Combo with "Pysch" and 11 others

Fluid Reasoning

"An apprentice is to a master as a novice is to an..." "How are an apple, a plum, and a banana different from a beet? Other items ask people to fill in the missing shape in a group of shapes and to tell a story of something that is going on in several pictures

Measuring Intelligence

"Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Fifth Edition (SB5). This is made up primarily of age-ranked questions. Questions get harder as you get older. Appropriate for ages 2 to 85+ years.

The Stanford-Binet, WAIS, and WISC have reliabilities of about ____.

+.9

Gifted Children

-Above 130 on IQ tests. -Less than 1% of the population scores above 140, these people are known as geniuses

Lewis Terman Experiment

-Terman selected 1,500 children with IQs of 140 or more. He followed this gifted group ("termites") into adulthood and found that most were quite successful. The correlation between IQ scores and school grades is .50. The link would be stronger but motivation, special talents, off-campus learning, and many other factors also affect grades. -IQ is not good at predicting success in art, music, writing, dramatics, science, and leadership (these are more in the creativity category) -IQ reveals potential, does not reveal success

Howard Gardner's eight different kinds of intelligence

1. Language (linguistic abilities): writer, lawyer, comedian 2. Logic and Math (numeric abilities): scientists, accountant, programmer 3. Visual and Spacial (pictorial abilities): engineer, inventor, artist 4. Music (musical abilities): composer, musician, music critic 5. Bodily-kinesthetic (physical abilities): dancer, athlete, surgeon 6. Intrapersonal (self-knowledge): poet, actor minister 7. Interpersonal (social abilities): psychologist, teacher, politian 8. Naturalist (an ability to understand the natural environment): biologist, medicine man, organic farmer.

Stages of Creative Thought

1. Orientation: As a first step, the person defines the problem and identifies its more important dimensions. 2. Preparation: In the second stage, creative thinkers saturate themselves with as much information about the problem as possible 3. Incubation: Most major problems produce a period during which all attempted solutions will be futile. At this point, problem solving may proceed on a subconscious level: Althought the problem seems to have been set aside, it is still "cooking" in the bachground. 4. Illumination: The stage of incubation is often ended by a rapid insight or series of insights. These produce the "Aha!" experience, often depicted in cartoons as a lightbulb appearing over the thinker's head. 5. Verification: The final step is to test and critically evaluate the solution obtained during the stage of illumination. If the solution proves faulty, the thinker reverts to the stage of incubation. pg. 331

Izard believes that there are ____ basic emotions, most of which ____ present in infancy. Although others claim that emotions such as pride and love should be added to the list, Izard contends that they are ____ of the basic emotions.

10 are combinations

You have just learned that your child is gifted and that his IQ score is over

130

Which of the following age groups can be categorized as part of emerging adulthood?

18-25

The bulk of personality change in adulthood occurs between ages

20-40.

Traditional intelligence tests before age ____ predict future aptitudes only modestly.

3

Studies in Europe and the US indicate that approximately ____ percent of men and ____ percent of women are exclusively homosexual. This finding suggests that popular estimates of the rate of homosexuality are ____.

3 or 4 1 or 2 high

The energy equivalent of a pound of fat is approximately ____ calories.

3500

Some organizations practice ____ feedback, in which employess not only rate themselves but are also rated by their supervisors and other colleagues.

360 degree

Research studies of identical and fraternal twins have led to the estimate that ____ percent of the variation in people's happiness ratings is heritable.

50

Which of the following individuals is most likely to use marijuana for a medicinal purpose? A. A cancer patient undergoing chemotherapy to reduce nausea B. A schizophrenic to reduce fearful hallucinations C. An alcoholic to reduce the withdrawal symptoms D. An Alzheimer's patient for memory loss

A cancer patient undergoing chemotherapy to reduce nausea

Which of the following students demonstrates a mastery-oriented style of motivation?

A child who tries harder despite failure at solving some problems

Conjunctive Concepts

A class of objects that have two or more features in common (for example, to qualify as an example of the concept an object must be both red and triangular). Another example: a motorcycle must have two wheels and an engine and handle bars. They are defined by the presence of two or more features.

optic nerve

A collection of millions of ganglion neurons that sends vast amounts of visual information, via the thalamus, to the brain.

Twin Studies

A comparison of the characteristics of twins who were raised together or separated at birth; used to identify the relative impact of heredity and environment. This allows us to estimate how much heredity and environment affect intelligence.

Relational Concepts

A concept defined by the relationship between features of an object or between an object and its surroundings (for example, "greater than", "lopsided") It is based on how an object relates to something else or how its features relate to one another. -larger -above -left -north -up-side down ex. brother because he has a brother that has the same parents

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of concrete operations?

A decrease in reversibility

Functional Solution

A detailed, practical and workable solution

impoverished environments

A familial intellectual disability occurs due to

positive and negative instances

A father is helping his daughter to learn about animals. He points to a robin and eagle and explains that they are birds that fly, while the ostrich and penguin are examples of birds that do not fly. He then shows her pictures of a bat and a flying squirrel and tells her that these are not birds, but that the bat can actually fly and the flying squirrel can glide through the air. The To help his daughter learn the concept of "bird," the father is using

Conceptual Rule

A formal rule for deciding if an object or event is an example of a particular concept. Ex. a triangle must be a closed shape with three sides made of straight lines.

American Sign Language (ASL)

A gestural language. It is not pantomime or a code. It is a true language. Although ASL has a spatial grammar, syntax, and semantics all its own, both speech and signing follow similar universal language patterns.

an emotional barrier

A mental block to problem solving that is due to excessive self-criticism or involves an inablity to tolerate ambiguity is called

The biological basis of Rett Syndrome: A. A mutation that impacts the regulation of the epigenome B. Includes too many synapses in the cortex C. Is shown by a change in amygdala function D. Involves hyper - excitability of the brain

A mutation that impacts the regulation of the epigenome

an intellectual disability.

A person with an IQ score below 70 and a significant impairment in adaptive behaviors is said to have

Mechanical Solutions

A problem solution achieved by trial and error or by a fixed procedure based on learned rules. These are solutions to routine problems. These are achieved by trial and error or by rote. When a problem is solved by rote, thinking is guided by an algorithm, or a learned set of rules that always leads to a correct solution (ex. steps needed to divide one number into another.. not using a calculator)

Two-way bilingual education

A program in whcih English-speaking children and children with limited English proficiency are taught half the day in English and half in a second language.

If a researcher wants to be able to generalize about a population using data pulled from a sample, it is best to use: A. Experience sampling B. A random sample C. A descriptive study D. A convenience sample

A random sample

Base Rate

A second common error in judgment involves ignoring the base rate. It is the basic rate at which an event occurs over time; the basic probability of an event.

9. selective expert

A selective expert is someone who is notably more skilled and knowledgeable than the average person about which activities are personally meaningful.

Grammar

A set of rules for combining language units into meaningful speech or writing. One part of grammer is syntax (rules for ordering words when forming sentences). Syntax is important because rearranging words almost always changes the meaning of a sentence: "dog bites man" vs "man bites dog". Traditional grammar is concerned with "surface" language--the sentences we actually speak.

The Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion states that: A. A situation evokes a physiological response that is followed by an emotion label B. A situation evokes a physiological label that is followed by a physiological response C. A situation evokes a physiological response that is followed by a physiological label D. A situation evokes an emotional label and the physiological response follows

A situation evokes a physiological response that is followed by an emotion label

Signal detection analysis

A technique used to determine the ability of the perceiver to separate true signals from background noise

What are the signs that may reveal a child is gifted?

A tendency to seek out older children and adults; am early fascination with explanations and problem solving; talking in complete sentences as early as 2 or 3 years of age; unusually good memory; interested in books or reading; showing of kindness, understanding, and corporation towards others. These lists go further than the g-factor

Culture-Fair Test

A test (such as an intelligence test) designed to minimize the importance of skills and knowledge that may be more common in some cultures than it is in others. These attempt to measure intelligence without being influenced by a person's verbal skills, cultural background, and educational level.

Insight

A thinker who suddenly solves a problem has experienced insight. Insight is a sudden mental reorganization of a problem that makes the solution obvious. Insight is so rapic and clear that we may wonder why we didn't see the solution sooner. These are usually based on reorganizing a problem. This allows us to see problems in new ways and makes their solutions seem obvious.

