Combo with "APUSH Learning Curve: Chapter 16" and 2 others
What did Sitting Bull wish for his children by 1885?
A "white" education
Technological innovation and the global expansion of export agriculture had what impact on farmers working on the plains in the late 1800s?
A drop in crop prices
Technological innovation and the global expansion of export agriculture had what impact on farmers working on the plains in the late 1800s?
A drop in crop prices → The result of technological innovation and the global expansion of export agriculture glutted world markets and led to a drop in crop prices, worsening farmers' income.
What triggered the migration of large numbers of Scandinavians and Germans in the 1870s?
A severe depression in northern Europe
What triggered the migration of large numbers of Scandinavians and Germans in the 1870s?
A severe depression in northern Europe → A severe depression in northern Europe drove the migration of large numbers of Scandinavians and Germans in the 1870s.
Who were the Exodusters?
African Americans who migrated to Kansas in the late 1870s
During the 1870s, what decimated the vast herds of buffalo that had roamed the Great Plains?
Animal diseases and overhunting by whites
How did the United States initially use the Hawaiian Islands following the Civil War?
As a place to reprovision and repair whaling ships
Why did Mormon women argue that giving them the right to vote in Utah Territory would benefit the Mormon community?
Because they would outvote non-Mormon miners
Why did Mormon women argue that giving them the right to vote in Utah Territory would benefit the Mormon community?
Because they would outvote non-Mormon miners → In 1870, due in part to organized pressure from Emmeline Wells and other Mormon women, the Utah legislature granted full voting rights to women, becoming the second U.S. territory to do so. The measure increased Mormon control of the territory, since most Utah women were Mormons, while non-Mormons in mining camps were predominantly male.
The purposeful destruction of which of the following opened the Great Plains to settlement?
Bison
Why did Great Britain agree to pay the United States $15.5 million in damages after the Civil War?
British shipyards had built Confederate raiding vessels such as CSS Alabama.
Why did Great Britain agree to pay the United States $15.5 million in damages after the Civil War?
British shipyards had built Confederate raiding vessels such as CSS Alabama. → Britain had permitted Confederate raiding vessels like the Alabama to be built in its shipyards and agreed afterward to pay the United States $15.5 million in damages after an arbitration process.
How did the United States persuade the Japanese to open trade relations?
By wielding naval power to persuade the Japanese to sign a treaty
How did the United States persuade the Japanese to open trade relations?
By wielding naval power to persuade the Japanese to sign a treaty → Prior to the Civil War, Commodore Matthew Perry had forced the Japanese through gunboat diplomacy to sign a treaty in 1854 opening two ports for U.S. ships to refuel. Americans wanted open trade for missionary purposes as well, which they received in 1858.
Which Native American group was the last to try armed resistance against the U.S. government?
Chiricahua Apache under Geronimo
Which interest group directly shaped Ulysses Grant's peace policy for the West?
Christian reformers
In the largest mass hanging in U.S. history, President Abraham Lincoln ordered the execution of thirty-eight men from which group?
Dakota Sioux
What did the Lakota Sioux leader Sitting Bull mean when he said "the life of white men is slavery"?
He had no interest in adopting white culture. → Sitting Bull was explaining his lack of interest in white culture. He elaborated by saying, "I have seen nothing that a white man has, houses or railways or clothing or food, that is as good as the right to move in open country and live in our own fashion."
What distinguished the story of "Deadwood Dick" whose stories were published as The Life and Adventures of Nat Love in 1907?
He was born into slavery in Tennessee.
What distinguished the story of "Deadwood Dick" whose stories were published as The Life and Adventures of Nat Love in 1907?
He was born into slavery in Tennessee. → The Life and Adventures of Nat Love was written by a Texas cowhand who had been born in slavery in Tennessee and who, as a rodeo star in the 1870s, had won the nickname "Deadwood Dick."
Which statement describes the motives of Senator Henry L. Dawes of Massachusetts in writing the Dawes Severalty Act?
He was eager for reform and hoped to improve the lives of Native Americans.
Republicans in the 1880s were staunch advocates of what economic policy?
High tariffs
Republicans in the 1880s were staunch advocates of what economic policy?
