combine 1 & 2 anthro

canonicity

a collection or list of sacred books accepted as genuine

structure of feeling definition

a common set of perceptions and values shared by a group at a particular time in history

What to do?? • How might sleep (and other aspects of human life) be "organized different before or outside of capitalism"? One way forward is to embrace 'multibiologism'... (893)

a conception of human difference not as pathological but as variation along a spectrum of potentialit

de-naturalization

a practice demonstrating how the categories we may take as natural are in fact constructed and open to change/ • an anthropology of: •racial/ethnic/national/gender/sex/class formations

the power of the nuclear family

a privileged construct with moral and legal implications

Ideology

a systematic scheme of ideas, usually relating to politics or society, and forming the basis of action or policy; a set of beliefs governing conduct.

The color shown in the picture is called "blue" in English, "плаво" (pronounced 'plavo') in Serbian, and "sininen" in Finnish. What feature of language indicates that there is no obligatory link between sound and meaning? a. Duality of patterning. b. Arbitrariness. c. Semanticity. d. Prevarication

b. Arbitrariness.

What have anthropologists learned by studying kinship relations crossculturally? a. When it comes to relationships, blood relations are always the most important. b. The nuclear family is the most highly evolved type of family. c. Close family relations are not always determined by blood. d. All of the above.

c. Close family relations are not always determined by blood.

Example 2: language and shared meaning

linguistic ideology: "the culturally based assumptions and beliefs that [make] interpretations possible." KB 82

As any cultural phenomenon, language is also tied to the exercise of power. This aspect of language can bee seen in

linguistic inequality and language ideology

Holistic Discipline

looks at anthropology as a whole and draws information from each of the four subfields, looking at pieces from each. An area of study, such as geography or history, that synthesizes and integrates knowledge from many fields.

Basso's work is also about language (linguistic) ideology/ western apache

place-naming: ancestry, environmental change, membership, moral imagination, myths, historical tales, sagas & gossips talking with stories; speaking with names

decolonizing anthropology

reforming the ways that others are represented. also working on inclusion of native voices as scholars and collaborators. engaging closely with native political struggles

patrilocal

relating to a pattern of marriage in which the couple settles in the husband's home or community.

Patterns of relatedness are dynamic. Nationalism, technology, politics and social movements all

reshape relatedness.

language ideology It is marker of struggles between

social groups, revealed in what people say and how they say it

• Kinship shapes a wide array of

social processes, e.g. law, economic exchange and power.

19th century typologies were based on the idea of

unilineal cultural evolution

semi structured interview would enable you to ..

would enable you to hold a variable and you would ask same question to whole population, allows you to answer certain thinks; limits of this are the questions are not responsive and problem of elicitation (you wouldn't answer in the most honest way) it is connected to the wording of question itself

What race ISNT

· Race has zero biological basis o More genetic distance within groups than between o Patterns by race are environmental and historical, not generalizable § Sickle cell/heart disease found in blacks · Phenotypic (visible) difference are not what we think o What we see is conditioned

orthopraxy

have ritualized ways of expressing beliefs, following practices and expressing beliefs of practices Correct practice, the prohibition of deviation from approved forms of ritual behavior. • in some religious traditions, an especially important aspect is one of practice and habits e.g. cultivating virtue through specific bodily practices; wearing certain kind of items

• "Race" & "Ethnicity"...are social constructs that people use

in everyday life to map belonging.

narrative belief definition

in the gap between conscious belief and willful unbelief" (xii) - susan harding --has to do with not thinking of herself as a believer but doesn't allow her a lot of space to steo back from what hes saying and reflect

Race as Ideology

· Race is ideology produced and reproduced (Barbara Fields) o Religious doctrine (17th century) to scientific authority (18/19th c) to naturalized ideology (to present) · System through which social inequality is produced and explained o Race is the modality through which class is lived (Stuart hall) · Race is not totalizing, but touches everything

miner's nacrirema is also about

· Satirizes the hygienic habits of middle class North Americans. · But criticizing early anthropology's ethnocentrism: o Idiosyncratic bodily practices and magical beliefs can be found everywhere. o Anthropological ways of seeing can contain ethnocentric biases that can blind us to seeing our own societies in clear ways.

what does cockfight to culture represent

· performance of masculinity · fear of nature/dark spirits (demonic power) · a form of extreme gambling that is not at all irrational... · the fight is thus a "simulation of the social matrix" in which people live. pp. 73

naturalizing discourses

"The deliberate representation of particular identities (caste, class, race, ethnicity, and nation, for example) as if they were a result of biology or nature, rather than history or culture, making them appear eternal and unchanging

X is Not Biology... But X Affects Biology • E.g. race:

"{I}nequality and social perceptions of self and other in a racialized society can, and do, have real biological (especially health) impacts." (Fuentes, 100) • e.g.: the higher proportion of hypertension (recurrent high blood pressure) in US citizens of African descent. • This is not evidence of the fact that African descended people are a genetically distinct "race." • Rather, it is evidence of how "social inequalities shape the biology of radicalized groups"

Ways to do Ethnography

1. Participant Observation 2. Semi-Structured Interviews 3. Secondary Sources (others' work)

language ideology

: a systematic scheme of ideas about language ... governing conduct/ systematic scheme of ideas forming the basis if action or policy; set of beliefs governing conduct

Clifford Geertz (1926-2006)

American (1926-2006) studied cockfights in Bali studied symbolic anthropology

Anthropologist focus on intersubjective meanings because they: 1. Provide insight into the context of interactions 2. Require less preparation and facilitate entering in the field quickly 3. Also account for the anthropologist positionality A) 1 & 2 B) 1 & 3 C) 2 & 3 D) 1, 2, & 3

B) 1 & 3

Azande Witchcraft

Classification of misfortunes that are harmful to people. A mechanism for explaining unfortunate events. Accepted as common, routine, and part of everyday existence. it is everywhere in society and explains unfortunate events and a chain of causation, however it does not replace natural causation... goes against ethnocentrism beliefs are different form one's own... not a mark of inferior intelligence

best way to participant observation

Develop forms of intimate knowledge about what people do, you could live there, become an apprentice, becoming intimately and an embodied way at what they are doing; could look at it from a distance perspective/ analytically

lutz on emotional concepts

Do not make the same kind of distinction between thought and emotion as the United States does.

how did evans pritchard do his research

Evans-Pritchard he is an outsider and he didn't really try to integrate himself into the community and remained his distance. & has more of an objective, authoritative voice.

who was also a reformer

Firmin

how does hurston assess

For Hurston she is familiar with where she is studying so she is acting as an outsider so has an "insider outsider position". This is because people know her from there and she is not there to necessarily assess.

Who wrote "Body Ritual among the Nacirema"?

Horace Miner

western apache language ideology

Language & "constructions of space":

speaking requires both

Linguistic competence AND communicative competence:• "the mastery of adult rules for social and culturally appropriate speech." (S&L, pp. 105

whats nacirema about

Links between daily hygiene routines and cultural status/work... Cleanliness is next to godliness.... Connection between white middle class culture and purity... looks at something we are used to in an etic perspective

frazer's typology

Magic turns into Religion which goes in science an evolutionary view of human rationality; Such theories applied Darwin's theory of biological evolution to the explain cultural and social change

Does this approach to "culture as a text" give us the incontrovertible truth about Balinese cockfighting?

Not for Geertz: his account is an interpretation based on what he calls a "thick description" of a social event.

habitus described by who

Pierre Bourdieu

queering

Questioning the binary sex-gender system. • But also: questioning the foundations of any established narrative, identity, or institution.

Affect

Refers to the embodied phenomenon What everyone feels (real emotion)

Culture

Set of learned behaviors and ideas that human beings acquire as members of a society together with the material artifacts and structures create and use. Human beings use culture to adapt tp transform the world in which they live.

Narrative Belief

She almost gets in a car accident and asks herself what is god tying to tell me, but having sat through this long discourse her own reality shifts a little

mules and men

Studied by Hurston - folklore is a way of life... different perspectives insider (emic) and outsider (etic).. Similar to Evans-Pritchard's studies.. cultural relativist approach... insider and outsider

Liminality (turner)

The ambiguous transitional state in a rite of passage which the person or persons underling the ritual are outside of their ordinary social positions.... --Rules are suspended...

environmental racism

The privileging of certain spatial mappings over others reveals how environments become differently implicated in racial and economic configurations."/injustice that occurs in practice and in policy within a racialized context

Nacirema body rituals

They would chew on hogs hair to clean their teeth, gargle with liquid. They would go to this temple when they were sick where they would be asked to remove all clothes and be poked and prodded. · quaint belief in magic" · Talk about the "exotic" or even "perverse habits" · "curious" rites and customs o The underlying spirit of inquiry

linguistic ethnocentrism

To take one language variety as the standard against which all other varieties are measured/ making judgments about others speech in context of dominance and subordination

boas critique of cultural evolutionism

Unilineal cultural evolution cannot be proven without significant speculation

Confidentiality

Very important to keep the informants safe and anonymous

extended family

a family that extends beyond the nuclear family, including grandparents, aunts, uncles, and other relatives, who all live nearby or in one household.

joint family

a family that extends beyond the nuclear family, including grandparents, aunts, uncles, and other relatives, who all live nearby or in one household.

kinship

a form of relatedness • A central topic in anthropology • an important system for organizing human interdependence • "social relationships that are prototypically derived from the universal human experiences of mating, birth and nurturance." (S&L, 272)

saga

a long story, often telling the history of a family time; modern times purpose: to entertain

race is a social construct

an idea that has been created and accepted by the people in a society

• racism persists/ racism

an oppressive structure of inequality and power, [which] remains prevalent and persistent with the resilient capacity to alter and disguise its form in response to changing social, political, and economic conditions." (Harrison, 148)

illness experience

auditory hallucinations are not tormenting voices, but "divine vibrations and emanations (an abstract but perceptible thing that issues or originates from a source.)"