The mental activity of cognition includes all of the following EXCEPT

A. learning B. memory. C. attention. D. pragmatics. <<<<<

Artificial Intelligence and Cognition

AI is a long way from duplicating general human intelligence. AI systems like the Cubinator offer a way to probe some of our specific cognitive skills, or intelligences. 1. Computer Simulations are programs that attempt to dupicate specific human behaviors especially thinking, decision making, and problem solving. 2. Expert Systems are computer programs that respond s a human expert would. They have demystified some human abilities by converting complex skills into clearly stated rules a computer can follow. (can predict weather, play chess, read etc)

Worldwide, the fourth leading cause of death is ____, caused by the ____ which is spread primarily through the exchange of ____ and ___.

AIDS human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) blood semen

SAT reasoning test

Aaron and his fellow high school seniors are sitting in a large auditorium and are about to take a group multiple aptitude test that was designed to predict their chances of success in college. Aaron and his fellow classmates are most likely taking the

Causes of Intellectual Disability

About half of all cases of intellectual disability or organic, or related to physical disorders: Genetic abnormalities (missing genes, extra genes, defective genes) Fetal damage (prenatal damage from teratogens such as a disease, infection, or drugs) Birth injuries (lack of oxygen during delivery) Metabolic disorders (affect energy production and use in the body (intellectual disability) Malnutrition and exposure to lead, PCBs nad other toxins early in childhood can cause this too.

A (n) ____ is the minimum intensity of sensory stimulation required before the sensation is detected 50 percent of the time. A. Absolute threshold B. Minimum threshold C. Difference threshold D. Sensory adaptation

Absolute threshold

7. practical intelligence

According to Sternberg, practical intelligence involves the capacity to adapt one' behavior to the demands of the situation. This type of intelligence includes the intellectual skills used in everyday problem solving.

Represented Heuristic

According to Tversky and Kahneman it is a tendency to select wrong answers because they seem to match pre-existing mental categories. That is, we ten to give a choice greater weight if it seems to be representative of what we already know. Ex. In a courtroom, jurors are more likely to think a suspect is guilty if they look like someone that would commit a crime.

The compulsive use of a drug despite negative consequences is referred to as: A. Addiction B. Tolerance C. Dependence D. Withdrawal

Addiction

Which of the following would NOT be an example of an educational enrichment program for gifted children?

Advancing children to higher grades in school

IQ and Race

African-American children in the United States scored lower than European-American children. Japanese-American children scored above average in IQ.

insight

After working to solve a problem for three hours, Larry has just about "given up" until he suddenly realizes the "perfect" solution and wonders why he did not think of it sooner. Larry has just experienced

Which of the following drugs costs the United States the most in terms of lost workdays, medical treatment, and rehabilitation costs? A. Alcohol B. Cocaine and methamphetamine C. Marijuana D. Opiates

Alcohol

Which individual conducted pioneering work in the 1940s on women's sexual attitudes? A. Sigmund Freud B. Alfred Kinsey C. William Master D. Abraham Maslow

Alfred Kinsey

Sometimes the media displays graphs that are very misleading. In order to detect lying with graphs, an educated reader should: A. Examine the scale of the y-axis B. All choices C. Examine the scale of the x-axis D. Assess whether the graphs compare two variables that should logically be compared

All choices

A securely attached infant differs from one who is insecurely attached in terms of: A. All of the choices B. How they respond to strangers C. What they do when the attachment figure returns after an absence D. What they do when the attachment figure leaves

All of the choices

Flashbulb memories are memories: A. All of the choices B. That can result from highly emotional experiences C. That are quite detailed D. That includes very personal details even though it may result from a global event

All of the choices

Which of the following is an example of consciousness? A. Paying attention to your surroundings B. All of the choices C. Reflecting on your thoughts D. Moment - by - moment subjective experience

All of the choices

analytic intelligence

Although Sam is growing up in the inner city, he views the knowledge and skills he is learning in high school to be his "ticket" out of poverty. According to Robert Sternberg, Sam believes which of the following types of intelligence is the most important?

Harry has always been a vital and active individual. Recently however, he has begun having difficulty remembering newly learned information after brief periods of time. What disorder are his symptoms indicative of?

Alzheimer's disease

Which brain regions processes the emotional significance of stimuli and generates immediate emotional and behavioral reactions? A. Amygdala B. Prefrontal cortex C. Hypothalamus D. Hippocampus

Amygdala

Concepts

An idea that represents a category of objects or events. These help us identify important features of the world.

Clive Wearing had damage which resulted in: A. An inability to sing B. An inability to remember his caretakers C. An inability to play the piano D. An inability to remember his wife

An inability to remember his caretakers

Characteristics of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders include all of the following EXCEPT: A. Prenatal and postnatal growth retardation B. An increased prevalence in boys C. Decreases in social abilities D. Distinctive facial features

An increased prevalence in boys

Intelligence

An overall capacity to think rationally, act purposefully, and deal effectively with the environment. The core of intelligence is usually thought to consist of small general mental abilities (called the g-factor) in the areas of reasoning, problem solving, knowledge, memory, and successful adaptation to one's surroundings. Many psychologists accept an operational definition of intelligence by spelling out the procedures they use to measure it. Thus,by selecting items for an intelligence test, a psychologist is saying ina very direct way, "this is what i mean by intelligence. A test that measures memory, reasoning, and verbal fluency offers a very different definition of intelligence than one that measures strength of grip, shoes size etc.

According to Sternberg, successful intelligence requires which three abilities?

Analytical, creative, and practical abilities

Which of the following would NOT be considered a psychoactive drug? A. Antibiotics B. A stimulant such as Ritalin C. Alcohol D. Cocaine

Antibiotics

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Any artificial system (often a computer program) that is capable of human-like problem solving or intelligent responding. This is valuable where speed, vast memory, and persistence are required. (playing a chess game or solving Rubik's cube)

psychometric test

Any measure used to assess a person's intelligence, aptitude, or other mental functions is referred to as a(n)

Heuristic

Any strategy or technique that aids problem solving, especially by limiting the number of possible solutions to be tried. Typically, a heuristic is a "rule of thumb" that reduces the number of alternatives thinkers must consider. Although this raises the odds of success, it does not guarentee a solution.

The term embryo describes the stage of development from: A. During the last trimester B. Conception to approximately 2 weeks after conception C. Approximately 2 weeks after conception to approximately 2 months D. Approximately 2 months to birth

Approximately 2 weeks after conception to approximately 2 months

Some people are generally happy and optimistic; other people are generally sad and pessimistic. One possible explanation for these general dispositions on life might be that optimistic people _____ and pessimistic people ____. A. Show cerebral asymmetry; show cerebral symmetry B. Show cerebral symmetry; show cerebral asymmetry C. Are right hemisphere dominant; are left hemisphere dominant D. Are left hemisphere dominant; are right hemisphere dominant

Are left hemisphere dominant; are right hemisphere dominant

Conflicts with parents during adolescence: A. Are most intense in mid-adolescence B. Are most intense in boys compared to girls C. Are most frequent in girls compared to boys D. Are most frequent in late adolescence

Are most intense in mid-adolescence

The philosopher ____ referred to humans as the ___ animal. From an evolutionary standpoint, social bonds in humans boosted our ancestors' ____ rates. As adults, those who formed ____ were more likely to ____ and co-nurture their offspring to maturity.

Aristotle social survival attachments reproduce

Heritability can best be understood: A. In the way it applies to individuals B. As the absolute value for calculating the relative influence of genes on behavior C. As a population estimate D. As a way to understand variations between genetic groups

As a population estimate

either: decayed of updated?

As new memories are formed, older memories are often

olfactory membrane

As we breathe in air through our nostrils, we inhale airborne chemical molecules, which are detected by the 10 million to 20 million receptor cells embedded in the ____________________ of the upper nasal passage

Visual-Spacial

Ask test takers to reproduce patterns of blocks and choose pictures that show how a piece of paper would look if it were folded or cut "Suppose that you are going east, then turn right, then turn right again, then turn left. In what direction are you facing now?"

Knowledge

Asseses what a person knows abut a wide range of topics "why is yeast added to bread dough?" "What does "cryptic" mean?

cretinism

At birth, Gordy was found to have a severe thyroid deficiency and was put on thyroid hormone replacement to prevent an intellectual disability resulting from the condition known as

Disjunctive concepts

At least one of several possible features. These are "either/or" concepts. To belong to the category, an item must have "this feature or that feature or another feature" Ex. a strike is either a swing and a miss or a pitch over the plate or a foul ball.