High tariffs → For protectionist Republicans, high tariffs were akin to the abolition of slavery: They protected the most vulnerable workers and made the economy more just.
What did the Homestead Act of 1862 do?
It gave 160 acres to applicants who occupied and improved them.
Who was the one-armed Civil War veteran who wrote a famous book on western land conditions in 1879?
John Wesley Powell
What problem plagued homesteaders of the Great Plains in the 1880s?
Lack of rain
Which tribe openly refused to settle on a reservation in the mid-1870s?
Lakota Sioux → By the mid-1870s, the Kiowa and Comanche had been forced onto designated reservations. The Modoc in California had paid a heavy price for attacking the army. Only the Lakota Sioux under Sitting Bull refused to relocate to a reservation. Their efforts to resist federal policy would occupy the national center stage during the late 1870s.
Which issue distinguished homesteading in the plains from pioneer farming in Iowa or Oregon in the antebellum years?
Land speculation
Which issue distinguished homesteading in the plains from pioneer farming in Iowa or Oregon in the antebellum years?
Land speculation → Taming the plains differed from "pioneering" in antebellum Oregon or Iowa as farmers increasingly focused on profits from cash crops. Land speculation, new technologies, and borrowed money became common features of commercial farming on the plains.
Why was the General Mining Act of 1872 not useful in developing the West despite its generous grant of mineral resources to those who discovered them?
Large-scale operations were needed to extract many minerals.
Why was John Wesley Powell's advice about promoting water management and dry farming in the Great Plains ignored in Congress?
Members of Congress clung to the dream of homesteading.
What was one consequence of the shift to steam-powered vessels in the transoceanic trade in the 1850s?
Merchants and the U.S. Navy needed ports where they could refuel.
What was one consequence of the shift to steam-powered vessels in the transoceanic trade in the 1850s?
Merchants and the U.S. Navy needed ports where they could refuel. → Previous sailing fleets also needed supplies, but did not depend on coal deposits to keep them seaworthy.
Why were the children of the Dakotas Sioux close to starvation in the late 1850s?
Minnesota's territorial governor and Indian agents stole their provisions.
Why were the children of the Dakotas Sioux close to starvation in the late 1850s?
Minnesota's territorial governor and Indian agents stole their provisions. → In 1858, the year Minnesota secured statehood, the Dakotas had agreed to settle on a strip of land reserved by the government, in exchange for receiving regular payments and supplies. But Indian agents, contractors, and even Minnesota's territorial governor pocketed most of the funds.
Which Indian group of California in 1873 rebelled against removal to a reservation?
Modoc
Which Indian group of California in 1873 rebelled against removal to a reservation?
Modoc → In 1873, the Modoc of California rebelled against removal to a reservation.
Which church allowed for the controversial practice of polygamy in the 1800s?
Mormon
What did the advertisement for Buffalo Bills' Wild West show suggest to audiences?
Native tribes in the American West were a fierce and uncivilized race.
Which two languages became the primary languages spoken in parts of Minnesota and the Dakotas by the mid-1880s?
Norwegian and Swedish
What ended the Long Drive of cattle from Texas to Missouri in the 1870s?
Railroads
Which of the following ethnic groups was represented in notable numbers in the agricultural settlement of the Great Plains?
Scandinavians
Which of the following ethnic groups was represented in notable numbers in the agricultural settlement of the Great Plains?
Scandinavians → Scandinavians were particularly drawn to the northern Great Plains such as Minnesota and the Dakotas, where Swedish and Norwegian became the primary languages in some areas.
What did the U.S. Supreme Court rule in the case of Munn v. Illinois (1877)?
States had the right to regulate businesses with a public purpose.
Which technology permitted homesteaders in the West to plant crops in the prairie in the 1860s and 1870s?
Steel plows
How did Dr. Thomas Bland of the National Indian Defense Association recast the so-called "Indian Problem" at the time of Grant's peace policy?
The "white problem"
How did Dr. Thomas Bland of the National Indian Defense Association recast the so-called "Indian Problem" at the time of Grant's peace policy?