In anne allison's research in Japanese hostess club she finds that: 1. The social solidarity that results from rituals of male bonding in clubs serves the interests of Japanese corporations (club creates male bonding between workers and helps corporations) 2. On learning of these rituals, Japanese wives of company men often file for divorce 3. Ritualized male bonding is reliant upon the objectification of women a. 1&2 b. 1&3 c. 2&3 d. 1,2, &3

b. 1& 3

Which of the following correctly expresses an understanding of race, racism, and the relationship between these terms? a. Given that racism exists, it must be because race is a real biological category. b. Even though race is a social construct (has no basis in biology), it is important to address racism because racializing perceptions have real impacts on people's experiences and opportunities. c. Now that scholars have made the case that race does not exist, it can easily be assumed that racism no longer exists. d. All of the above.

b. Even though race is a social construct (has no basis in biology), it is important to address racism because racializing perceptions have real impacts on people's experiences and opportunities.

Mary and David live in New York with their ten-year-old adopted son and their dog. This week they are travelling to India for the birth of their biological twin daughters. In India, they will meet with the surrogacy agency to complete the transaction for the reproductive services they are receiving. Roopa, the surrogate mother, is already sad that she will be separated from her surrogate twin daughters upon birth. This story portrays: a. The biogenetic model of kinship. b. Novel kinship practices. c. Bilateral descent. d. Lineages.

b. Novel kinship practices.

human agency was described by who??????????????????

bandura

who discusses structure of feeling

barbara ehrenreich

• Evans-Pritchard was: • 1. an armchair anthropologist • 2. a structural-functionalist • 3. an anthropologist who studied in Africa • a. 1 & 2 • b. 1 & 3 • c. 2 & 3 • d. 1, 2, & 3 Second

c. 2 &3

Which of the following is TRUE about sex and gender in anthropological perspective? a. Only two sexes and two genders are possible across all human social groups. b. Sexual differences are only biological not cultural. c. Both sex and gender are informed by culture. d. Genitalia always determine gender identity.

c. Both sex and gender are informed by culture.

linguistic ethnocentrism is mediated by

class, race, ethnicity, nationality, sexual orientation, ableism

Semi-Structured Interview

combines formalization of fully structured interview with the authencity of unconstructed interview Addition Considerations: rapport, confidentiality, and ethical research

fago

combines love/compassion/sadness

The excerpt of the film American Tongues that you watched in lecture demonstrates that members of a particular speech community do not all possess identical knowledge about the language they share, nor do they speak in the same way. In order to explain these differences we need to: a) Primarily focus on the design features of the language. b) Describe different patterns of speaking by reducing them to a set of grammatical rules. c) Examine morphology and syntax. d) Pay attention to pragmatics.

d) Pay attention to pragmatics.

Which of the following pictures depicts a type of human activity than an economic anthropologist might study? 1. Car factory 2. outdoors market 3. office building a. 1 & 2 b. 1 & 3 c. 2 & 3 d. 1, 2, & 3

d. 1, 2, & 3

Emic Perspective

from the perspective of an insider

Etic Perspective

from the perspective of an outsider, objective observer.

two part of cultural evolutionism

historical particularism structural functionalism

Psychological Anthropology

interdisciplinary subfield of anthropology that studies the interaction of cultural and mental processes.

How is consumption organized?

internal drivers (psychobiological needs) need to consume food to live • external drivers (ecological conditions) consume housing in winter to stay warm • cultural drivers ("culture defines and provides for their satisfaction according to its own logic." (S&L, 228) needing an iphone because everyohne else has one

the heart of participant observation method

involvement and detachment

sports as a metaphor

is a way of performing for spectators "uncertain fate..." there is something more on the line symbolically than just two teams component of vulture that is ritually patterned and game like and consists of varying amounts of play, work, and leisure.

narrative genres

myth, historical tale, saga, gossip

linguistics

n. the scientific study of language

Hurston

native anthropologist.. studied her hometown after leaving for New York to become educated...studied under boas; emphasized the importance of stepping away from your culture to understand it... forgotten - became a maid - buried in unmarked grave

emotions are both

psychoneurological phenomenon & cultural descriptor ; its not one or the other

Village Ethnography

single sited--They thought of villages where they could make assumptions about human interactions in controlled settings

firmin

· Used physical anthropology to challenge the idea of racial hierarchy in his book.

Exporting Spatiotemporal Order

• Spain: The end of the siesta. • India: Graveyard shift callcenters. • "cultural practices exported from the United States and Western Europe [...] synchronize temporality over diverse spaces—maintaining some cultural norms at the expense of others." (884)

what is in involved with "stalking with stories" & "speaking with names"?/ the story or place-name:

• creates a mental image of a place • uses associated stories to evoke moral precepts • can express tact & concern, give advice, or offer comfort/ "the minimalist genius of Apache discourse leaves us silent in its wake." -Basso, pp. 104

• Patterns of descent in kinship systems:

• determine who is "in" the group; • who inherits; • who is marriageable; • who the important ancestors are;

Biogenetic model

• early anthropologists presumed the essence of kinship was relations by "shared substance" (S&L 268)—i,e, blood, semen, genes, mother's milk)

Chosen Families

"Just as representations are contestable, so nuclear families do not constitute the timeless core of what it means to have kin in this society" (Weston, 7)./ • Discussions about gay families are reconfiguring the terrain of kinship (Weston 1). • They cross-cut the symbolic order of blood and law as the things that define kin in the

witchcraft explains the

"chain of causation" not how, but why • why did the granary collapse at that moment? • "why should these particular people have been sitting under this particular granary at the particular moment when it collapsed?" pp. 22

because cockfighting is a status of gambling

"deep play" what makes this form of play "deep" § social status is at play when gambling and that's why its deep

linguistic inequality is a form of

"linguistic ethnocentrism":

"language ideology" refers to

"the intersection 'between social forms and forms of talk.'" / aspects of language that bear the imprints of society and culture.

Historical Particularism

((also: Culture area studies)) thinking about spread of certain artifacts and understanding them on their own terms; boas took it into content specific direction The theory (by Boas) that societies could reach the same level of cultural development through different paths

relations of production

(the relationships between workers)

means of production

(the tools used);

modes of production

(the ways human groups produce); kin-based, tributary, capitalist

Race"

-"Race" presupposed simplistic categorizations to classify human diversity (e.g. Negroid, Caucasoid, Mongoloid) • "Race" was also used to attribute "character traits" to these classifications.

Strong Objectivity

--

orthodoxy

--interpretation of religion emphasized more on inner beliefs and convictions of people and following conventions --"Correct doctrine" the prohibition of deviation from approved mythic texts --in other religious traditions, practice and habits are less important than belief

Emotion

--refers to the description (in cultural context) · the product of dialectic between body arousal (refer more to affect) and cognitive interpretation (refers more to culture), emotion comprises states, values and arousal Differs through each culture

symbols of liminality:

--the womb (marking the boundary between being and nonbeing); • lack of property (in a king's coronation); • indeterminate sexuality, power reversals and/or irreverence (in festivals); • calaveras (sugar skulls) in Diá de Muertos; create shrines to lost ancestors

Why Historical Tales?

-Nowhere do place-names serve more important communicative functions than in the context of historical tales." (51) • They follow a narrative convention: opening and closing with the place-name. • They are "arrows" that people "shoot" at others in order to enforce moral teachings

#NoDAPL as a Native Social Movement

-a pipeline that carries Canadian tar sands oil eventually destined for refinery in Texas • spans 1,200 miles of the US, crossing 6 states. • protests began in 2014 and expanded in 2016 • pipeline eventually was approved & has been in operation since 2017 Issue related to the possibility that in the event their drinking water was at risk of contamination; burial grounds that were disturbed in process

example of socialization

-example: joining military; you have to cut your hair, follow their rules, etc Genie, 13 year old girl who grew up in isolation, beaten for talking, could barely walk, ate liquid food, sleep spindles were high, this case shows us what growing up without a society or culture can lead to. we are not born with anything, we learn it

two version of linguistic relativity

-strong version: linguistic determinism -weak version: language is a "lens" whereby culture shapes cognition.

• Class reproduction—

-when a family's class position is reproduced from one generation to the next • often influenced by structural, discrimination, access to education.

E.B. Tylor

1832-1917.. England.. known for culture concept and the study of comparative religion.. Primitive Culture - 1871... Human kind divided into 3 stages (inspired by Darwin's theory of Evolution)

waves of feminism

1st wave: 19th c.; advocacy for women's suffrage (right to vote) • 2nd wave: 1960s-70s; critique of patriarchy & sexism; struggle for equality in work • 3rd wave: 1980s; intersectionality; broadening feminist movement beyond white middle-class groups.

ethics in research

???? (protect the human subjects that are being researched)

settler colonialism

A form of colonialism that seeks to displace or remove and replace previous inhabitants of a territory with the settler population. -Facilitated by both genocide and technologies of landholding (e.g. imposition of private property regimes) and habitation. • Examples: US, Canada, Australia, South America, Russia, Taiwan...

play

A framing that is consciously adopted, somehow pleasurable, systematically related to the outside world

• Race (S&L):

A human population category whose boundaries allegedly correspond to a distinct set of biological attributes

language and social inequality

A marker of struggles between social groups with different interests, revealed in what people say and how they say it." / "Our speech is always embedded in a social world of power differences

organic metaphor!!

A worldview metaphor that applies the image of the body to social structures and institutions.

In Joao Bieh's ethnography, Vita, he traces the life of Catarina, a woman who has been abandoned by her family, by doing fieldwork in different place, such as the social clinic where she is living, the psychiatric hospital where she was seen as a patient, and the home of her ex-husband. This form of fieldwork is an example of: A) multi-sited ethnography B) semi-structured interview C) quantitative survey D) none of the above

A) multi-sited ethnography

Reflexivity

Accounts for the biases that will arise. • a form of "thinking about thinking" "Critically thinking about the way one thinks; reflecting on one's own experience

Unilineal Evolution and Racism

All humans evolve at a certain rate, with whites on the tops and all other cultures below there were "lower" and "higher" "races" from the standpoint of moral and technological progress--racist

Comparison?????

An anthropological perspective that in which researchers must consider similarities and differences throughout different cultures before generalizing about human nature , human society, and human past.