Being asked to count backwards by 3 from 100 after trying to memorize a list of words will have the biggest impact on your recall of the words: A. At the beginning of the list B. At all positions in the list equally C. In the middle of the list D. At the end of the list

At the end of the list

Why is memory not a perfect record of everything we see and experience? A. We need to remember details of events B. Neural networks are too limited C. Attention is limited D. It would take up too much of our limited long - term memory storage

Attention is limited

10. automatic processing

Automatic processing is thinking that occurs without deliberate, conscious thought, as in the way experts process most tasks.

Raya has been driving for over 10 years, but recently bought a new car. Given your knowledge about consciousness and behavior, you are likely to conclude that driving in general is a (n) _____ process, whereas driving in the new car is a (n) _____ process. A. Controlled; automatic B. Automatic; controlled C. Conscious; unconscious D. Unconscious; conscious

Automatic; controlled

Most estimates of the heritability of intelligence for middle-class white Americans are approximately

B. 50% inherited vs. 50% environmental.

Sophie has been shown two short, wide, transparent cylinders that contain equal amounts of water. The researcher now pours the liquid from one cylinder into a tall, thin cylinder. Sophie is asked which container has more liquid, and she replies that the tall container has the most, indicating a developmental error also known as an inability to

B. conserve.

Damage to this brain structure can produce symptoms resembling Parkinson's disease: A. Amygdala B. Hypothalamus C. Basal ganglia D. Hippocampus

Basal ganglia

Chimp Language

Beatrix and Allen Gardner used operant conditioning and imitation to teach a female chimp to use ASL. David Premack taught a chimp to use 130 "words" consisting of plastic chips arranged on a magnetized board.

If you hold a pencil in your teeth, forcing you to raise the edges of your lips into a sort of smile, you will ______, as predicted by the ______. A. Not feel any differently than you did before; facial feedback hypothesis B. Begin to feel happy; Cannon-Bard model C. Begin to feel happy; facial feedback hypothesis D. Not feel any different than you did before; circumflex model

Begin to feel happy; facial feedback hypothesis

Who would be most likely to agree with the statement, "Psychologists should study that which is observable?" A. Cognitive psychologist B. Behavioral psychologist C. Industrial / organizational psychologist D. Developmental psychologist

Behavioral psychologist

lens

Behind the pupil, focuses light on the retina

The French psychologist who devised a test to predict the success of children in school was ___. Predictions were made by comparing children's chronological ages with their ___ ages, which were determined by the test. This test ___ designed to measure inborn intelligence; Binet leaned toward an ___ explanation of intelligence.

Binet mental was not

Dreams occurring during REM sleep are ______; dreams occurring during non-REM sleep are ______. A. Bizarre and highly emotional; dull and mundane B. Dull and mundane; bizarre and highly emotional C. Likely to include auditory hallucinations and loss of time and space; likely to include visual hallucinations and illogical content D. Likely to include visual hallucinations and illogical content; likely to include auditory hallucinations

Bizarre and highly emotional; dull and mundane

With respect to the nature / nurture debate, psychological scientists now believe that: A. The issue is largely irrelevant to understanding the mind, the brain, and behavior B. Nature is the most important factor in understanding the mind, the brain, and behavior C. The mind, the brain, and behavior are largely a matter of nurture D. Both nature and nurture are important in understanding the mind, the brain, and behavior

Both nature and nurture are important in understanding the mind, the brain, and behavior

If you were a professor, how would you best get your students to study regularly? A. By providing a detailed syllabus B. By making the midterm difficult C. By requesting politely that they study D. By giving pop quizzes

By giving pop quizzes

Early on in the development of his theory of cognitive development, Piaget made use of which method(s)?

C. Interviews and observation

In administering which of the following intelligence tests are the examiners instructed to teach children who fail early items how to complete them before proceeding further?

C. Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children

A human newborn A. Cannot discriminate brightness and color B. Can clearly focus on objects up to 50 feet away C. Can discriminate tiny stripes from gray patches D. Can tell the difference between her or his mother's voice and that of a stranger

Can tell the difference between her or his mother's voice and that of a stranger

In the 1920s, physiologist Walter ____ began studying the effect of stress on the body. He discovered that the hormones ____ and ____ are released into the bloodstream in response to stress. THis and other bodily changes due to stress are mediated by the ____ nervous system, thus preparing the body for ____.

Cannon epinephrine (adrenaline) norephinephrine (noradrenaline) sympathetic fight or flight

Sensorineural hearing loss

Caused by damage to the cilia or to the auditory nerve

Conductive hearing loss

Caused by physical damage to the ear (such as to the eardrums or ossicles) that reduce the ability of the ear to transfer vibrations from the outer ear to the inner ear.

Marianna takes the bus to school every day. One morning, a different bus is used on her route. Marianna does not notice the change, even though her usual bus is blue and white and the new bus is green and black. Marianna is showing: A. Change blindness B. Tip - of - the - tongue C. Blocking D. Transience

Change blindness

Chapter 11

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 12

A leading theoretician, _______, argued that there is such a thing as general intelligence, which he called ____________.

Charles Spearman;g

Which of the following statements is true according to Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

Children play an active role in organizing and structuring knowledge

Like methamphetamine, _____ increases the concentration of dopamine in the synapse. A. Heroin B. Alcohol C. Cocaine D. MDMA

Cocaine

_______ refers to mental activity and behavior through which human beings acquire, remember, and learn to use knowledge.

Cognition

Fraternal Twins

Come from two separate eggs fertilized at the same time. IQ's of these are more similar than the IQs of ordinary siblings only because parents treat twins more alike than ordinary siblings, resulting in a closer match in IQs.

Which of the following is NOT one of Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning? A. conventional B. preconventional C. postconventional D. Concrete operations

Concrete operations

The process by which an environmental stimulus and behavior are connected is known as: A. Cognition B. Episodic memory C. Behavior modification D. Conditioning

Conditioning

As described in the text, Harlow did an experiment with infant rhesus monkeys, requiring them to make a choice between an imitation mother that provided contact comfort and one that provided food. The results demonstrate that for this species: A. Food is the most important reinforcement B. Contact comfort is more important than food, particularly during stress C. Food is used as a method for tension reduction in the young D. Infants were distressed because the "mother" providing contact comfort did not also supply food

Contact comfort is more important than food, particularly during stress

Conditional Statement

Contains a qualification, often in the if/then form. "If sarah take apple, then mary give sarah chocolate"

To understand what infants know, researchers use experimental paradigms that take advantage of all the following processes EXCEPT: A. Preferential looking B. Crawling C. Orienting D. Habituation

Crawling

Brett, a graduate student who generates many innovative research ideas:

Creative intelligence

What distinguishes creative thinking from more routine problem solving?

Creative thinking involves all these thinking styles, plus fluency, flexibility, and originality. By counting the number of times you showed each of these, we could rate your creativity or capacity for divergent thinking. Rather than repeating learned solutions, creative thinking produces new answers, ideas, or patterns.

According to ____, human emotional expressions evolved because they helped our ancestors communicate before language developed. It has been adaptive for us to ____ faces in particular ____.

Darwin interpret contexts

All of the following changes begin to happen at the start of puberty EXCEPT: A. Development of primary sex characteristics B. Decreases in hormone levels C. Development of secondary sex characteristics D. A rapid, hormonally driven increase in height and weight

Decreases in hormone levels

Harry was reading the textbook for his potions class and was trying to relate the material to his own experiences. According to the levels of processing model of memory, this would be considered

Deep processing

General Solution

Defines the requirements for success, but not in enough detail to guide further action

Binocular depth cues

Depth cues that are created by retinal image disparity—that is, the space between our eyes, and thus require the coordination of both eyes.

Monocular depth cues

Depth cues that help us perceive depth using only one eye

sensation

Detection of energy from the environment and initiating neural action in response to it is called ____________.

Identical Twins

Develop from a single egg and have identical genes

Humanism, championed by Maslow and Rogers, changed therapy by:

Developing new techniques for questioning and listening to patients

Which of the following is NOT one of the important ideas that Piaget introduced to the field of cognitive psychology?

Development is the product of social interaction between partners.

Dr. Ebrahim examines how children's friendships change through the elementary and middle school years. Dr. Ebrahim is a(n) ___ psychologist. A. Developmental B. Cognitive C. Organizational D. Personality

Developmental

Tests of Creativity

Divergent Thinking. Tests of divergent thinking seem to tap something quite different from intelligence. Generally there is little correlation between creativity tests and IQ test scores. Each of these tests can be scored for fluency, flexibility, and originality. Divergent thining is an important part of creativity but there is more to it. To be creative, the solution to a problem must be more than novel, unusual, or original. It must also be practical if it is an invention and sensible if it is an idea. Creative person brings reasoning and critical thinking to bear on new ideas once they are produced.