The "white problem" → Bland of the National Indian Defense Association suggested that instead of an "Indian problem" there might be a "white problem," which was white Americans' refusal to permit Indians to follow their own lifeways.
Which trail was a private road under army protection that served as the main route into Montana in the 1860s and 1870s?
The Bozeman Trail
The major silver discovery made in Nevada in 1859 was known by what name?
The Comstock Lode
Which act of 1887 led to the break-up and sale of Indian reservation lands?
The Dawes Severalty Act
What federal department did Congress create in 1862 to conduct research and provide advice to farmers?
The Department of Agriculture
What federal department did Congress create in 1862 to conduct research and provide advice to farmers?
The Department of Agriculture → In 1862, Congress created the federal Department of Agriculture to conduct research and provide advice to farmers
What was the name of the Native American religious movement that drew upon and combined significant Christian and native elements?
The Ghost Dance
Before it became heavily settled, how were the Great Plains characterized?
The Great American Desert
Before it became heavily settled, how were the Great Plains characterized?
The Great American Desert → Before farmers would settle the western plains, they had to be persuaded that crops would grow there. Powerful railroad, mining, and agricultural interests worked hard to overcome the popular idea that the grassland was the Great American Desert.
Which act gave 160 free public acres to applicants who occupied and improved them?
The Homestead Act
Exodusters were blacks who left which region to seek a better life in the 1870s?
The South
Who was in charge of Yellowstone National Park prior to the creation of a national park service?
The U.S. Army
According to the three maps, which of the following reservations did Dakota Sioux Indians gain between 1877 and 1889?
The Yankton Reservation
Which of the following regions was the last that Native Americans ceded to the United States?
The area of the North Dakota Territory to the east of the Missouri river
Why did the United States switch from a bimetallic standard to a gold standard in 1873?
The discovery of immense silver deposits in the West
For the nation that mourned him, what era did the life and career of William T. Sherman seem to encompass?
The era of conquest
For the nation that mourned him, what era did the life and career of William T. Sherman seem to encompass?
The era of conquest → Commentators back then noted that Sherman's career reflected a great era of conquest and consolidation of national power for the United States, spanning from his fight against Seminole Indians in Florida to his removal of Sioux and Cheyenne Indians into reservations in the Dakotas.
What was the basis for the development of the Far West of the United States?
The extraction of natural resources
What does this memory tell us about the Native American experience in Indian schools in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?
The forced assimilation in these schools was a cultural capture and defeat.
One critic called the Comstock Lode "the tomb of the forests of the Sierra." Why was that phrase apt?
The mining industry ravaged the landscape.
What was the term for President Grant's attempt to solve the "Indian problem" in 1868?
The peace policy
What might have been the purpose behind this photo taken by Edward S. Curtis of Piegan (Blackfeet) warriors Little Plume and his son Yellow Kidney?
The photographer wanted to portray their distinctly different culture.
Why did new prairie homesteaders often spend their first winter in hillside dugouts rather than houses?
The plains lacked the lumber for housing construction.
In the view of the railroad, what made the Yellowstone Valley more appealing?
The taming of Indians
What was a major difference between the settlement of the Great Plains and of mining camps and cattle ranches?
There were proportionately more women on the plains.
Why were Republicans so eager to fund the construction of a transcontinental railroad in the 1860s?
They saw the failure to connect different regions via the railroad as one cause of the Civil War.
Why did Sioux and Cheyenne Indians sign on with Buffalo Bill's entertainment group?
They sought to escape the harsh conditions on reservations.
Why did Sioux and Cheyenne Indians sign on with Buffalo Bill's entertainment group?
They sought to escape the harsh conditions on reservations. → Sioux and Cheyenne men signed on with Bill and demonstrated their riding skills for cheering audiences across the United States and Europe in order to escape harsh reservation conditions back home.
What was the purpose of the Long Drive?
To bring cattle from Texas to railroad towns so they could be shipped east for food
For what reason had states chartered corporations in the early nineteenth century?
To fulfill specific public purposes
For what reason had states chartered corporations in the early nineteenth century?
To fulfill specific public purposes → States chartered corporations in the early nineteenth century to assume responsibilities in the public interest but beyond the capabilities of government, such as banking, transportation, or higher education.
