uncertainty avoidance index (UAI) to measure these levels. Low Uncertainty Avoidance-Singapore, Great Britain, Denmark, Sweden, Hong Kong, and the United States -more likely to tolerate—or even welcome—people who don't fit the norm. High Uncertainty Avoidance-Belgium, Greece, Japan, and Portugal -deviant people and ideas are generally considered dangerous, and intolerance and ethnocentrism (judging other culture based on your own) are high -concerned with security, so they have a strong need for clearly defined rules and regulations.

Stages of perception

selection organization interpretation negotiation

recency effect

shes smart, gorgeous, and super stupid (remember stupid)

Social needs

the human requirements for love and affection and a sense of belonging managing interpersonal communities

code switching

the practice of alternating between two or more languages or varieties of language in conversation. Communicators often adapt their manner of speaking when they change contexts

self concept

the relatively stable set of perceptions you hold of yourself. Self-esteem is the part of the self-concept that involves evaluations of self-worth.

Fundamental attribution error

the tendency to give more weight to personal qualities than to the situation when making attributions used when you are attributing other peoples bahvior, when other people screw up its internal locus, not giving other people the benefit of the doubt

primacy effect

the tendency to pay more attention to, and to better recall, things that happen first in a sequence first impressions most important shes stupid, gorgeous, and super smart (remember stupid)

confirmation bias

the tendency to seek out and organize impressions to support that opinion

Equivocation

the use of ambiguous language to conceal the truth or to avoid committing oneself; statements that are not literally false but cleverly avoid an unpleasant truth

definition of self disclosure

the voluntary revealing of information that would normally be unobtainable in an honest and intentional nature (1) it must contain personal information about the sender (truthful info that couldn't easily find elsewhere, must be significant) (2) the sender must purposefully communicate this information (3) another person must be the target

Selection

things you select to focus on/things relevant to you • Intensity. Something that is louder, larger, or brighter stands out. • Repetition. Repetitious stimuli can also attract attention. • Contrast or change. Unchanging people or things are less noticeable.

Attributions

to describe the process of attaching meaning to behavior

What makes communication interpersonal

uniqueness interdependence (fate of the partners is connected) self-disclosure (not required usually involved in more feminine person) intrinsic rewards (It doesn't matter what you talk about—developing the relationship is what's important.)

Organization

what is it/identification/ label it based off of past experiences • Physical (e.g., beautiful or plain, heavy or thin, young or old) • Role-based (e.g., student, attorney, spouse) • Interaction-based (e.g., friendly, helpful, aloof, sarcastic) • Psychological (e.g., confident, insecure, happy, neurotic)

Exception to fundamental attribution error and self-serving bias

when you have low self-esteem these two are flipped you mess up: internal others mess up: external