Which of the following is NOT one of the issues on which scientists have focused in formulating theories of intelligence?

Does intelligence decrease throughout the lifespan as brain cells age?

Research on possible factors in the development of male homosexuality has found a casual role: A. For early sexual experience with same sex adults B. For underlying maladaptive personality structures C. Does not exist for any family or environmental factors D. For family patterns with dominant mothers and submissive fathers

Does not exist for any family or environmental factors

Mental retardation sometimes has a physical basis, such as ____, a genetic disorder caused by an extra chromosome.

Down syndrome

Cognition

Dr. Hart's research interests include the mental activities involved in processing images, concepts, words, rules, and symbols. He would best be described as studying

Logical Thought

Drawing conclusions on the basis of formal principles of reasoning. This is proceeding from given information to new conclusions on the basis of explicit rules)

Kanzi's Lexigrams

Duane Rumbaugh and Sue Savage-Rumbaugh. The chimp is given a keyboard with a lexigram (geometric symbol) on each key and using this he can create sentences several words long. Kanzi's ability to invent a simple grammar may help us better understand the roots of human language. It is certainly the stronget answer yet to critics.

Giftedness

Either the possession of a high IQ or special talents or aptitudes

Common Barriers to Problem Solving

Emotional Barriers: inhibition and fear of making a fool of oneself, fear of making a mistake, inability to tolerate ambiguity, excessive self-critism Cultural Barriers: values that hold that fantasy is a waste of time; that playfulness is for children only; that reason, logic and numbers are good; that feelings, intuitions, pleasure, and humor are bad or have n value in the serious business of problem solving. Learned Barriers: conventions about uses (functional fixedness), meanings, possibilities, taboos Perceptual Barriers: habits leading to a failure to identify important elements of a problem

What are the three steps in memory information processing? A. Encoding, retrieval, storage B. Encoding, storage, retrieval C. Input, storage, retrieval D. Input, processing, output

Encoding, storage, retrieval

The memory of your wedding day is an example of a (n): A. Semantic memory B. Declarative memory C. Episodic memory D. Procedural memory

Episodic memory

One of the best ways to remember factual information is to relate it to something personal. In this way, you are taking advantage of your ____ memory to aid retrieval from your ____ memory. A. Implicit; explicit B. Episodic; semantic C. Semantic; episodic D. Explicit; implicit

Episodic; semantic

IQ and Environment

Evidence for an environmental view of intelligence comes from adoption studies. Orphans lose points on IQ becuase they dont have parents, love etc.

Which of the following has NOT been found to increase helpless responses and lower achievement motivation in children?

Examiner's emphasis on learning goals.

Experts

Expert skills are based on aquired strategies (learned heuristics) and specific organized knowledge (systematic information). Experts are better able to see the true nature of problems and to define them in terms of general principles.

What is the process whereby the conditioned response is weakened when it is no longer presented with the unconditioned stimulus? A. Acquisition B. Extinction C. Reward D. Second - order conditioning

Extinction

2. A person's IQ is unaffected by school achievement

F Intellectual functions as measure by IQ tests is powerfully influenced by school achievement

5. By the age 60, most people decline in event the most basic cognitive abilities

F Many adults show intellectual improvement over most of adulthood, with not decline, even by age 60.

7. All people reach an intellectual peak in adolescence.

F Psychologist now agree that intelligence does NOT peak in adolescences and decline thereafter. .

3. To date. Cross-sectional research as shown a gradual increase in intellectual ability.

F. Cross-sectional research shows a decline in intellectual ability.

In research on signal detection theory, incorrectly "detecting" stimulus that was not presented in a trial is called a: A. Transduction B. False alarm C. Correct rejection D. Response bias

False alarm

If you try to remember a list of words that relate to the idea of "sleep" and later report remembering that you heard the word sleep in the list (even though it was not there), you are suffering from a(n): A. False memory B. Engram C. Repressed memory D. Sleep disorder

False memory

Hot Cognition

Feelings also tend to affect good judgement. When we must make a choice, our emotional reactions to various alternatives can determine what intuitively seems to be the right answer. Emotions such as fear, hope anxiety, liking or disgust can eliminate possibilities from consideration or promote them to the top of the list.

Our perception of the world is most like a: A. Video camera that takes movies with sound B. Film that has been edited to convey a theme C. Digital camera that takes snapshots D. Cell phone camera that takes movies without sound

Film that has been edited to convey a theme

Setting dates exactly one month apart for exams in an example of testing on a: A. Random assignment B. Variable interval C. Fixed interval D. Variable ratio

Fixed interval

If you trained a rat to fear a flashing light by pairing it with a painful electric shock, what would be the conditioned stimulus? A. Electric shock B. Flashing light C. Extinction D. Fear

Flashing light

In which one of the following ways does formal operational thought differ from concrete operational thought?

Formal operational thought is limited to considering alternatives directly observable in the physical world

Tabitha has become interested in thinking about hypothetical situations and wondering about different possibilities that could exist in the future. Which of Piaget's stages is she in?

Formal operations

individual neurons cannot fire fast enough

Frequency theory cannot be used to account for why we hear higher pitched sounds because _______________.

learned

Functional fixedness, or conventions about uses or meanings, fall under the category of which barriers to problem solving?

The optic nerve is composed of axons of: A. Fovea cells B. Bipolar cells C. Ganglion cells D. Rods and cones

Ganglion cells

If you look at a square made up of alternating red and blue stripes for several minutes, then look immediately at a blank white sheet of paper, you will see a square with alternating green and yellow stripes. This effect results from pairs of _____ that work _____. A. Ganglion cells; in concert B. Ganglion cells; in opposition C. Cones; in opposition D. Cones; in concert

Ganglion cells; in opposition

pain

Gate-control theory has been formulated to explain our sense of ___________.

Allie is afraid of her neighbor's large dog. She then becomes afraid of any dog she sees on the street, and eventually she fears even pictures of dogs or toy dogs. This change in her fear of dogs represents

Generalization

cognitive interview.

Geraldine witnesses a robbery in the parking lot at her college. At the police station, she is shown one photo at a time of possible suspects and is asked if this is the person she saw. Geraldine is undergoing a

Which of the following is an example of telegraphic speech?

Give doll

You are standing at the intersection of two perpendicular roads. You see one road running north - south and another road running east - west. You do not see one road running north and then turning east and another road running east then turning north. Which Gestalt principle accounts for what you do and do not see? A. Similarity B. Closure C. Parallelism D. Good continuation

Good continuation

Who developed a stage theory of moral development?

Gould

Which of the following is NOT a primary emotion? A. Disgust B. Sadness C. Fear D. Guilt

Guilt

Short - Term Memory: A. Has a limited capacity B. Lasts a lifetime C. Retains information for up to an hour D. Has an unlimited capacity

Has a limited capacity

Individuals with Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome: A. Have XX chromosomes and a female appearance B. Have XX chromosomes and a male appearance C. Have XY chromosomes and a male appearance D. Have XY chromosomes and a female appearance

Have XY chromosomes and a female appearance

Noam Chomsky

He focused instead on the unspoken rules we use to change core ideas into various sentences. Chomsky believes that we do not learn all the sentences we might ever say. Rather, we actively create them by applying transformation rules to universal, core patterns.

High-quality programs for disadvantaged children, such as the government-funded ____ program, increase children's school readiness; that is, they increase their ____, creating better attitudes toward learning.

Head Start emotional intelligence

conductive

Hearing loss resulting from damage to the bones of the middle ear is called ___________ hearing loss.

Even though he has already memorized his notes, Hao reviews them every night for the two weeks before the exam. This strategy is likely to _____ his performance due to _____. A. Help; cramming B. Hurt; spreading out his practice C. Hurt; cramming D. Help; spreading out his practice

Help; spreading out his practice

Which one of the following has NOT been associated with Head Start participation?

Higher IQ scores in adolescence

The strange-situation test was designed to allow psychologists to assess: A. How infants respond to separation and reunion with their mothers B. An infant's tendencies to seek or avoid novelty C. The level of social skill an infant has acquired D. A mother's response to a fearful infant

How infants respond to separation and reunion with their mothers

A specific section of the basilar membrane will fire maximally to signal the pitch of the tone

How would you perceive a 16,000 Hz tone?

