COM 225 sports media final exam
____________________ regulates broadcast media communication and can fine broadcast stations. It fined CBS after a halftime show included nudity.
Federal Communications Commission
The All-American Girls Pro Baseball League -- which was later the subject of the film, A League of Their Own - forced players to conform to traditional gender stereotypes off the field. _____________ is the term for female athletes who self-present characteristics that conform to traditional ideas.
Female apologetic
This company was so successful at marketing the NFL that its founder was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame.
NFL films
____________ is the progression of a story from its beginning through its end as characters are shaped by a series of events.
Narrative arc
The____________ , which was/were organized and run by African-American entrepreneurs, collapsed after the integration of Major League Baseball.
Negro Leauges
_______________ worked to establish the modern Olympics, in part to lift the spirits of France after the Franco-Prussian War.
Pierre de Courbetin
Media images are __________, which means they can be interpreted in multiple ways depending on the consumer's identity, culture, and viewpoint
Polysemic
Holding two inconsistent or contradictory beliefs at the same time is called __________. For example, this might occur when your favorite athlete or coach is caught in a scandal.
cognitive dissonance
Disney is the parent owner of ESPN, Hulu, and ABC; this is an example of:
corporate convergence
Michael Vick became a spokesperson for the Humane Society; this is an example of which step in Benoit's image restoration theory?
corrective action
This theory suggests that learning is a cognitive process that can occur in a social context through observation or direct instruction.
social learning
_________ is an accepted behavior for a member of a group. These can be created, shared, or advanced by movies, sports shows, and other forms of media.
social norm
That media should remain free of government control and serve the public good is a key tenet of:
social responsibility theory
___________ is when a government seeks to improve international standing by enhancing its image, rather than traditional military action. For example, that can be done bringing media attention to the country through events like the Olympic Games or the World Cup.
soft power
In the early 1970s, the U.S. sent a group of ping-pong players to China to help thaw relations between the two countries, and international media attention followed. Using sports to influence social and political relations is called:
sports diplomacy
WSU Athletics estimates its debt will approach $102 million by 2022.
true
In response to a lawsuit, the 1961 Broadcasting Act __________
Allowed teams to negotiate as a league for television broadcasting rights
In our readings, Buzz Bissinger wrote ________________, which followed a Texas high school football team throughout its season. It is an example of New Journalism.
Friday Night Lights
In the early 1920s, _____________ was an African-American star in the American Professional Football Association, but was later forced out of the league. (He also played against WSU in the 1916 Rose Bowl and was inducted in the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2005.)
Fritz Pollard
____________, who wrote the story we read on Notre Dame's football team, was a journalist in the 1920s during the "Golden Age of Sports Writing."
Grantland Rice
In news media accounts, __________ was portrayed by media as a modest, clean-living boxer; _______________ was portrayed as a threat to white America.
Joe Louis; Jack Johnson
__________ is the management of communication between organizations or brands and the members of the public.
public relations
Which of the following was true during the Agricultural Age in the United States?
Rural farmers were far from urban city centers, making sports inaccessible to much of the population.
In the 1800s, the following technology allowed for the untethering of communication from transportation and for daily, national news reports:
Telegraph
Historically, _______ has been blamed for the closing of 250 of the 300 boxing clubs in the United States, thus undermining the sport's professional ranks.
Television
____________ allowed corporations to own different media outlets in the same market, something previously considered a monopoly. It was followed by a concentration of corporate ownership in U.S. media.
1996 Telecommunications Act
The development of motion pictures owes its start -- at least in part -- to early attempts to capture this action:
A galloping horse
In the 1960s, ABC formed an exclusive partnership with this sports league, placing the financial viability of the league almost exclusivity with the television contract.
AFL
Which of the following is not a characteristic of a newsworthy story?
Advertising
This sporting invention in the 19th century provided women with mobility, freed them from Victorian clothing, and was praised by social reformers such as Susan B. Anthony.
Bicycle
This football player sued the NFL for blacklisting him after he played in a competing football league. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the NFL was acting as a monopoly and subject to antitrust lawsuits.