Ethnography

An anthropologist's written or filmed documentation of another culture

E.B. Tylor typology

An evolutionary view of social development

Fieldwork

An extended period of close involvement with the people in whose language or way of life anthropologists are interested, during which anthropologists ordinarily collect more of their data

who studied Japanese hostess clubs

Anne Allison

Rapport

Building a social connection a close and harmonious relationship in which the people or groups concerned understand each other's feelings or ideas and communicate well. ex. "she was able to establish a good rapport with the children"

heteronomativity

By establishing families through choice and as a result of the exclusion, people in the movie Paris is Burning are queering both instution of family and the binary sex-gender system/ the belief that heterosexuality, predicated on the gender binary, is the norm or default sexual orientation. It assumes that sexual and marital relations are most fitting between people of opposite sex.

structural functionalism comparison to human body

Close attention to specific societies; took it more in terms as looking as society as a human body, (interrelated organs) (heart has a job that relates to what the lung does) Thought of society as being comprised as different organs--More schematic

2 Armchair Anthropologists

E.B. Tylor and Frazer

what does briggs say about emotions

Emotion concepts are individual and social, where as in the U.S. they are more individualized How affects are experienced is shaped by both emotion concepts, as well as social context.

Evans-Pritchard

English Anthropologist - 1902-1973... studied the Azande.. known for his neutral relativist stance when studying otherwise "primitive cultures"... Student of Malinowski at Oxford

example enculturation

Example—temper tantrums, through enculturation one learns that that's not an appropriate way of thinking and feeling

example of asad's logic works

Headscarves in France • this reframing of the relationship between secularism and religion helps us better understand what is at stake in this debate. • The secular argument that people can believe whatever they want so long as they abide by certain rules of public presentation is not as "neutral" a perspective as one might think. • Why? Because this perspective neglects the important role of orthopraxy in Muslim communities. =• Might debates be shifted to a new ground by starting from the premise that the debate is about two conflicting worldviews about faith?

Worldview

I. Studying "at the edge"--- of ones own understanding

briggs on love

Inuit separate emotions that we combine:

what does the japenese hostess club promote

Japanese hostess club, promotes objectification of women and they need to be a certain way • a liminal space: suspending marital ties masking "work" as "play" ; there to have fun and work

How Do stories Work That Way?

Nick Thompson (pp. 58-61): • "They go to work on your mind." • "You won't forget that story. You're going to see the place where it happened, maybe everyday..." • "That place will keep on stalking you like the one who shot you with the story

ritual

Repetitive social practices composed of a sequence of symbolic activities in the form of dance, speech, gestures or the manipulations of objects, adhering to the cultural defined schema and closely connected to a specific set of ideas that are often encoded in myth.

what is durkheim and rohlens argument

Rituals serve the goals of "social solidarity (unity)" through bonding. • This functional aspect operates through the reproduction of powerful symbols (here sexuality).

E.B. Tylor's 3 stages of human kind

Savage, Barbarian. Civilization

Sir James George Frazer

Scottish - (1854-1941) - author of The Golden Bough; known for: studies of religion & magic

who talks about the narrative belief

Susan Harding

nuclear family

The Euro-American conception of kinship as centered on the mother-father pair with child (a.k.a. the "nuclear family") is culturally specific

Holism?????????????

The characteristic of anthropology that describes how anthropology tries to integrate all that is known about human beings and their activities. The whole is understood to be greater than a sum of the parts.

what is allisions argument

The hostess club ritual doesn't emerge abstractly from "the group"; it is "authorized" by a particular entity in power. • The "solidarity" that it produces is not undifferentiated: the rituals reinforce hierarchies (gender; corporate) • A crucial mechanism here is the masking of authority and also work. • Finally, rituals are not experienced the same way by everyone in society . • Bosses vs. workers; gay vs. straight; enthusiastic vs. ambivalent men. • And also: For women they involved tolerating being treated as an object and a commodity

Typology

The study of classifications based on type or categories

Anthropology

The study of human nature, human society, and the human past, a field based discipline using ethnography

Syncretism

The synthesis of old religious practices (or an old way of life) with new religious practices (or a new way of life) introduced from outside, often by force a blending of beliefs and practices from different religions into one faith

folklore

The traditional beliefs, myths, tales, and practices of a people, transmitted orally/ the traditional beliefs, customs, and stories of a community, passed through the generations by word of mouth.

Positivism

The view that there is a reality "out there" that can be known throughout the senses. Prob: can start to dehumanize subjects and anthropologists are human too (theres ultimate objective knowledge of societies and was used by cultural evolutionist and objectively we could say that some of them were in higher hierarchy position, we could objectively assess

Moral Relativism

The view that there is no absolute or universal moral law or truth, resulting in a morality determined by cultural factors or personal preference. Moral relativism is the view that moral judgments are true or false only relative to some particular standpoint (for instance, that of a culture or a historical period) and that no standpoint is uniquely privileged over all others. Something that is good/ethical for them, might not be for us but we need to try and understand it through culture

Armchair Anthropology

Theorize about the world without doing any fieldwork just observing from the outside (think of on the couch)... They classify and collect readings and combine them for analysis

Problems with ethnocentrism

Unconscious bias, may anthropologists were guilty of it... Judging other cultures based on one's own

Cultural and Moral Relativism

Understanding another culture in its own terms, rather than through your own

Strategic Essentialism

When racialized groups mobilize essentialist (i.e. naturalizing) rhetoric as: • a conscious political strategy to fight their exclusion. • or to promote "highly valued forms of collective identification" (S&L, 335)

If you were to claim that, by replacing "he" and "she" with a new, gender-neutral noun, English speakers would no longer see people in terms of gender, and begin to treat men and women as equals, you would be basing your argument on the theory of: a. Linguistic determinism. b. Linguistic inequality. c. Linguistic competence. d. Ethnopragmatics.

a. Linguistic determinism.

• types of descent (ancestry)

bialateral and unilineal

On pages 244-245, Schultz and Lavenda describe the concept of "emergent masculinities" that Marcia Inhorn develops based on her research among Egyptian men in the 1980s. Which of the following would be another scenario in which this concept would be applicable? a. In the Russian Orthodox Church, patriarchs assert that strength and heterosexual coupling are important expressions of masculinity throughout one's life. b. Jeff, now 65 years old, still thinks that the high-school football quarterback should always date the prettiest girl in school. c. Juan is now a grandfather. For most of his working life he insisted that his wife handle all the domestic tasks. However, at this point in his life he has come around to see the joy in helping his wife with cooking and cleaning, and being an important caretaker of his grandchildren. d. Fredo teaches his grandson, Fabio, that in order to survive in life as a male Fabio must learn to hit first, and ask questions later.

c. Juan is now a grandfather. For most of his working life he insisted that his wife handle all the domestic tasks. However, at this point in his life he has come around to see the joy in helping his wife with cooking and cleaning, and being an important caretaker of his grandchildren.

asad secularism

cannot simply be defined as the opposite of religion shows that many key ideas in secularism(he principle of separation of the state from religious institutions.) were shaped by the Protestant Reformation, including: • the understanding of what 'religion' is; • the understanding of what 'the state' is; • the understanding of citizenship

• The "nuclear family" is a symbolic representation of kin relations that is specific to

certain areas, not a universal.

Metacommunication

communicating about the process of communication itself

piugi

considering another person good

Apache language ideology place a great emphasis on the

cultural importance of place-names.

evans pritchard's study is a

cultural relativist account of rationality

Which of the following perspectives on indigeneity in the United States would be consistent with a contemporary anthropological approach? 1. Indigenous people always exhibit a oneness with nature. 2. It is important to account not only for indigenous groups' attachments to ancestral lands but also to any connections they may have beyond those lands (e.g. urban spaces; government institutions). 3. The violent dimensions of settler colonialism continue to impact contemporary struggles. a. 1 & 2 b. 1 & 3 c. 2 & 3 d. 1, 2, & 3

d. 1, 2, & 3

Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE of Karl Marx's 19th-century analysis of labor and production? a. The then-predominant mode of production in Europe was capitalist. b. The social relations of production were unequal. c. Factories were among the influential spaces where class differences between owners and laborers were produced and maintained. d. Capitalists and laborers both controlled the means of production

d. Capitalists and laborers both controlled the means of production.

class

describes socioeconomic position/ • Can be defined variously: production, consumption, income.

habitus example

disgust o nose wrinkling o upper lip raised (table manners, good food, sleeping habits, etc)

types of economic anthropology

exchange, reproduction, consumption

who studied historical particularism

franz boas "The Father of American Anthropology"

human agency is equal to

free will

Dakota Access, and native Sioux

illustrates a contemporary example of native environmental rights and the competing interests of resource extraction

creation of reservations

indian appropriation act: creation of indian reservation in Oklahoma. reservation created through executive order and forceable removal

biocultural

influenced by genetic inheritance & social/cultural environment.

Situated Knowledge

knowledge that is set within or specific to a precise context or situation R]eflexivity promotes explicit recognition that any ethnographic account must be understood as SITUATED KNOWLEDGE produced by the partial understandings of particular ethnographers working with particular informants, whose relationships to one another are shaped by particular ethical and political contexts.

linguistic determinism

language determines the way we think/ language is a "lens" whereby culture shapes cognition.

socialization

learning to live as members of a group—contend with behavioral rules The process by which people learn customs and values of their culture.

another word for witchcraft

mangu

affect ____

may vary

is there a variability of affect

maybe

key metaphors

metaphors that serve as the foundation of a worldview

Hurstons style

more literary and used her voice as if she was telling stories experiments with: voice (mixing first person singular (I) with plural (we)) & narrative style.

unga

needy/dependent attachment

Both "race" and "ethnicity" are social constructs with

no simple basis in either nature/biology or bounded community.

nallik:

nurturant attachment

embodied inequalities perpetuate a racialized view of?

of human biology

matrilocal

of or denoting a custom in marriage whereby the husband goes to live with the wife's community.

Western Apache conceptions of the land work in specific ways to influence Apaches' conceptions of themselves, and vice versa, and the two together work to influence

patterns of social action

anthropology has "reflected and reinforced the

positioning of indigenous peoples as outside the time and space of modern American life.