Multiple Intelligences

Howard Garder's theory that there are seveal specialized types of intellectual ability

A group of rats has had an area of their brains damaged, resulting in a disruption of sexual behavior. The area that was damages was most likely the: A. Cerebellum B. Amygdala C. Hypothalamus D. Prefrontal cortex

Hypothalamus

Performance Intelligence

INtelligence measures by solving puzzles, assembling objects, completing pictures, and other nonverbal tasks

Prototypes

Ideal models to identify concepts. It is a model used as a prime example of a particular concept. ex. Robin

Synaethesia

Images cross normal sensory barriers ex. spiced chicken tastes "pointy", for another pain is the color orange and third, human voices unleash a flood of colors and tastes. Most of us use images to think, remember and solve problems. p 315

Basic units of thought

Images: picture-like mental representations Concepts: ideas that represent categories of objects or events Language: consists of words or symbols and rules for combining them

Your father has not ridden a bicycle since he was in college, about 20 years ago. Your father's remembering how to ride the bike without falling will call upon ____ memory. His remembering the names of the parts of the bike will call upon ____ memory. A. Episodic; declarative B. Declarative; episodic C. Implicit; semantic D. Semantic; episodic

Implicit; semantic

could be answered by an average child of that age.

In Binet's test of intelligence, items included at each age level were those which

5. analytic intelligence

In Robert Sternberg's theory, analytic intelligence includes all the mental processes that foster academic proficiency by making efficient learning, remembering, and thinking possible.

6. creative intelligence

In Stermberg's theory, creative intelligence involves the capacity for flexible and innovating thinking.

According to the work of Shepard Siegel, an addict's usual large dose is most likely to produce an overdose in which setting? A. The setting is unimportant B. In a novel setting C. None of the choices D. In a familiar setting

In a novel setting

hit and false alarm

In a signal detection task, which of the following two outcomes both involve a "YES" response from the person being tested?

Understanding

In problem solving, a deeper comprehension of the nature of the problem.

Flexibility

In tests of creativity, flexibility is indicated by the number of different types of solutions produced. This is the number of times you shift from one class of possible uses to another.

Fluency

In tests of creativity, fluency refers to the total number of solutions produced. This is defined as the total number of suggestions you are able to make.

Originality

In tests of creativity, originality refers to how novel or unusual solutions are. This is how novel or unusual your ideas are.

Summary of IQ and heredity

In the final analysis, intelligence reflects development as well as potential, nurture as well as nature. Moreover, the fact that intelligence is partly determined by heredity tells us little if any real value. Genes are fixed at birth. Improving the environments in which children learn and grow is the main way in which we acn ensure that they reach their full potential.

Rett Syndrome: A. Is seen in male children only B. Includes overly social behavior C. Includes areas of very high functioning in the cognitive domain D. Includes degeneration of function after a period of typical development

Includes degeneration of function after a period of typical development

A baseball player notices that when he touched his hat in a certain manner, his pitch was very fast. He now touches his hat every time he pitches because he believes that it makes his pitches faster. This is an example of: A. Assuming that above average performance is typical B. Inappropriate or bad comparisons C. A skewed distribution of performance D. Incorrectly believing that correlation is causation

Incorrectly believing that correlation is causation

Sexual orientation and gender identity are: A. Are dependent on each other with gender identity arising from sexual orientation B. Are dependent on each other with sexual orientation arising from gender identity C. Independent from each other D. Are both completely a function of parental behavior

Independent from each other

Women students in ___ rate their actual shape as closer to the cultural ideal. In ____ cultures, however, the rise in eating disorders has coincided with an increasing number of women having a poor ____.

India Western body image

Which of the following statements is correct?

Infant intelligence tests are useful in identifying neuromotor abnormalities.

Stored Images

Information from memory. We use these to apply past experiences to problem solving.

"Reverse Vision"

Information from the eyes normally activates the brain's primary visual area, creating an image. Other brain areas the help us recongnize the imafges by relating it to sotred knowledge. When you form a mental image, the system works in reverse. Brain areas where memories are stored send signals back to the visual cortexx where once again an image is created. For example: if you visualize a friend's face right now, the area of your brain that specializes in perceiving face will become more active.

rehearsal

Information is quickly "dumped" from short-term memory and forever lost unless you silently say the information over and over to yourself through a process known as

Which of the following sequences best reflects the order of events in a typical experimental session? A. Informed consent -> debriefing -> experiment B. Debriefing -> informed consent -> experiment C. Experiment -> informed consent -> debriefing D. Informed consent -> experiment -> debriefing

Informed consent -> experiment -> debriefing

Erikson's final stage of adult development is focused on the issues of: A. Stagnation versus productivity B. Competence versus incompetence C. Integrity versus despair D. Isolation versus intimacy

Integrity versus despair

observed directly.

Intelligence cannot be

Verbal Intelligence

Intelligence measures by answering questions involving vocabulary, general information, arithmetic, and other language- or symbol-oriented tasks

Intuition

Intuition is a quick, impulsive thought that does not make use of formal logic or clear reasoning. It may provide fast answers, btu it can also be misleading and sometimes disastrous.

Wayne is pretty good at certain things, such as solving problems and counting up to 20 objects; however, he is not very good at explaining why he solves problems in particular ways. Wayne is probably still in what substage of development?

Intuitive substage of the preoperational period

The school of Gestalt: A. Includes the role of environment on behavior B. Examines how social situations influence behavior C. Is based on scientifically researched forms of therapy D. Is based on the idea that the whole is different than the sum of its parts

Is based on the idea that the whole is different than the sum of its parts

This scientist won a Novel Prize for his work on the digestive system, work that made a fundamental contribution to the study of conditioned responses. A. Ivan Pavlov B. B. F. Skinner C. Daniel Kahneman D. John Watson

Ivan Pavlov

The psychologist who contributed significantly to our understanding of the cognitive development of children is

Jean Piaget.

Lesser and colleagues' (1965) research on patterns of cognitive skills found that the greatest differences between lower- and middle-class children were for

Jews

Four early psychologists suddenly appear in the psychology department of an American university. Which psychologist would be most dismayed by the emphasis on mental processes in today's psychology?

John Watson

One of the first researcher to recognize the problems of cross-sectional and lognitudinal studies of intelligence was ______.

K. Warner Schaie

maintenance rehearsal.

Keeping a short-term memory alive by silently repeating it is called

muscular sensations

Kinesthetic imagery is created from remembered or imagined

Kinesthetic Imagery

Kinesthetic images are created from muscular sensations. Such images help us think about movements and actions. Kinesthetic sensations can guide the flow of ideas. These are important in music, sports, dance, skateboarding, martial arts and other movement-oriented skills. People with good kinesthetic imagery learn such skills faster than those with poor imagery.

is a good predictor of his or her IQ later in life.

Knowing a child's IQ at age 11

A relatively permanent change in behavior that is not due to maturation but is due to experience is called: A. Habituation B. Behaviorism C. Operant shaping D. Learning

Learning

Lower, lower; higher, higher

Longer sound waves have ________ frequency and produce a__________ pitch, whereas shorter waves have ________ frequency and a ________ pitch.

Adam is studying the intelligence of a group of people as they progress through early adulthood to old age. Her approach should involve: A. Random assignment B. Experimental research C. Cross-sectional research D. Longitudinal research

Longitudinal research

Which of the following relationships is NOT correct? A. Cocaine - dopamine receptors B. Marijuana - THC receptors C. Opiates - opiate receptors D. MDMA - acetylcholine receptors

MDMA - acetylcholine receptors

validity

Many "free" tests you encounter, such as those found in magazines and on the Internet, have little or no

The 2 researchers who identified a four-stage sexual response cycle are ____ and ____. In order, the stages of the cycle are the ____ phase, the ____ phase, _____ and the ____ phase.

Masters Johnson excitement plateau orgasm resolution

Alcohol intake by the biological father: A. Has been shown to impact male offspring more than female offspring B. May impact the fetus through epigenetic mechanisms C. Will have no impact on the fetus provided there is no contact after birth D. Will only impact his offspring through genetic risk for alcoholism

May impact the fetus through epigenetic mechanisms

Unusual Uses Test

Measures divergent thinking. You would be asked to think of as many uses as possible for some object, such as the plastic containers.

Anagrams Test

Measures divergent thinking. You would be given a word such as creativity and asked to make as many new words as possible by rearranging he letters.

Consequences Test

Measures divergent thinking. You would list the consequences that would follow a basic change in the world. For example, "What would happen if everyone suddenly lost their sense of balance and could no longer stay upright?"