Bill Radovich
This televised 1973 tennis match, known as the "Battle of the Sexes," paired these two players against each other:
Billie Jean King and Bobby Riggs
This court case forced WSU to address the economic disparity between spending on men's sports and women's sports:
Blair vs. Washington State University
________________ is a degenerative brain disease found in people with a history of repetitive brain trauma.
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy
__________ is the removal or repeal of government oversight of an industry, such as the media industry.
Deregulation
Everett Roger developed a theory of why, how, and at which rate ideas and technology spread through cultures. What do we call this theory?
Diffusion of Innovation
Fair or not, many USFL owners blamed this owner of the New Jersey Generals for the league's financial ruin:
Donald Trump
_________ is the process by which news media edit or filter an event, providing consumers with a representation of what occurred.
Encoding
Referring to adult female athletes as "girls" is an example of ____________.
Infantilization
In the late 19th century, this pioneering African-American athlete became known as perhaps the greatest jockey of all time. He was later forced from the sport in America.
Issac Murphy
Which of the following is not true of media fragmentation?
It made it easier for individual broadcasters to reach huge, national audiences
In 1936, this athlete won four gold medals in the Olympic Games in Berlin, Germany. The athlete's performance -- and the media coverage -- angered Adolf Hitler.
Jesse Owens
Among his many accomplishments, Thomas Edison invented the __________ , which used celluloid film to capture images at 20 frames per second. He used it to film boxers -- both human and feline.
Kinetograph
As discussed in the lecture, this athlete tried several approaches to announcing big career news -- first with an ESPN special and then with a letter to fans in Sports Illustrated.
LeBron James
Which of the following best describes the atomization of news media?
Media content is broken into smaller parts that can be repackaged for different platforms
Backed by Time Inc., this reporter sued Major League Baseball after she was banned from the locker room during the 1977 World Series.
Melissa Ludtke
According to League of Denial, _________ was the first former NFL player diagnosed with this chronic traumatic encelphalopathy (CTE), which is found in people with a history of repetitive brain trauma.
Mike Webster
Which best describes WSU's athletic revenue?
Most of the revenue comes from media rights
During the Progressive Era (1880-1920), _________________ were journalists who tried to investigate what was wrong with society, including sports, in order to try to fix it.
Muckrakers
In the late 1970s, the sports league cracked down on violence after a string of fights.
NBA
In response to injuries and fatalities in college football, university presidents formed the Intercollegiate Athletic Association in the early 20th century. Today, that organization is known as the __________________.
NCAA
From 1966 to 2015, this professional sports league was registered as a nonprofit, which allowed it to avoid paying taxes.
NFL
Developed in the 1950s and 1960s, ________________ is a writing style that used literary techniques to convey nonfiction accounts, often inserting the journalist in the story.
New journalism
Which of the following is true about how technology spreads through a culture?
Since the 1800s, the adoption of new technology occurs faster and faster
_______________ is best defined as attitudes or stereotypes that affect media producers in an unconscious manner.
implicit bias
________ is a template for understanding other people, situations, and objects, and providing people with a program of action. It helps individuals identify normal or deviant behavior, for example.
Script
__________ were low-cost newspapers published in the 1800s that increased sports coverage to appeal to middle-class Americans.
The Penny Press
Which of the following is an example of mass media but not news media?
The feature film "Space Jam"
Which is true of the media and its coverage of race in sports?
The success of white athletes is traditionally attributed to intelligence and hard work
In response to journalists reporting on the deaths of football players, ___________ called a White House summit with university presidents, leading to the formation of the Intercollegiate Athletic Association.
Theodore Roosevelt
___________ is a federal law that prohibits gender discrimination in educational activities, among other things.
Title IX
The sport of "stickball":
Was used in Native American populations for dispute resolution, community building, and celebration
Which of the following would be objectionable under FCC guidelines?
a bare buttocks
The founder of ESPN was:
a recently fired communications director for a Connecticut hockey team
People whose eligibility requires they make no money for their performances or in connection with their performance are _______.
amateurs
In advertising and other forms of sports media, men are celebrated for what the body can do; females are celebrated for what the body looks like. We call this ______________________.