S&L thoughts on reflexivity

promotes explicit recognition that any ethnographic account must be understood as situated knowledge produced by the partial understandings of particular ethnographers working with particular informants, whose relationships to one another are shaped by particular ethical and political contexts

linguistic inequality

refers to the view that certain ways of speaking are standard and others are defective and inferior/ Making value judgments about other people's speech in a context of dominance and subordination

framing

sending a message/cognitive boundary that marks certain behaviors as "play" or as "ordinary life" how we know that something in played because it is framed like that, some communication that says that this is the suspension of the rules, we framed this as being exceptional

3 part structure of rites of passage

separation period liminal period (transition) re aggregation (person undergoes this transformation is renewed and welcomed back to the world)

The indigenous experience in the United States has been shaped by

settler colonialism, broken treaties and land dispossession.

who talks about culture

shultz & lavenda

Unilineal cultural evolution cannot be proven without

significant speculation

beliefs about language

social forms and place-making & identity

"Race" & "Ethnicity" are often "naturalized" as a way to justify

social stratification,

what is structure of feeling

social, economic & political dimensions of "positive thinking" different ways of thinking vying to emerge at any one time in history

how is culture learned

socialization & enculturation

all of the components of language involve

socialization and acculturation

economic anthropology

studies human practices that are related to making a living. denaturalizes capitalism

who discusses the anthropology of secularism

talal asad

feminism

the advocacy of women's rights on the basis of the equality of the sexes.

Participant-observation

the best method that anthropologists use to gather information by closely living with the people whose culture they are studying while they participate with their life

patriarchy

the domination of men over women and children

human agency

the exercise of at least some control over one's life the way people struggle, often against great odds, to exercise some control over their lives

Intersubjective Meaning

the full complexity of interactions with others who is the "I"? which "you" is presented? how does context affect this encounter?

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

the idea that language structures thought and that ways of looking at the world are embedded in language/ the idea that different languages create different ways of thinking/ Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf's hypothesis that language creates ways of thinking and perceiving/ language as communicative tool/ category maker/ lens

example of history tale

the story of men stand above here and there

What Can a Place Name Do? Speaking with Names

there is a coherence that is elusive, but it can be understood. • their discourse has a "cultural logic" (a linguistic ideology) • politeness; economy of speech; use of visual imagery; appeals to the ancestors; indirect ways of providing comfort -Fundamentally, this interaction is about how to deal with a social dilemma

does cultural relativism relate to moral relativism

they are not equal

habitus

things we come do and ways he hold ourselves that are engrained in ourselves, bodily dispositions that we learn that tell us what to do in public and private which is never explicitly taught but absorbed in the course of everyday learning and is heavily influenced by our interactions with material cultural objects

Kinship is [often] based on but not reducible

to biology

what does asads work encourage us to do?

to reframe religion and secularism (he principle of separation of the state from religious institutions.) not as polar opposites but as two worldviews with overlapping and divergent ideas

anthropology as a reformer's science

tylor was a reformer When racial categories emerged, some scholars advanced the idea that races were actually different species, emerging from different origins BUT · Tylor was among those who argued that all "races" are the same species

Capitalism

type of economic system that features supply-demand price mechanism called market, and caused an entirely new way of life

"Race" & "Ethnicity" can affect biology through, for example, how discrimination exposes some groups to

unequal health conditions.

emotions can

vary

who talked about symbols, rites of passage and rites of passage, considered symbolic anthropology (flag, school colors, etc)

victor turner

linguistic relativity

view that characteristics of language shape our thought processes; the hypothesis that one's language determines the nature of one's thought

example of rites of passage

weddings

• Class mobility

when parents' children end up living better than they did

who is left out of geertz interpretation

women and children

multi-sited ethnography

working in multiple areas examining at people a method of data collection that follows a topic or social problem through different field sites geographically and/or socially

Reality of race is not in biology, but in social consequences which these

¢ biological ideas about race produce

"Race": presumed a link (that is absent) between

¢ phenotype (outward appearance), and genotype (biological/genetic features)

Racism

¢ the systematic oppression of one or more socially defined "races" by another socially defined "race" that is justified in terms of the supposedly inherent biological superiority (327)

What race IS

· A set of fictions used to ascribe meaning to human differences based on a hierarchical structure from blackness (savagery) to whiteness (civilization) · Shifting historical categories of peoplehood in service of economic and political dominance · Intersectional: defined in relation to other social categories

ritual examples

· BIRTHDAYS—blow out candles, exchange of gifts · Greece would put coins over eyes for dead · Jewish weddings—before kiss bride you step on glass and after raising of chair · Throwing coins into fountains for good luck

Many social constructs are naturalized

· Class ("X group of people are inherently unintelligent") · Gender ("a woman's place is in the home") · Sexuality/sexual orientation (some sexual preferences/orientations are "natural"; others are "unnatural") · Caste (a social category distinguishing "purity" & "pollution" that one is "born into") you are something from birth, they give these social classifications a lot of power and it seems natural the way it is

Apartheid system of racial segregation

· white minority rule · restriction of the majority black inhabitants' movement · • used a 4-type racial classification · • enforced, segregated residential areas

• Ethnicity (S&L, 331):

• "A principle of social classification used to create groups based on selected cultural features such as language, religion, or dress. Ethnicity emerges from historical processes that incorporate distinct social groups into a single political structure under conditions of inequality."

Paris is Burning: "houses"

• A film about gay and trans communities of color in NYC in the 1980s. • Focuses on "drag balls" and the various cultural aspects of the practice. • Includes topics such as: • Chosen families; "kin" based on shared experiences of both performance and exclusion; intersections between kin, race, gender norms and class

"Ethnicity"

• Also legacy of European colonialism. • Also reductive: from tremendous diversity to a simplistic grouping • Also implies a fixed link (that is absent) between cultural practices and inherent features (e.g. "blood" or intelligence).

• Idea of choice underscores the informal sociocultural dimension of relatedness and decenters the biogenetic and law-based definitions of "family"

• Big-brother/big-sister programs • "Aunty" • Friends as "cousins" • Work relationships? •Whom else do you consider "family" or "kin"?

examples of syncretism

• Indigenous people of Central America linking pre-Christian, personalized superhuman beings with Catholic saints (S&L, 171) • Candomble: identifying Catholic saints with African gods. (S&L, 171) • Bwiti in Central Africa—a religion that has developed techniques to manage the after effects of colonialism, and a changing pantheon of gods. (S&L, 173)

Examples of "Natural Hegemony"

• Insomnia-as-illness • New medicines to cure nonnormative sleep patterns • Ideas about human nature also evolve in conjunction with work demands: • e.g. nap rooms.

Kinship, therefore, is a Cultural Logic of Relatedness

• Kinship systems transform the "panhuman experiences of mating, birth and nurturance" into different cultural systems. (S&L 272) • Kinship is a social construct, not a biological universal.

Does "race" have validity as a biological category?

• No. • "Humankind...is not divided into a series of genetically distinct units." (S&L 326) • Variations and similarities in blood type, skull size, immune system, and genotype do not fit into racial categories. • Racial categories also cannot accommodate migration and gene flow between populations. • "Across the human genome, the vast majority of genetic variation is found within populations, and relatively little is found between [them]." (Fuentes, 82)

manifestations of language ideology in policy

• establishment of official languages • literacy programs

When it comes to complex forms of suffering, culture shapes how people:

• experience disorder; • understand its causes (etiology); • diagnose the problem; • & create therapeutic responses.

how does geertz feel about reflexivity

• generally accepts that his analysis is one possible interpretation. In that sense, his account is also "reflexive."

• natural hegemony:

• human social life reshapes the conception of nature & human biologies.

Contemporary Directions in the Anthropology of Indigenous Peoples

• indigenous social movements: • land rights & dispossession • environmental movements • language revitalization; cultural survival. • community heath

Approaches to studying Language: Formal vs. Pragmatics

• language can be studied:• as a system of rules (as many linguists do),• and as a social & cultural practice (as anthropologists do).

Basso's Methods (1)

• morphological components of language

• unilineal descent:

• organizes groups into lineages—either patrilineages or matrileneages

examples of structure of feeling

• patrolling of negativity on blogs • stigmatization of sadness • blame the victim • turning tragedy into a perverse rite of passage • feeds an industry of self-help/pink ribbon products

technological metaphors

a worldview metaphor that employs objects made by human beings as metaphorical predicates

• Capitalism shapes and reshapes

subjectivity, including how we think about and practice sleep

three types of worldview key metaphors

societal organic technological

summarizing symbols

sum up, express, represent for people in an emotionally powerful...way what the system means to them conjure some support of feelings, can use symbols in a patriotic way or can be approached in oppositional ways in protest or purposes of commercial enterprises to affiliate a product with those motional ideas

the patterns of social life can be glimpsed in cockfights through

· unspoken rules about betting · a complex set of rules governing loyalty and support (who do you bet against/for)

• How is exchange organized?

• reciprocity—generalized, balanced, negative • redistribution—e.g. potlatch or the IRS • market—the mechanism through which goods are traded via money production

• bilateral (cognatic) descent:

• organizes groups into kindreds that includes relatives from both parents' families

Thick Description (Clifford Geertz)

-winking -when you really understand someones culture, the things they don't seem random/arbitrary, they seem logical -patterns of life dictate the category and makes things taboo -eating guinea pigs in Peru is not a taboo, but it is not really

What do anthropologist need to think about when considering the ethics of research? 1. The possible negative effects that conducting the research could have on human participants, even in cases where the research might benefit to society 2. Making sure to protect the confidentiality of research participants 3. Trying to write things that certain groups would consider too political A) 1 & 2 B) 1 & 3 C) 2 & 3 D) 1, 2, & 3

A) 1 & 2

What kind of ideas will be consistent with the structural functionalist approach? 1. Society can be thought of much like an organism with interrelated, functioning parts 2. Social institutions like families in schools often reinforce social order 3. Societies tend towards chaos and revolution A) 1 & 2 B) 1 & 3 C) 2 & 3 D) 1, 2, & 3

A) 1 & 2

Which of the following are TRUE on the anthropological view of emotion? 1. Emotions vary cross culturally and their meaning 2. Emotions are often woven into a structure of feeling that shapes ideas about which emotions are desirable and undesirable 3. Emotions are never linked to the body A) 1 & 2 B) 1 & 3 C) 2 & 3 D) 1, 2, & 3

A) 1 & 2

which of the following statements is false? A) cultural anthropology is a discipline for generating theories about social life; it cannot have practical applications B)Archaeology is the study of the human past through examining the material artifacts of former human communities C) linguistic anthropologists study the variations of human languages D) biological anthropologists study what characteristics make humans different from and similar to other organisms.