SB5

Measures five cognitive factors (types of mental abilities) that make up general intelligence: 1. fluid reasoning 2. knowledge 3. quantitative reasoning 4. visual-spatial processing 5. working memory (each with verbal and nonverbal questions) (Best suited for children and adolesence)

Working Memory

Measures the ability to use short-term memory "Correctly remember the order of colored beads on a stick" "After hearing several sentences, name the last word form each sentence"

Hearing, balance, skin senses

Mechanical reactions are the basis of which sense(s)?

Which of the following statements regarding mediational systems is NOT true?

Mediational systems include sensation and perception.

Deviation IQs

Modern Tests use these. They are an IQ obtained statistically from a person's relative standing in his or her age group; that is, how far above or below average the person's score was relative to other scores. (This goes by percentile)

taste and smell

Molecular reactions are the basis of which sense(s)?

How is Term's more successful Termites differ from the less successful?

Most of them had educated parents who taught them to value learning. They also had intellectual determination, which is a desire to know, excel and perserve.

Prototypes

Most of us tend to think of and identify concepts in terms of ideals or models called?

Relative to human biological evolution, cultural evolution has occurred: A. Much faster B. About the same speed C. Much slower D. No way to know

Much faster

recall

Naming the seven dwarfs with no hints or clues involves measuring memory by

Occasionally, Jon will fall asleep while working with a customer. Jon is experiencing which sleep disorder? A. Sleep apnea B. Insomnia C. Narcolepsy D. All of the choices

Narcolepsy

Students who study a little for tests tend to make more errors on tests; students who study a lot tend to make fewer errors; If a researcher collected data on such test scores, she would likely spot a(n): A. Negative correlation B. Variable standard deviation C. Positive correlation D. Inferential statistic

Negative correlation

Taking away a child's video game for bad behavior is a form of: A. Positive reinforcement B. Negative reinforcement C. Negative punishment D. Positive punishment

Negative punishment

"Obama Effect"

Obama is providign a role model, inspiring better acedemic performance in African-American students.

In scientific research, a researcher's expectations about a study can lead to systematic errors in observation. This phenomenon is called: A. The third variable problem B. The directionality problem C. Critical thinking skills D. Observer bias

Observer bias

Familial Intellectual Disability

Occurs mostly in very poor households where nutrition, intellectual stimulation, medical care, and emotional support may be inadequate. This is based largely on an impoverished environment. Thus, better nutrition, education, and early childhood enrichment programs can prevent many cases of intellectual disability.

The precise way a researcher measures and defines a variable is known as the: A. Central tendency B. Response accuracy C. Operational definition D. Stimulus judgment

Operational definition

According to Piaget, what is the process by which simple mental structures are combined into more complex systems?

Organization

For psychologists, theory of mind refers to: A. Our ability to recognize that others have mental states that might explain their behavior B. The tendency to explain our own behavior in terms of environmental factors and the behavior of others in terms of their mental states C. The belief that nonhumans have minds that are much like our own D. The fact that the mind cannot be observed directly but must be inferred

Our ability to recognize that others have mental states that might explain their behavior

The James - Lange theory of emotion states that: A. The emotions we experience cause our bodily reactions B. None of the choices C. Our emotions and bodily responses occur simultaneously D. Our perception of bodily responses leads to our emotions

Our perception of bodily responses leads to our emotions

Digestive tract hormone that signals fullness: ____.

PYY

gate-control theory of pain

Pain is determined by the operation of two types of nerve fibers in the spinal cord. One set of smaller nerve fibers carries pain from the body to the brain, whereas a second set of larger fibers is designed to stop or start the flow of pain.

Of the following family characteristics, which is the LEAST likely to be associated with higher IQ scores in the children?

Parents who are strict and demanding

Jonas has experienced a relatively severe right hemisphere stroke. As a result, he has been diagnosed with hemineglect. That is, he is unable to notice anything on the left side of his body. The location of the stroke is most likely within the: A. Frontal lobe B. Temporal lobe C. Parietal lobe D. Occipital lobe

Parietal lobe

Mental Images

People with good imaging abilities tend to score higher on tests of creativity. Stephen Kosslyn found that smaller an image is, the harder it is to "see" its details.

Hamdi wakes up in the middle of the night and tries to see the clock in the dim light. The numbers are very faint. He will more likely be able to read the time if he looks at the clock with his _____ because it has the largest number of ______. A. Fovea; rods B. Periphery; rods C. Periphery; cones D. Fovea; cones

Periphery; rods

Recent research in the area of conservation has consistently found that

Piaget underestimated the capacities of young children

Which of the following is true of the impact of Piaget's theory on cognitive development?

Piaget's ideas lead to a wealth of new research on cognitive development.

images

Picture-like mental representations are called

If a key is pressed on a piano, the frequency of the resulting sound will determined the _______, and the amplitude will determine the ______ of the perceived musical note.

Pitch; loudness

The early Greek philosopher ____ concluded that individuals differed in their natural endowments.

Plato

Dion keeps having nightmares and flashbacks about his brief time in the military. His chronic anxiety is most likely due to which disorder? A. Posttraumatic stress disorder B. Obsessive-compulsive disorder C. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder D. Attention deficit disorder

Posttraumatic stress disorder

Street Smart

Practical Intelligence

_____________ aspect concerns the ability to adapt to the contextual demands of a given situation. This type of thinking is particularly useful for managing the conflicting personalities is a______or __________.

Practical; family; organization

Which one of the following stages does NOT occur during the sensorimotor stage of development?

Preconceptual period

Jay believes that the world revolves around him and that the universe was created for him. Jay has a lot of difficulty seeing any point of view besides his own. This egocentricity is characteristic of what substage of the preoperational stage of development?

Preconceptual substage

Which of the following is NOT one of the primary purposes of intelligence testing?

Predicting income and success.

Bonnie, age 4, is a very bright and imitative child. The other day, Grandma took Bonnie for a car ride where Bonnie saw a train speeding down the tracks. Today, Bonnie has a set of blocks she is pushing while saying, "Choo-choo, toot-toot." Bonnie is probably in what stage of development, according to Piaget?

Preoperational

Alice's 3-month-old baby, Joshua, finds sucking his fingers very pleasurable after accidentally placing his hand in his mouth one day before nap time. Joshua now prefers to suck on his fingers instead of his blue pacifier. Joshua is most likely in which substage of Piaget's sensorimotor stage of development?

Primary circular reactions

Positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement are similar in that both: A. Involve the removal of a stimulus B. Produce an increase in the probability of a behavior C. Produce a decrease in the probability of a behavior D. Involve the administration of a stimulus

Produce an increase in the probability of a behavior

When people meet on the Internet, they have the freedom to present themselves in any way that they please. Research on mating strategies suggests that to be most successful in generating interest from the opposite sex, men should present themselves as ____ and women should present themselves as _____. A. Professionally successful; intelligent and kind B. Intelligent; kind C. Professionally successful; physically attractive D. Physically attractive; physically attractive

Professionally successful; physically attractive

Consider the pattern: XXY XXY XXY. People perceive this pattern as consisting of three groups of three letters each. Which Gestalt principle accounts for this outcome? A. Proximity B. Similarity C. Common region D. Good continuation

Proximity

In the 1960's researchers ______and _________ differentiated two aspects of intelligence, which they called _______ and __________intelligence.

Raymond Cattel; John Horn: fluid; crystallized

joints, ligaments, and muscles

Receptors for proprioception are located in the _______________________.

Penny's new baby, Trevor, is 3 weeks old. Trevor finds natural satisfaction and contentment by sucking on the nipple of his bottle. Trevor is in what substage of Piaget's sensorimotor stage of development?

Reflex activity

People with good imaging abilities score higher on creativity measures.

Regarding the use of mental imagery, which of the following statements is TRUE?

Suppose you need to learn the following list: "pen, ship, log, cup, paper, radio, rose, sun, chair, glass, fork, and wave." Which of the following types of study would lead you to the best recall? A. Think about whether each word rhymes with 'den' B. Count the number of vowels in each word C. Passively listen to the list while counting backward from 100 by 3s D. Relate each word to a fond childhood memory

Relate each word to a fond childhood memory

exposure to loud noises

Research indicates that sensorineural hearing loss is usually caused by ___________.