What was the purpose of the U.S. Fisheries Commission, created in 1871?
To prevent the further decline of wild fish populations in the American West
What was the purpose of the U.S. Fisheries Commission, created in 1871?
To prevent the further decline of wild fish populations in the American West → The U.S. Fisheries Commission made recommendations to stem the decline in wild fish and, by the 1930s, had merged with other federal wildlife bureaus to become the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
Why did William Seward urge Congress to purchase refueling stations in the Pacific and the Caribbean?
To support growing trade with Asia and Latin America
Why did William Seward urge Congress to purchase refueling stations in the Pacific and the Caribbean?
To support growing trade with Asia and Latin America → Seward urged the Senate to purchase sites in both the Pacific and the Caribbean for naval bases and refueling stations in order to facilitate international trade.
What was the status of land ownership in New Mexico and Arizona in the late 1800s?
Traditional land claims from Spanish colonial times were rejected in favor of new claims by Anglos. → Existing land claims were so complex that Congress eventually set up a special court to rule on land titles. Between 1891 and 1904 the court invalidated most traditional claims, including those of many New Mexico ejidos, or villages owned collectively by their communities. Mexican Americans lost about 64 percent of the contested lands, with Anglos primarily benefiting.
Giant corporations that dominate whole sectors of the economy through monopoly power are known by what name?
Trusts
Giant corporations that dominate whole sectors of the economy through monopoly power are known by what name?
Trusts → Giant corporations that dominate whole sectors of the economy through monopoly power are known as trusts.
What event highlighted federal incompetence in regard to Indian relations in 1870, early in Ulysses S. Grant's presidency?
U.S. troops killed over 170 Blackfoot Indians in Montana. → The mass killing of over 170 Blackfoot Indians in January 1870 on the Marias River in Montana by an army detachment highlighted the disarray and incompetence in the federal approach to native tribes, as the Blackfoot had been peaceful and done nothing to provoke the attack.
How were the homesteaders who moved onto the plains from 1878 to 1886 misled?
Unusual weather led to farming success.
How were the homesteaders who moved onto the plains from 1878 to 1886 misled?
Unusual weather led to farming success. → As if to confirm promoters' optimism, a wet cycle occurred between 1878 and 1886, increasing rainfall in the arid regions east of the Rockies. Americans decided that "rain follows the plow": settlement was increasing rainfall.
Based on the map of Indian country in the West up to 1890 and on your reading, what best explains the pattern of Indian land cessions in the West?
When whites saw an area as valuable, they forced Native Americans to cede it.
What prompted the Wounded Knee Massacre of 1890?
White efforts to suppress the Ghost Dance
What idea from Frederick Jackson Turner's "frontier thesis" do historians reject today?
White settlers claimed empty land.
Who was the expansionist secretary of state during the 1860s that negotiated the purchase of Alaska from Russia?
William Seward
Congress in 1864 set aside ten square miles of which valley for public use?
Yosemite
Congress in 1864 set aside ten square miles of which valley for public use?
Yosemite → In 1864, Congress set aside ten acres of the Yosemite Valley for public use.
Although in the late 1800s critics decried the ways in which government spending aided the accumulation of enormous private wealth, they acknowledged that the giant railroad companies that received these funds
benefited the economy.
Although in the late 1800s critics decried the ways in which government spending aided the accumulation of enormous private wealth, they acknowledged that the giant railroad companies that received these funds
benefited the economy. → Critics had to acknowledge that railroads and other giant corporations drove economic growth and aided general prosperity, even as government support and subsidies facilitated a fabulous accumulation of wealth.
The creation of Yellowstone National Park in 1872 was an early important step toward a public commitment to
preservation
The creation of Yellowstone National Park in 1872 was an early important step toward a public commitment to
preservation. → The creation of Yellowstone in 1872 was an early important step toward a public commitment to preservation.
Unlike most European countries, the United States decided to finance railroads through
private investors.
Unlike most European countries, the United States decided to finance railroads through
private investors. → Unlike most European countries, the United States decided to finance railroads through private investors rather than direct government construction.