A) cultural anthropology is a discipline for generating theories about social life; it cannot have practical applications

According to Jean Briggs emotion should be defined as: A) something that is experienced universally across different cultures B) an experience that is more tied to women than men C) destructive of proper social order D) something that cannot be experience without being cognized

D) something that cannot be experience without being cognized

subjectivity

The felt interior of the person that includes his or her positions in a field of relational power. (S&L, pp. 395)

blended family

a family consisting of a couple and their children from this and all previous relationships.

Vlad, who identifies as a man, and Chiara, who identifies as a woman, both have part-time jobs to support their studies. When they work the same shift, they have noticed that the manager always assigns Chiara the role of cashier, where a high degree of customer service is required, while assigning Vlad the task of lifting heavy boxes in the back. This is odd since, as they discuss, Chiara, is actually much stronger than Vlad, and Vlad is far more outgoing. Even after pointing this out to their manager, she insists that they remain in their assigned posts. From a feminist perspective this particular workplace pattern could be explained by the fact that: 1. In any patriarchal system sexism can take a variety of everyday forms. 2. The manager may be drawing subconsciously on gender stereotypes related to emotional disposition and/or physical strength. 3. The manager's decision is purely a misreading of two individuals' capabilities. a. 1 & 2 b. 1 & 3 c. 2 & 3 d. 1, 2, & 3

a. 1 & 2

George is getting an MBA in Business Administration at a prestigious university. He will graduate this May and he has already found a position at a big company with a high salary. His father works as a security guard at a local hospital and his mother works at a small local restaurant. According to what was discussed in your lecture, George's situation is an example of: a. Class mobility. b. Class reproduction. c. Inequality. d. None of the above

a. Class mobility.

. Which of the following statements would NOT align with an intersectional perspective? a. Nonwhite working-class women experience oppression under the patriarchal system in the same way as white working-class women. b. In the movie 49Up the filmmaker implied that, for Jackie, a working-class woman, social mobility would be difficult to attain without marrying a middle-class husband. c. In the context of patriarchy and the binary gender system, gender often shapes people's life possibilities in conjunction with other categories of social differentiation such as class and race. d. Jeanne, a white, college educated middle-class woman has a fantastic job working for an engineering company, yet she is paid 30% less than her male peers. Jeanne's experience in the workplace can be seen as a result of a combination of race and class privilege, and gender discrimination.

a. Nonwhite working-class women experience oppression under the patriarchal system in the same way as white working-class women.

On pages 328-330, Schultz & Lavenda describe John Chance's analysis of racial formations in colonial Oaxaca. This case study demonstrates that: a. Racial categories vary depending on history and context. b. Racial classifications are always based on the neat distinction between "black" and "white." c. The emergence of complex "mixed" populations is easily translated into simplified racial classification. d. Racial categories are only based on genetics and phenotypes.

a. Racial categories vary depending on history and context.

legal implications of nuclear family

as a legal category. who inherits? who shares insurance? who has visitation? chosen families

Franz Boas: 1. Is considered the father of American anthropology 2. Was a vocal supporter of cultural evolutionism (he was against culture evolutionism he was culture relativist instead; need to understand culture in own context and history) 3. Proposed to focus on the "inner-dynamics" and "culture traits" of a culture area a. 1 &2 b. 1&3 c. 2&3 d. 1,2,&3

b. 1&3

A perspective that seeks to "denaturalize capitalism" would: a. Assert that it is universal human nature to be a self-interested individual who seeks optimal, utility maximizing outcomes in the capitalist market. b. Assert that the capitalist market is a relatively recent cultural invention in human history. c. Claim that the capitalist system was the inevitable successor when Soviet socialism collapsed in 1991. d. Claim that, before capitalism emerged, there had never been any form of market-based economic exchange in world history.

b. Assert that the capitalist market is a relatively recent cultural invention in human history.

Cultural ideas about gender shape our experiences and ways of being in the world. Consider the following images: The first one shows Prince and Grace Jones; the second one is a still from the famous movie, Some Like It Hot. According to what Prof. Matza discussed in the lecture about "Gender, Sex and Sexuality" these images demonstrate how: a. Gender is natural. b. Gender is something we perform. c. Gender is primarily a private, not public matter. d. Patriarchy no longer exists in Western societies

b. Gender is something we perform.

The higher proportion of hypertension (recurring high blood pressure) among U.S. citizens of African descent indicates that: a. African-descended people are a genetically distinct "race." b. Social inequalities deriving from racism can shape the biology of racialized groups. c. It is possible to create an ethnic/race-specific hypertension drug. d. "Black" is a biological category

b. Social inequalities deriving from racism can shape the biology of racialized groups.

. The people of the Trobriand Islands say that when a person dies, his/her soul or spirit becomes young and goes to live on an island called Tuma. There the soul ages and regenerates itself by bathing in the sea. Then a spirit child is created which returns to the world of the living and enters the womb of a woman usually through her head, or it may be carried by water into her womb. In some areas of the Trobriand Islands, if a woman wishes to become pregnant, her brother brings a pail of water to her dwelling. Based on this description, which of the following is MOST TRUE of the Trobrianders' system of kinship? a. They have a biogenetic model of kinship. b. They have a symbolic model of kinship. c. They have nuclear families. d. All of the above

b. They have a symbolic model of kinship.

In Chapter 3, Basso describes an exchange between Lola Machuse and her friends as an example of "speaking with names." According to him, what is the PRIMARY purpose of "speaking with names"? a) To speak aggressively about matters that otherwise require the utmost delicacy and tact. b) To reprimand people for their bad behavior. c) To bring ancestral knowledge to bear on the current disturbing situation. d) To commemorate a specific place.

c) To bring ancestral knowledge to bear on the current disturbing situation.

According to what we learned in lecture this picture shows: 1. Modes of production based on kinship relationships. 2. Modes of production based on capitalist relationships. 3. That relations of production can be unequal. a. 1 & 2 b. 1 & 3 c. 2 & 3 d. 1, 2, & 3

c. 2 & 3

Elpidha and Giorgos live in Athens, Greece. They both work at a bank and wake up at 5:30 am every day to get their kids to school and then get ready for work. Feeling fatigued by the time they are on their way to the bank, they stop to get coffee in order to have a productive start of the working day. They finish work at 4pm, pick up their children from school, buy groceries, and cook a meal. Once the kitchen is clean it is almost time to get ready for sleep. Elpidha is usually not able to fall asleep and so she takes an Ambien. As he drifts off to sleep, Giorgos remembers how his parents, in the village, were able to return home in the afternoon to take a nap before gathering as a family for dinner. Nonetheless, both of them accept the patterns of rest they experience and struggle to maintain as the normal state of being. Which of the following concepts would BEST describe the way that this couple practices and views their sleeping habits? a. Work discipline. b. Acceptance of social hierarchies. c. Natural hegemony. d. Angry resignation

c. Natural hegemony.

Missionization

converting people to Christianity.. Travelogues, missionary accounts, the life of the people that they encountered during their trips

Nick Thompson tells Keith Basso: "It's hard to keep on living right. Many things jump up at you and block your way. But you won't forget that story. You are going to see the place where it happened, maybe every day if it's nearby and close to Cibecue. If you don't see it, you are going to hear its name and see it in your mind. It doesn't matter if you get old - that place will keep on stalking you like the one who shot you with the story." (pp. 59) Why, according to Nick, do stories continue to stalk people? a) Because even though the person who told the story will die, the landscape and the story associated with it will endure. b) Because even if a person leaves the place, the place-name will remind them of how to live correctly. c) Because people shot with stories are forced to confront their social failings so as to avoid repeating them in the future. d) All of the above

d) All of the above.

"Race" & "Ethnicity" are contested and/or reworked through denaturalization and strategic essentialism, whereby marginalized groups can eithe

deconstruct, or mobilize social constructs on their own behalf.

Class positions are often, but not always, reproduced across

generations. At the same time, class identity is only a part of the way that people experience themselves in the world.

moral implications of nuclear family

it contains assumptions about gender, descent, heritage, class, race

what does the japenese hostess club involve

o small talk; objectifying women; performance of subservience (by women and junior men) o prescribed ritual behaviors (laughter, singing, drinking, spending money). !!!support corporate aims through the production and management of male desire!!!

• Place-naming is a "cultural activity" (KB, 7) connected to how the Apache:

reflect on ancestry • associate place with time, community & self. • communicate their values across generations

Cultural Evolutionism

the change over time of non-biological aspects of human society

evans pritchards thought on collapsed granary

the collapsed granary would be a random coincidence. The Azande would say it was caused by witchcraft.; seen as bad luck/random coincidence

historical tale

time: long ago purpose: to warn, shoot

gossip

time: now purpose: to inform

what does the reflexive approach do?

works with subjective aspects --based on or influenced by personal feelings, tastes, or opinions.

societal metaphors!

worldview metaphors whose model for the world is the social order// kinship

imagined communities

• relatedness that transcends face-to-face interactions (like social media) • but even also acquaintances • e.g.: nationalism: • we "imagine" ourselves to be part of a larger whole, and connected to strangers through that whole

By way of "natural hegemony," capitalism as a system appears to both:

• shape what human beings view as (and experience) as natural; • while also giving a rationale for capitalism that is rooted in nature.

all aspects of language also carry a variety of cultural ideas:

• sounds; vocabulary & commonly used phrases; meaning; norms governing language use.

speaking with stories/ What Can a Story Do?