On Monday, Manuel interviewed for a job that he really wants. The interviewer told Manuel that he would call on Friday to tell Manuel if he got the job. On late Friday afternoon, Manuel is in the shower, straining to hear the phone above the nose of the water. Whenever he hears a sound, he thinks it is the phone. Manuel is showing _____, a concept describes in ______. A. Response bias; signal detection theory B. Sensory adaptation; psychophysics C. Sensory adaptation; signal detection theory D. Response bias; psychophysics

Response bias; signal detection theory

Which theory of sleep would explain why Jon slept an extra four hours after running a marathon? A. Facilitation of learning theory B. All choices C. Restorative theory D. Circadian rhythms theory

Restorative theory

The phase of information processing that is most similar to a Google search is: A. Encoding B. Rehearsal C. Storage D. Retrieval

Retrieval

The researcher who disagrees with Zajonc and argues that most emotions require cognitive processing is ____. According to this view, emotions arise when we ____ an event as beneficial or harmful to our well being.

Richard Lazarus appraise

The nature of Insight

Robert Sternberg and Janet Davidson believe that insight involves three abilities: 1. Selective encoding which refers to selecting information that is relevant to a problem while ignoring distractions. 2. Selective combination or bringing together seemingly unrelated bits of useful information. 3. Selective comparison. This is the ability to compare new problems with old information or with problems already solved.

practical

Robert Sternberg referred to a person with "street smarts" as having __________ intelligence.

analytic

Robert Sternberg referred to people with "book learning" as having __________ intelligence

The theorist who has proposed that intelligence is composed of 3 fundamental aspects is ___________. The __________aspect consists of the mental processes that foster academic proficiency by making efficient learning, remembering, and thinking possible. This type of thinking is particularly valued at _________(what stage of life)?

Robert Sternberg; analytic; emerging adulthood.

The Cannon - Bard Theory argues that physiological responses and emotional experiences occur: A. Sequentially beginning with emotional experiences B. Sequentially and independently C. Roughly simultaneously and independently D. Sequentially beginning with physiological responses

Roughly simultaneously and independently

Transformation Rules

Rules by which a simple declarative sentence may be changed to other voices or forms (past tense, passive voice, and so forth). We use these rules to change a simple declarative sentence to other voices or forms (past tense, passive voice, and so forth)

Modern Intelligence test orginated with attempts to measure the mental abilities of children in Paris

SB5

Which of the following statements is true?

Schemata change as children develop.

Beverly's baby, Grant, at the age of 6 months loves to shake his yellow rattle, which makes soft sounds interesting to Grant. This child is probably in what substage of Piaget's sensorimotor stage of development?

Secondary circular reactions

ability to choose information that is relevant to a problem while ignoring distractions.

Selective encoding is the

8. selective optimization with compensation

Selective optimization with compensation is Paul and Margaret Baltes' theory describing the tendency of adults to select certain aspects of their lives to focus on, and optimize, to compensate for declines in other areas.

Anna is reading her psychology text. The activation of receptors in her retina is called _____; her interpretation of the stimuli as particular words is termed _____. A. Perception; perception as well B. Perception; sensation C. Sensation; sensation as well D. Sensation; perception

Sensation; perception

Which of the following is the correct order of Piaget's stages of intellectual development?

Sensorimotor; preoperational; concrete; formal

sweet, salty, sour, bitter, piquancy (spicy), and umami (savory)

Sensors that are located on the surface of the tongue respond to six basic tastes. What are the six basic tastes?

When Petra jumps into a cold lake, she feels as though she is freezing. After a few minutes, she no longer notices the cold and feels comfortable in the water. This change is an example of: A. Coarse coding B. Sensory adaptation C. Just noticeable difference D. Sensory threshold

Sensory adaptation

iconic memory

Sensory images that persist for about one-half second after being seen are referred to as

You are trying to get your roommate to keep things neater, so you leave a nice note after she makes any attempt to pick things up. After a while, you leave a note only after she has stacked the dirty dishes, then only after she has brought them to the kitchen, and finally only when she puts them in the dishwasher. This process is an example of: A. Punishing B. Generalizing C. Shaping D. Chaining

Shaping

What of the following characteristics is NOT a basic quality of taste? A. Umami B. Salty C. Sharp D. Sweet

Sharp

Your aunt who drinks just got pregnant. What of the following actions would your recommend to her? A. It is already too late to avoid harm to her fetus, so it does not matter what she does B. She should stop drinking, but could begin to smoke C. She can drink safely up until the end of the first trimester D. She should quit drinking immediately

She should quit drinking immediately

The thalamus receives nearly all sensory information before relaying it to the cortex. What is the one sensation that is the EXCEPTION to this rule? A. Auditory B. Smell C. Visual D. None of these choice

Smell

Random Search Strategy

Solving problems often requires a strategy, If the number of alternatives is small, this may work. This is trying possible solutions to a problem in a more or less random order. This is another example of trial-and-error thinking in which all possibilities are tried, more or less randomly.

place theory of hearing

Sounds of different frequencies set off waves in the cochlea that peak at different locations along the tube that makes up the cochlea.

Lewis Terman's revision of Binet's test is referred to as the _____. This test enables one to derive a(n) ___ for an individual.

Stanford-Binet intelligence quotient

The notion of practical intelligence is associated with __________.

Sternberg

sensation

Stimulation of the cells in the back of the eye by light energy (photons) is an example of ___________.

The ability to respond with an appropriate conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus and with no response to a very similar yet substantially different stimulus is known as: A. Stimulus discrimination B. Valence differentiation C. Stimulus generalization D. Salience response

Stimulus discrimination

The olfactory cells; nerve impulses

Substances give off volatile molecules that are drawn into the nose, dissolve in mucus, and activate __________ . The function of these cells is to produce _______________ that are sent to the olfactory bulb and brain for processing.

Alex sees a girl stealing a candy bar in a convenience store. When the police question him, Alex says the thief was wearing a red shirt. Later in the interrogation, the officer asks what candy the girl in the blue shirt stole. Months later, when Alex testifies in court, he describes the girl as having worn a blue shirt. Alex's testimony at the trial shows the influence of: A. Cryptomnesia B. The sleeper effect C. Source misattribution D. Suggestibility

Suggestibility

As Andre came into the room in which his introductory psychology exam would take place, he noticed that his heart rate had increased due to his _____. As he settled into the test and was able to correctly answer the questions, he called down. This response was due to the _____. A. Endocrine system; autonomic nervous system B. Endorphins; peripheral nervous system C. Central nervous system; peripheral nervous system D. Sympathetic nervous system; parasympathetic nervous system

Sympathetic nervous system; parasympathetic nervous system

10. Compared with novices, exerts tend to be more intuitive and less sterotyped in their work performance.

T

4. Longitudinal research usually shows that intelligent in most abilities increase through out early and middle adulthood.

T

6. IQ scores have shown a steady upward drift over most of the twentieth century.

T

9. Today, most researcher studying cognitive abilities believe that intelligence is multi-dimensional

T

T/F Items; 1: Age impairs processing speed and short-term memory.

T

Recently, researchers have found that children as young as 3 years old can identify the correct perspective from different positions in the three-mountain task if they make the task more accessible and comprehensible to young children. Which of the following is not one of the changes to the tasks, which results in better comprehension of the task for young children?

Telling children to close their eyes and imagine the three mountains before they answer the questions

Which of the following statements is NOT true of teratogens? A. Teratogens are often avoidable B. Teratogens include any chemical in the environment that negatively affects a developing embryo or fetus C. Teratogens include alcohol, prescription drugs, and environmental chemicals D. Teratogens are a group of recessive genes that affect the child while still in the womb

Teratogens are a group of recessive genes that affect the child while still in the womb

Little Malcolm, at 16 months, loves to place his toy cars and blocks on the coffee table and push them off, just to watch them fall to the floor. Malcolm's curiosity has led him to experiment with other objects, such as his mother's cookie jar, in his fascination with falling objects. Malcolm is probably in what substage of the sensorimotor stage of development

Tertiary circular reactions

Shannon has a biology exam next week. To be sure that she really knows the material, she should: A. Cram the night before the test B. Test herself on the material C. Use maintenance rehearsal D. Make up multiple-choice questions

Test herself on the material

The most important hormone for sexual functioning in men is ______ and in women is _____. A. Testosterone; testosterone B. Estrogen; estrogen C. Androgen; progesterone D. Testosterone; estrogen

Testosterone; testosterone

After transduction, most of the sensory neural information passes through which structure? A. Hippocampus B. Hypothalamus C. Amygdala D. Thalamus

Thalamus

If groups of African American and European American students were told that a test they were about to take was diagnostic of intelligence and another set of groups were told the test was not diagnostic of intelligence, which group would be likely to perform the poorest?