active-passive dichotomy
_________ is a form of persuasive communication that brings attention to product, service or idea.
advertising
Wendell Smith and Sam Lacy's effort to integrate baseball is an example of ____________, which is when journalists intentionally and transparently take a non-objective stance for a social or political cause.
advocacy journalism
Which of the following is an example of the mortification step in image restoration theory?
apologizing for the offensive action
Intentionally putting another person in reasonable apprehension of an imminent harmful or offensive contact is the definition for:
assault
In 1980, the American government's anger over the USSR's involvement in Afghanistan led the U.S. to:
boycott the Summer Olympics in Moscow
The combination of brand management with journalistic or cinematic storytelling to deliver content directly to the consumer is ________________.
brand journalism
_____________ suggests that media consumption influences the way we view the world, and the more we are exposed to mediated messages, the closer our beliefs about the real world mirror that of the mediated world.
cultivation theory
The popularity of cricket in India has been attributed to ______, which is when the dominant culture spreads its ideals to the general populace through education, mass media, or government.
cultural hegemony
Writers for CougFan, who are aware they write from the biased viewpoint of a WSU fan, often write in support of the university's team. This is an example of:
explicit bias
Which of the following is not one of Benoit's image repair strategies?
fragmentation
__________________ is the term for people who write books, articles, blogposts, or other texts that are officially credited to another person.
ghostwriter
The Seattle Supersonics -- owned by a group led by Starbucks billionaire Howard Schultz -- were sold to investors tied to Oklahoma City after ________________________.
government officials refused to provide funding to update Key Arena
Muhammad Ali was stripped of his boxing license for three years because of _________________.
his refusal to serve in the Vietnam War
In a questionable ethical decision, the website Gawker.com published a video of this sports icon in bed with a woman who was not their wife. A lawsuit by the athlete forced the website to shut down. Who was the sports icon?
hulk hogan
____________ is the term used to describe the interconnected nature of social categorizations such as race, class, gender, sexuality, and religion as they apply to an individual or group. Althea Gibson and Billie Jean King both faced struggles as female tennis stars, but Gibson's ethnicity presented barriers that King did not experience. Likewise, King's sexuality presented other barriers.
intersectionality
Traditional gender ideology:
is deeply rooted in our experience from infancy to today
Media bias ____________
is prejudice in the selection or presentation of media content by producers of the news.
Pardoned by Donald Trump in 2018, this boxer was targeted with the Mann Act of 1910 after he crossed state lines with his white girlfriend.
jack johsnson
The principles and practices of news outlets and their employees that guide decision-making are called:
journalism ethics
Which of the following is not a concern of structural bias in sports media?
media is biased towards good news
The media often portray sports as a _________, in which rewards go to people who deserve them due to their abilities, qualifications, and recognized achievements.
meritocracy
Competition with leagues like the AFL and USFL forced the NFL to increase player salaries in response. Today, the NFL operates as a ________________ , which is a market where one buyer controls the demand and prices.
monopsony
League of Denial focuses on this league:
national football league
Which of the following professional sports leagues has been led by an African-American commissioner?
none of them
The NCAA is a ____________ with revenues of approximately $1 billion annually. Most of it comes from media rights and fees.
nonprofit
_________ is the process by which actions or ideas come to be seen as normal, acceptable, or everyday. For example, young fans may see violence on televised sports and believe that violence belongs in sports.
normalization
___________ is a group of companies that control an industry and restrict competition. The broadcast networks of CBS, NBC, and ABC were a 20th century example.
oligopoly
The relationship between media and violence is complicated and controversial. In the 19th century, cheap "dime" novels, also known as ________, were thought to lead to violence among readers.
penny dreadfulls
___________ is an examination of how and why communicators use words, images, and other artifacts to create a certain effect.
rhetorical analysis
If a news outlet reports something you don't like, you may avoid the news outlet in the future, even if what was published was true. __________ is the tendency of news consumers to avoid media coverage that challenges their beliefs or perceptions.
selective exposure
The idea that actions should be measured in terms of the happiness they produce for the greatest number of people best describes which of the following?
utilitarianism
In this story trope, a white character saves a minority character from their plight. Examples include The Blind Side, Cool Runnings, and Undefeated.
white savior narrative