• there are different kinds of stories. • one type is an historical tale. • historical tales can: • have a "sizable psychological impact." 57 • bring about behavior change through moral teaching • & establish "highly meaningful relationships between individuals and features of the natural landscape." 57

Basso's Research Questions:

• what is the world to which their stories make reference? what is the cultural context? • should stories be interpreted literally or metaphorically? • how do they make sense, and to whom? • in what circumstances are they used? • —These questions help Basso to better understand Apache language ideology

who talks about the twitch versus the wink

geertz

"Race" & "Ethnicity" lack a clear-cut basis in biology, yet, are often

given a problematic biological significance in everyday use.

myth

time: in the beginning purpose: to instruct

Colonialization??

Cultured domination enforced with social change Extracted resources to fuel industrialism

what is the cultural relativist viewpoint

--turns away from simplistic, and often stereotypical views of other people's cultural practices. ---promotes understanding of (sometimes puzzling) cultural practices.

Structural Functionalism

A position that explores how particular social forms function from day to day in order to reproduce the traditional structure of society... Each part has a function and they come together... societies have different institutions that come together for a single purpose The framework for the theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability

Which of the following statements best summarizes E.E Evans Prichard description of a Azande beliefs in witchcraft? 1. While not ruling out other forms of causation, witchcraft helps explain misfortune 2. Azande people now "how "particular incident happened, but through witchcraft explain "why" that incident happened to specific person at a particular moment 3. Beliefs in witchcraft persist because the Azande do you not understand the material causes of events A) 1 & 2 B) 1 & 3 C) 2 & 3 D) 1, 2, & 3

A) 1 & 2

Which of the following statements is FALSE? A) A religion can only be examined as a worldview and not as a dominant ideology B) Syncretism refers how, after a group of people are converted to an emergent/ new religion, all the new traditions can be combined C) Secularism and religious belief are both types of worldview D) Evans Prichard's analysis of Azande witchcraft is an example of the study of religious worldview

A) A religion can only be examined as a worldview and not as a dominant ideology

Evans Prichard and Hurston are two examples of modern Anthropologists. Their approaches have many similarities and differences. Which of the following statements are TRUE: A) Both adopted a cultural relativist approach B) Evans Prichard believe that the Azande had a primitive way of thinking C) from the very beginning of her career, Hurston taught in a prestigious American university and her contribution to the field of anthropology were acknowledged D) they were both armchair anthropologist as were most of the anthropologist of their time

A) Both adopted a cultural relativist approach

In the movie "shadows in illuminations " Kerata' s story shows: A) How culture medicates the experience and treatment of mental suffering B) the universal applicability of psychiatric diagnosis's C) that traditional medicine will always help people in non-western contexts D) That his personal history had very little to do with mental suffering

A) How culture medicates the experience and treatment of mental suffering

Schultz and Lavenda discuss Janice Boddy's research on female genital cutting. Boddy notes that from her outsiders perspective the process of him fibrillation is extreme and problematic. However, in the course of her research she gradually comes to understand the symbolic importance of this ritual for the communities cultural ideas of fertility, home and kinship, giving her a more informed point of view. This transformation in Boddy's perspective highlights: A) The importance of a cultural relativist approach B) The advantages of ethnocentrism C) The consolation of moral and cultural reasoning and her research D) The moral justification of a controversial cultural practice

A) The importance of a cultural relativist approach

the same girl, Janice, is now 20 years old and is out to eat with her friends on the South Side. When eating, she closes her mouth and makes as little noise as possible when chewing. She does all of these things unconsciously , without really thinking about when and how to do that. this is BEST understood as an example of A) habitus B) inter subjectivity C) human agency D) etic approach

A) habitus

Clifford Geertz studied cockfighting in Bali in order to understand something about Balinese culture. Which of the following statements would be MOST CONSISTENT with Geertz's study? A) if applied to the study of US football, Geertz's approach could demonstrate how football is a kind of "deep play" that reveals things about how North American view themselves B) Geertz's ethnography demonstrates how there is only one truth about Balinese society C) Geertz's approach to knowledge is positivist D) Geertz's approach includes a wide variety of peoples perspectives, including women and children

A) if applied to the study of US football, Geertz's approach could demonstrate how football is a kind of "deep play" that reveals things about how North American view themselves

Franklin, An engineering major, and his roommate, Ashish, and anthropology major, were having a debate about knowledge. Franklin asserts that there is a single reality that can be done through senses, and there is a single, appropriate set a scientific methods to know that reality. Which approach of knowledge does Franklin's perspective best represent? A) positivism B) intersubjectivity C) ethnocentrism D) relativism

A) positivism

Everyday at noon, Janice, a four year old from Pittsburgh is called to the table by her mother. At the table, her mother frequently reminds her to eat with her mouth closed, and make as little noise as possible when chewing. This is BEST understood as an example of: A) the process of socialization/ enculturation B) the construction of American kinship C. Positivism D. framing

A) the process of socialization/ enculturation

Nature/Nurture Debate

Are the things we do based on genetics/biology or by the cultural/social environment that we are raised in Human are biocultured; influenced by both (Mead/Freeman controversy)

In Anne Allison's research in Japanese hostess club she finds that: 1. The social solidarity that results from rituals of male bonding in the club serves the interests of Japanese corporations 2. On learning of these rituals, Japanese wives of company men usually file for divorce 3. Ritualized male bonding is reliant upon objectification of women A) 1 & 2 B) 1 & 3 C) 2 & 3 D) 1, 2, & 3

B) 1 & 3

Which of these is NOT true of Anne Allison's "Male bonding"? A) it argues that corporate masculinity among male workers is symbolically and ritualistic constructed by hostesses flirtations and flattery B) It shows the Japanese company man always voluntarily participate in Mizu-shōbai to strengthen their work force morale C) it shows how Mizu-shōbai provides Japanese company man with a liminal space where they can convert in informal ways despite the hierarchal relationship between bosses and employees D) Mizu-shōbai is a company sponsored ritual that enables better word performance

B) It shows the Japanese company man always voluntarily participate in Mizu-shōbai to strengthen their work force morale

Carla and Amita are college students in the US. They have just finished their final semester and they are waiting for their graduation ceremony. They are unemployed, and looking for work. They have also moved out of their dorm rooms are staying in a hotel and looking for a more spacious apartment to move into once they become economically independent from their families. Which of the following terms best characterizes Carla and Amita's current situation? A) re-aggregation B) Liminality C) framing D) Metacommunication

B) Liminality

what are some of the benefits of participant observation? A) anthropologists can best see what is happening in any social context by avoiding interactions with research subjects B) anthropologists can get a feel for what they are observing, and place what people say and do in social and cultural context C) anthropologists can activate their ethnocentric biases through a straightforward application of etic perspective D) all of the above

B) anthropologists can get a feel for what they are observing, and place what people say and do in social and cultural context

According to Shultz & Lavenda, the Kwaio living in Solomon Islands are the only population on the island that has refused to incorporate western style clothing, Jobs and Christianity. The Kwaio man still carry bows and arrows, in the pre-still sacrifice pics of the ancestors. The Kwaio religion is a good example of: A) syncretism B) anti-syncretism C) technological metaphors D) reincarnation

B) anti-syncretism

which of the following DOES NOT pertain to Miner's article on the Nacirema? A) it satirizes the hygienic habits of middle-class North Americans B) it makes an explicit plea for the importance of thick description in anthropology C) it asserts the belief in "magic" is hardly limited to so-called "primitive people" D) it satirizes early anthropology's ethnocentric biases

B) it makes an explicit plea for the importance of thick description in anthropology

Anna, a Russian anthropology student in United States, want to study how middle-aged men in Pittsburgh connect football to masculinity. As she collects stories from former high school football players, she pays attention to how her identity as a young woman from another country might shape what she is able to learn. By thinking reflexively about this aspect of the research, Anna's is paying attention to the way her research will produce: A) positivism B) situated knowledge C) Syncretism D) ritual

B) situated knowledge

Kwame is a young anthropologist interested in setting contemporary German nationalism as a worldview. He's especially interested in examining the powerful ideas that underpin German nationalist ideas of belonging, as well as their perceptions of outsiders. Do you understand these dynamics, Kwame is planning to explore the meanings that Germans assign to the German flag as well as the European union flag. In focusing on these objects, Kwame is examining? A) historical particularism B) summarizing symbols C) technological metaphors D) cultural evolutionism

B) summarizing symbols

communitas (turner)

BONDING/ An unstructured or minimally structured community of equal individuals found frequently in rites of passage the transient personal experience of togetherness; e.g. that which occurs during a counterculture happening

Which of the following research questions would be the BEST way to investigate a biocultural understanding of emotions? A) " how does X-gene dictate human fear responses?" B) "does a happy brain look different in an MRI than a depressed brain?" C) " how is brain plasticity shaped by birth neurobiology in the social/cultural environment?" D) "how are the emotions expressions of individual will?"

C) " how is brain plasticity shaped by birth neurobiology in the social/cultural environment?"

Jean Briggs comes to a better understanding of Inuit emotional worlds by: 1. Ignoring the influence that the harsh life in the tundra has on a Inuit attachments and focusing exclusively on emotion words 2. Observing small interactions between family members and children particularly interactions that raise small dilemmas for the child 3. Experiencing the sting of being a "bad daughter "herself A) 1 & 2 B) 1 & 3 C) 2 & 3 D) 1, 2, & 3

C) 2 & 3

Which of the following statements would Franz Boas agree? 1. Modern Europeans represent the pinnacle of cultural development 2. Anthropology is a holistic four-field discipline 3) it is best to focus on inner dynamics of cultures rather than trying to make general laws about all human groups A) 1 & 2 B) 1 & 3 C) 2 & 3 D) 1, 2, & 3

C) 2 & 3

Lurhmann & Padmavati Offer a cultural solution to the "south Asian puzzle of schizophrenia." The "puzzle" they refer to is the fact that, while India has as many (and possibly more) cases of schizophrenia as compared to other places like the US, far more people living under description of schizophrenia in India manage to live normal lives. With reference to the case of Sita, the authors provide several culture explanations for this puzzle. Which of the following BEST reflects the authors argument? A) The crucial component in Sita's ability to live normally was that she was properly medicated by her psychiatrist B) The fact that schizophrenia carries no stigma whatsoever in India was the key reason why Sita was able to live normally C) Sita and those around her did not frame her illness narrative in terms of diagnosis, but in terms of "struggle." Moreover, Sita's illness experience with such that her auditory hallucinations were helpful signs of "divine vibration" D) all the above

C) Sita and those around her did not frame her illness narrative in terms of diagnosis, but in terms of "struggle." Moreover, Sita's illness experience with such that her auditory hallucinations were helpful signs of "divine vibration"

which of the following statement is FALSE? A) ethnocentrism is the viewpoint that one's own beliefs and behaviors are right and true, whereas those other people are wrong B) ethnocentrism can turn into a kind of defense against the tension that cultural discomfort can produce C) ethnocentrism is the term used by anthropologists to describe the study of ethnic groups D) ethnocentrism reads another group's way of life through the prism of one's own cultural categories

C) ethnocentrism is the term used by anthropologists to describe the study of ethnic groups

Which of the following statements about a reflective approach in Anthropologie is FALSE? A) it recognizes that any ethnographic account will be a form of situated knowledge produced by the partial understandings of particular ethnographers B) it is open to sharing research conclusions with participants C) it involves ignoring the relationship dynamics between ethnographer and participants in order to keep the research objective D) it has led to a more complex understanding of ethical challenges of anthropology

C) it involves ignoring the relationship dynamics between ethnographer and participants in order to keep the research objective

Which of the following BEST reflects Talal Asad's conception of secularism? A) secularism refer to the domain of social life characterized by the complete absence of religious ideas B) because of its historical links to the scientific enlightenment, secularism is a sign of higher intelligence in comparison to religious thought C) some of the fundamental ideas of secularism have origins in religious thought D) all the above

C) some of the fundamental ideas of secularism have origins in religious thought

Anthropologist have studied religion for many different perspectives. Some examples of these perspectives are: 1. The relationship between religion and social change 2. The role that official religion play in political ideologies 3. The way that religious beliefs intersect with practices in a market economy, such as saving and spending money or the meaning of economic inequity A) 1 & 2 B) 1 & 3 C) 2 & 3 D) 1, 2, & 3

D) 1, 2, & 3

Susan Harding describes how, upon leaving a meeting with the fundamentalist Baptist preacher, she almost got into a car accident and she heard her self say, "what is God trying to tell me? "This ethnographic account highlights which of the following? 1. Harding had begun to adopt the language of Baptist fundamentalism through listening to the preacher 2. Ethnographic work makes anthropologist mentally open in ways that can always strongly impact them 3. The preacher had drawn on key metaphors in ways that suggested that Harding, too, had a personal relationship with God A) 1 & 2 B) 1 & 3 C) 2 & 3 D) 1, 2, & 3

D) 1, 2, & 3

The reason that Geertz calls Balinese cockfighting "deep" is because: A) it involves very large sums of money B) it involves a spectacle of gruesome death of a living creature C) it has been banned by the government, and has had to go underground D) It is a practice in which a great number of other socially important things are at stake, including social status, and a representation of Balinese society

D) It is a practice in which a great number of other socially important things are at stake, including social status, and a representation of Balinese society

As a structural-functionalist Evans-Prichard showed that accusations involving witchcraft can serve a social function, such as: A) wielding power in the community B) establishing discipline or order C) enforcing a particular form of morality D) all of the above

D) all of the above

What made Zora Neale Hurston's work in "mules and men" particularly unique in comparison with Evans-Prichard's study of a Azande witchcraft? A) Hurston did her field work in her hometown B) her book extensively quoted her conversations with informants, and it also made use of literary genres such as storytelling C) she raised questions about the status of anthropological knowledge by commenting on the ways that some informants might not always tell anthropologist everything on their minds D) all of the above

D) all of the above

in creating their typologies, anthropologists in the 19th century adopted a concept of unilineal cultural evolution and were particularly ethnocentric. These anthropologists: A) studied social development B) used missionary reports and travelogues as data C) produced work which was used to justify colonization and religious conversion D) all of the above

D) all of the above

which of the following were the historical conditions for the rise of anthropology as a discipline? A) new innovations in transportation B) colonialism C) capitalism D) all of the above

D) all of the above

We're watching the World Series with her grandfather, Francine mentions that she has been taking a cultural anthropology class and that the class has given her a new perspective on certain things. For example, she says, the World Series couldn't be thought of as a ritual. "Really?" Her grandfather asked, doubtfully. "Aren't rituals reserved for describing religious ceremonies?" What definition(s) of ritual of my printing refer to in order to convince her grandfather? A) The World Series involves repetitive social practices in the culturally defined schema B) The World Series is set apart from the social routines of every day life C) When watching the World Series, some diehard fans can experience great state of exaltation and social bonding D) All of the above

D) all the above

People from Chakma indigenous groups in Bangladesh follow a careful set of practices when handling sacred objects and religious rituals. Particular hibiscus flowers in specific mud pot are used to worship the river in the ritual must be performed in a highly scripted way. Such a code of ritual practice is best described as an example of: A) orthodoxy B) structural functionalism C) Metacommunication D) orthopraxy

D) orthopraxy

myth

Stories that recount how various aspects of the world came to be the way they are. The power of myths comes from their ability to make life meaningful for those who accept them. The truth of myths seems self-evident because they effectively integrate personal experiences with a wider set of assumptions about how the world works.

Linguistics Anthropology

Study of language dialects & accents

Ethnocentrism

The opinion that one's own way of life is natural or correct and, indeed, the only way of fully being human. evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one's own culture. o Association between migrants and illegality o Assumptions about right practice of marriage; Marriage in some cultures o Could even be physiological § Can be versions of this within certain groups

Stratified societies

Where "there is a permanent hierarchy that accords some members privileged access to wealth, power, and prestige." (S&L, 316/ income disparity/opportunity/social position correlate not only with class and gender, as the cartoon suggests, but also race, and ethnicity

Human biological similarity and diversity does not equate with

any of the categories of human race." (Fuentes, 81) • "Biological races cannot be found."

It is Kate's birthday and her friends have started arriving at her house to celebrate her 19th birthday. They have brought her gifts to honor her special day. Kate welcomes everyone and accepts the gifts with pleasure. She will also do the same for her friends at a similar occasion in the near future. This is BEST considered an example of: a. Redistribution. b. An expression of self-interest. c. Generalized reciprocity. d. Market exchange.

c. Generalized reciprocity.

In contrast to anthropologists' early errors in studying indigenous groups, a more contemporary approach to indigeneity might start from the idea(s) that: a. Indigeneity is too hard to define, and therefore not worth studying. b. Indigeneity is a category without any historical meaning or personal relevance that people use to advance particular claims. c. Indigeneity is a legal category that pertains to group identity and tries to recognize pre-colonial communities' claims to territory and cultural rights. d. All of the above.

c. Indigeneity is a legal category that pertains to group identity and tries to recognize pre-colonial communities' claims to territory and cultural rights.

Anthropology can be a useful tool for analyzing the social effects of COVID-19. Some examples could include: 1. Investigating proxemics in public spaces under the conditions of social distancing. 2. How class, race and ethnicity intersect with unemployment and vulnerability. 3. The importance of kin-like groups for mutual aid and support among students who are unable to return home because of travel restrictions. a. 1 & 2 b. 1 & 3 c. 2 & 3 d. 1, 2, & 3

d. 1, 2, & 3

In order to decolonize the practice of anthropology a scholar studying indigenous groups would: 1. Engage closely with any political struggles related to the community they are researching. 2. Work to include indigenous voices as scholars and collaborators. 3. Reform the ways that the subjects of the research are represented in any publications. a. 1 & 2 b. 1 & 3 c. 2 & 3 d. 1, 2, & 3

d. 1, 2, & 3

Under the binary gender system: 1. Gender is naturalized as a social category and reinforces patriarchal institutions. 2. The private (e.g. domestic) and the public (e.g. politics) are assigned, respectively, to women and men. 3. Cultural constructions of femininity and masculinity shape our notions of work, family, and politics. a. 1 & 2 b. 1 & 3 c. 2 & 3 d. 1, 2, & 3

d. 1, 2, & 3

Which of the following is TRUE of kinship? 1. It often draws from, but is not reducible to, biology. 2. It is a cultural interpretation of the human experiences of mating, birth, and nurturance. 3. Genealogical connections are but a small subset of the ways in which people create relationships with one another. a. 1 & 2 b. 1 & 3 c. 2 & 3 d. 1, 2, & 3

d. 1, 2, & 3

Which of the following would be examples of ethnopragmatics? 1. When learning place names, Keith Basso eventually realizes that it is really important to his research participants that he pronounce the place names with care. 2. When arguing a case in the Supreme Court, lawyers will understand that addressing the justices by their first names is a bad idea. 3. After doing research in Russia for a while I eventually learned how and under what social circumstances it was OK to shift from using the "you plural" (a formal form of address) to the "you singular. a. 1 & 2 b. 1 & 3 c. 2 & 3 d. 1, 2, & 3

d. 1, 2, & 3

Indigeneity has been a tricky topic of study for anthropologists because: a. Well-intentioned inquiries into native peoples' life ways have also tended to presume a romantic "oneness with nature." b. Salvage models of anthropology have tended to approach those communities as being cut off from modernity. c. The use of the term indigeneity itself can require anthropologists to make problematic assertions about "primordial [existing at, or from the beginning of time] identity." d. All of the above

d. All of the above

According to Kim Tall Bear, how do indigenous struggles on Standing Rock challenge and contradict heteronormative, patriarchal, settler-colonial ideas about kinship and gender? a. They show how the caretaking role traditionally assigned to women (and considered private) can become a vehicle for protest (public). b. They demonstrate that caretaking is not the sole domain of cisgender, biologically reproductive women; instead, men and non-binary people are also involved in providing care. c. They show that kinship can involve other-than-human relations, including non-human animals and the landscape. d. All of the above.

d. All of the above.

According to the lecture by Dr. Celina de Sá, when West Africans learn and practice capoeira, a martial art first developed by enslaved Africans in Brazil, they are demonstrating: a. The importance of expressive culture to marginalized groups. b. An ingenious way of repatriating (i.e. bringing home) a famous art that is usually associated with Brazil, not West Africa. c. How performance and community-building can be powerful and creative responses to histories of racial discrimination. d. All of the above.

d. All of the above.

If James were to claim that the film Paris is Burning "queers" the family, what would James mean? a. The film shows how people play with the usual biogenetic model of family by using family terminologies (father/mother) in ways that are not based on blood relations. b. The film shows that the link between sex and gender roles in families can be fluid. c. The film shows that families can be based on closeness and choice. d. All of the above.

d. All of the above.

In the book Wisdom Sits in Places, when author Keith Basso refers to the concept of "moral imagination" in the context of "speaking with names," he is referring to the idea that place-names can be used to: a. Summon an image of a place in the listener's mind. b. Provide the listener with advice and/or offer comfort. c. Draw on oral traditions to evoke moral precepts d. All of the above.

d. All of the above.

In the history of the United States there has never been a female, Jewish, LGBTQ, Latino or Muslim president. Similarly, many of these groups are underrepresented in the U.S. Congress. What anthropological concept(s) BEST describe(s) this aspect of U.S. political culture? a. That it is stratified. b. That it is patriarchal. c. That it is heteronormative. d. All of the above

d. All of the above.

Which of the following is TRUE of linguistic inequality? a. It involves judging one form of speech as right and another as wrong. b. It can be considered a form of linguistic ethnocentrism. c. An example might be judging the English used in inner-city environments in the U.S. to be a less appropriate version of English. d. All of the above.

d. All of the above.

Why are "naturalizing discourses" powerful? a. Because they transmute things that are subject to change into terms that make them seem eternal and universal. b. Because they hide the fact that some ideas are culturally fashioned by using statements such as, "It is human nature to...." c. Because when widespread cultural assumptions about humanity are given a biological basis they can be difficult to argue against. d. All of the above

d. All of the above.

. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE of a contemporary conception of class? a. Different classes have different relations to the means of production. b. Class inequality is often also structured by racism, sexism, and other forms of discrimination. c. Class is a ranked group within a hierarchically stratified society where membership is defined primarily in terms of wealth, occupation and and/or other economic criteria. d. In the modern world, individuals may pursue wealth completely unhampered by the class barriers that characterized "old world" societies.

d. In the modern world, individuals may pursue wealth completely unhampered by the class barriers that characterized "old world" societies.

Sally from Alabama associates her southern accent with being welcoming and hospitable. She describes the northern accent as clipped and rude. By contrast, Eliza from New York associates her accent with shrewd intelligence, and associates a southern accent with a lack of intelligence. These views are examples of: a. Linguistic relativity. b. Linguistic competence. c. Communicative competence. d. Language ideologies.

d. Language ideologies

According to jean Briggs emotion is defined as: a. Something that is experienced universally across different cultures b. More tied to women than men c. Destructive of proper social order d. Something that cannot be experience without being cognized

d. Something that cannot be experience without being cognized

1. Which of the following is TRUE of positivism as an approach to research? a. It strives to separate facts from values. b. It contends that a single scientific method can be used to investigate all realms of reality. c. It aims to produce objective knowledge. d. All of the above

d. all of the above

witchcraft has a

functional role in Zande society, regulating social interactions and maintaining social structures

diverse accents are associated with

intelligence • morality • politeness

indigenity

is supposed to refer to a primordial identity and legal category that proceeded the establishment of colonial states

binary gender system

is the classification of sex and gender into two distinct, opposite and disconnected forms of masculine and feminine. Gender binary is one general type of a gender system. Sometimes in this binary model, "sex", "gender" and "sexuality" are assumed by default to align.

cultural relativism

is the idea that a person's beliefs, values, and practices should be understood based on that person's own culture, rather than be judged against the criteria of another. Understanding another culture in its own terms sympathetically enough so that the culture appears to be a coherent and meaningful design for living

Linguistic inequality is a manifestation of a broader phenomenon:

language ideology

ethnprogmatics

language use in the context of social interaction -the study of language use that relies on ethnography to illuminate the ways in which speech is both constituted by and constitutive of social interaction."

Anthropology is political (albeit in different ways): In the past anthropological research on native Americans participated in the

larger pattern of "extraction" through research. Contemporary researchers seek de-colonial approaches.

enculturation

learning ways of thinking and feeling appropriate to that group ---Can also refer to the affection we have for others/our practices of self regard

speaking requires both...

linguistic competence and communication competence

. #NoDAPL is an example of the intersection between

native struggles for sovereignty and broader movements for environmental justice and protection. Some anthropologists have tried to do their work in productive relation to these (and other) social movements

witchcraft does not replace

natural causation • In the case of the collapsed granary, they recognize that it was caused by termites • "Zande belief in witchcraft in no way contradicts empirical knowledge of cause and effect." pp. 25 • Natural and mystical causation are not "mutually exclusive" pp. 25; they are compatible and can exist side by side technique

geertz's analysis could have been thicker if he had:

o explicitly acknowledged the role that his identity as a male, social scientist played. o been clear that his analysis was limited to a particular subset of Balinese. o AND included Balinese perspectives on the meanings of cockfighting.

what kind of knowledge is positivism

objective--not influenced by personal feelings or opinions in considering and representing facts.

two approaches to product of knowledge

positivist approach reflexive approach

what are the balinese men really doing in the cockfights

presenting a picture of themselves...to themselves "In the cockfight, then, the Balinese forms and discovers his temperament and his society's temper at the same time." pp. 85 "[T]he cockfight renders ordinary, everyday experience comprehensible by presenting it in terms of acts and objects which have had their practical consequences removed and been reduced (or, if you prefer, raised) to the level of sheer appearances, where their meaning can be more powerfully articulated and more exactly perceived." pp. 79

Two key features of his argument:

• 1. We think of sleep as natural, when in fact norms governing sleep are socially produced. • "American capitalism produces human biologies that accord with its claims and ends." (877) • 2. Those norms are intended to apply to everyone: • The politics of sleep "depend on the production of sameness, of parity, between individuals and institutions." (878) • "The lives of individuals are conceptualized through their relationships with institutions..." (887)

harding on conversion

• Conversion is ritualized • that places the listener in the narrative • The speaker constructs an alternative worldview: • Merges historical, personal and biblical events to create a different sort of reality About the power of words and only by entering in to that narrative belief she is able to describe this

In general, economic anthropology "de-naturalizes" capitalism

• Ethnographic research shows that there have been many modes of exchange, production and consumption in human history—not just capitalistic. • "to take self-interested, materialistic decision making in the capitalist market as the prototype of human rationality is ethnocentric" S&L, 217

• Some Responses to Racial Formation

• Performance and Community-Building • Diaspora can be a model of celebrating unity in difference

Basso shows the different levels of interpretation required to understand linguistic ideology:

• The morphology of the names • Their semantic function (what the words mean) • What type of speech the story is • What social function that type of speech has • How/when it is used • How people reach

The circumstances of the telling are important

• The seventeen-year-old Apache woman with curlers at the puberty ceremonial & her grandmother. • Grandmother: "I shot her with an arrow." 56 • Granddaughter: "I think maybe my grandmother was getting after me... I know that place. It stalks me every day." 57

How do social categories do this cultural work?

• Through naturalizing discourses

• morphological components of language

• Tséé (rock, stone) + Biká' (on top of it; a flattish object) + Tú (water) + Yaa- (downward) + -hi- (linear succession of regularly repeated movements) + -lí- (it flows) -né (the one) = Water Flows Down On a Succession Of Flat Rocks • "notice how thoroughly descriptive these place-names are and how pointedly specific in the physical details they pick out." 47

Wolf-Meyer calls this "Natural Hegemony"

• We think of these aspects of rest as natural, when they are actually produced by capitalism • "American capitalism produces human biologies that accord with its claims and ends." (877) • "The lives of individuals are conceptualized through their relationships with institutions..." (887)

rites of passage

• a widespread ritual form associated with moving people from one position in society to another. • they manage and control the dynamics of individual and social life. accompany every change of place, state, social position, and age

Basso's Methods (2)

• a. classification of forms of speech • b. classification of "narrative genres"->

hurston similarities with evans-pritchard

• an interest in folklore, beliefs, magic • immersive fieldwork • a cultural relativist approach don't make judgments, even though they are different kinds of relativist approaches.

Race and Ethnicity

• are not a biological facts • are ideologies, discourses, structures of inequality with real consequences • are global phenomena (European imperialism) with distinct variations

So why talk about "race" and "ethnicity" at all? While lacking a basis in biology, these categories continue to:

• be used in daily life, • attribute symbolic significance to entire groups of people, • often to justify unequal social arrangements, and sometimes violence

intersectionality

• class must be examined in relation to gender, race, ethnicity, ability and other social categories. • these relations shape daily experiences—in particular experiences of opportunity & access on the one hand, and discrimination & lack of access on the other. •identity and is a composite of a wide variety of social relationships

what kinds of things did structural functionalists study?

• class or role (i.e. the differentiation of persons according to wealth or social position//A lot of talk about middle class, elite, etc. also roles that involves employment roles and their access to educational opportunities and financial stuff) • kinship, political systems (i.e. forms of social organization) (who counts as an important fam member? Which are important ancestor? Which names of kin are used to describe that kin group? /how is power transferred?) • religion & ritual (systems of belief and practice that organize social life) (parts of social structures that manage change)

According to Nick Thompson, this historical tale:

• is a harsh indictment of persons who join with outsiders against members of their community. • is often directed at specific people • & has a "metacommunicative message": • "I know that you have acted in a way similar or analogous to the way in which someone acted in the story I am telling you. If you continue to act in this way, something similar or analogous to what has happened to the character in the story might also happen to you." (55)

language ideologies entail conceptualizations about

• languages (the system of communication) • speakers (who's talking) • and practices (how are they talking). • & are culturally shaped.

naturalization

• nature is invoked to explain human social life. • "human greed/male aggression is natural"

key practices

• prayer • physiological exercise • exhortation • mana (a transferable super-human power that can become present in holy objects) • taboo (things that are off limits) • feast • sacrifice (whether literal or figurative)

language ideology manifestations in social interactions

• prejudice: racism, sexism, homophobia, ableism • esteem: assimilation, aspiration, mimicry