The African American group who was told the test was diagnostic of intelligence

made up of age-ranked questions that get a little harder at each age level.

The Stanford Binet Intelligence Scale is

****red/green colorblindness

The Young-Helmholz theory best explains ____________.

iris

The ________ is a muscle that regulates the size of the pupil.

vestibular system

The ability to keep track of where the body is moving is also provided by the ___________________ , a set of liquid-filled areas in the inner ear that monitors the head's position and movement, maintaining the body's balance

Depth perception

The ability to perceive three-dimensional space and to accurately judge distance.

Bilingualism

The ability to speak two different languages

Phonemes

The basic speech sounds of a language.

Psychophysics

The branch of psychology that studies the effects of physical stimuli on sensory perceptions and mental states.

fovea

The central point of the retina where we have the best vision for detail

One sign that a child is securely attached to his or her caregivers is that: A. The child continues to play happily when the caregiver leaves B. In the caregiver's absence, the child can be comforted by a stranger C. When the caregiver returns after an absence, the child ignores the caregiver D. The child is not afraid of strangers when the caregiver is present

The child is not afraid of strangers when the caregiver is present

retinal disparity

The difference in the images sensed by the left eye and the right eye contributes to depth perception

Which of the following developments was most important in the rise of the cognitive approach in psychology? A. The emergence of computers B. The ability to identify different kinds of neurons C. The identification of the unconscious D. The understanding of the effects of reward and punishment of behavior and thinking

The emergence of computers

Denotative Meaning

The exact, dictionary definition of a word or concept; its objective meaning.

You are conducting an informal study in which, for a month, you play a particular song for your best friend right before you serve dinner to her. Eventually, you play the song, and then wait to see how your friend responds. She begins to salivate and says she has hunger pains. In this scenario, what is the unconditioned stimulus? A. the time of day B. The food C. The song D. Salivation

The food

Which of the following statements is true regarding crystallized intelligence and fluid intelligence? A. Both begin to decline around age 30, with the former showing the bigger losses B. Both remain stable until about age 60 and then decline dramatically C. The former increases across age, whereas the latter begins to decline around age 30 D. Both remain relatively stable across the life span

The former increases across age, whereas the latter begins to decline around age 30

déjà vu.

The illusion that you have already experienced a new situation that you are actually seeing for the first time is called

absolute threshold

The intensity of a stimulus that allows an organism to just barely detect it.

convergence

The inward turning of our eyes that is required to focus on objects that are less than about 50 feet away from us

operational

The items actually selected for an intelligence test provide which type of definition of intelligence?

Weber's law

The just noticeable difference of a stimulus is a constant proportion of the original intensity of the tumulus.

Dualism is the idea that: A. There is no mind, just the brain B. The mind and the brain are opposing forces C. The mind and the brain are the same entity D. The mind and the brain are separate entities

The mind and the brain are separate entities

Internal Representation

The most basic thinking... Mental expression. Ex. a chess player who mentally tries out several moves before actually touching a chess piece... and then planning

standard deviation.

The most commonly used statistical index of variability in a group of scores is the...

Framing

The most general conclusion about intuition is that the way a problem is stated or framed, affects decisions. Framing is in thought, the terms in which a problem is stated or the way that it is structured. People tend to look for positive qualities that can be awarded to something else. When questions are framed, it can channel us down a narrow path so we attend to only part of the information provided rather than weighing all the pros and cons. Usually, the broadest way of framing or stating a problem produces the best decisions. Framing decisions so narrowly greatly increases the risk of maing a poor choice.

Pitch

The perceived frequency of a sound

Intellectual Disability (formerly mental retardation)

The presence of a developmental disability, a formal IQ score below 70, or a significant impairment of adaptive behavior.

Accommodation

The process of changing the curvature of the lens to keep the light entering the eye focused on the retina.

Concept Formation

The process of classifying information into meaningful categories. At its most basic, it is based on experience with positive and negative instances (examples that belong, or do not belong to the comcept class)

Cognition

The process of thinking or mentally processing information (images, words, rules, and symbols)

Transduction

The process of turning energy detected around us into nerve impulses.

wavelength

The property that differentiates the part of the electromagnetic spectrum that we can see from the part we cannot see is __________________.

Latent content is to ____ as manifest content is to _____. A. Seeing a tower in a dream; the psychological meaning of the tower B. The psychological meaning of a tower; seeing a tower in a dream C. The ability to physically climb a ladder; the ability to identify a ladder in a dream D. The ability to identify a ladder in a dream; the ability to physically climb the ladder

The psychological meaning of a tower; seeing a tower in a dream

Filter theory was developed to explain: A. The processing of personally irrelevant information B. The selective nature of attention C. Change blindness D. Shadowing

The selective nature of attention

olfaction

The sensory system that detects smells is __________.

When remembering words on a list, people tend to remember words at the beginning of the list and words at the end of the list better than words in the middle of the list. This phenomenon is known as: A. Retroactive interference B. The serial position effect C. Spreading activation effect D. Motivated forgetting

The serial position effect

Morphemes

The smallest meaningful units in la language, such as syllables or words. ex. in english the sound m,b,w cannot forma syllable mbwa. In Swahilim they can.

limitless

The storage capacity of long-term memory is best described as

Connotative Meaning

The subjective, personal, or emotional meaning of a word or concept. This can be measured with a technique called semantic differential. When we rate words or concepts, most of their connotative meaning boils down to the dimensions good/bad, strong/weak, active/passive.

Semantics

The sudy of meanings in words and language. It is here that the link between words and thinking becomes most evident.

senses

The systems we have throughout our bodies that allow us to detect information and transform energy into neural impulses

a mental set

The tendency to perceive a problem in a way that blinds us to possible solutions is called

the least amount of stimulation that can be detected

The term absolute threshold refers to ________________________.

encoding, storage, retrieval.

The three basic processes of memory are

eidetic memory

The three stages of memory include all of the following EXCEPT

Created Images

These are assembled or invented rather than simply remembered. Ex. a artist proposing a sculpture before beginning work.

Quantitative Reasoning

These measure a person's ability to solve problems involving numbers "If I have six marbles and you give me another one, how many marbles will I have?" "Given the numbers 3,6,9,12, what number would come next"

Group Tests

These usually require people to read, follow instructions, to solve problems of logic, reasoning, mathematics, or spatial skills

Which of the following is one of the reasons why children in the preoperational stage cannot conserve

They focus on the end state rather than the transformation.

Convergent Thinking

Thinking directed toward discovery of a single established correct answer; conventional thinking. (lines of thought converge on the answer)

Inductive Thought

Thinking in which a general rule or principle is gathered from a series of specific examples; for instance, inferring the laws of gravity by observing many falling objects. (going from specific facts or observations to general principles)

Divergent Thinking

Thinking that produces many ideas or alternatives; a major element in original or creative thought. (it is the reverse in which many possibilities are developed from one starting point)

Functional Fixedness

This is a prime example of restricted thinking. This is a rigidity in problem solving caused by an inability to see new uses for familiar objects. Karl Duncker illustrated the effects of functional fixedness by using a candle.

Fixation

This is one of the most important barriers to problem solving. This is the tendency to repeat wrong solutions or faulty responses, especially as a result of becoming blind to alternatives. Usually this occurs when we place unnecessary restrictions on our thinking.

Wechsler Adult Intelligene Scale--Third Edition (WAIS III) / for children: Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children--Fourth Edition (WISC-IV)

This is specifically designed to test adult intelligence. However, both this is and SB5 measure performance and verbal intelligence

Deductive Thought

Thought that applies a general set of rules to specific situations; for example, using the laws of gravity to predict the behavior of a single falling object. (going from general principles to specific situations)

Illogical Thought

Thought that is intuitive, haphazard, or irrational. This is intuitive, associative, or personal.

____ people use social exclusion, or ____, to control social behavior.

Throughout the world ostracism

Opposing Spearman, ____ identified seven clusters of ____.

Thurstone primary mental abilities

use mental rotation.

To answer the question, "Does a frog have lips and a stubby tail?"most people

Jason is fascinated by his physics course; he gets excited every time he walks into class. However, Jason has always considered himself someone who does not like science, so he does not recognize that his excitement is due to the class. Instead, he decides that he must be attracted to his lab partner. Jason's misattribution of his arousal is compatible with which theory of emotion? A. Cannon-Bard B. Two-Factor C. Cerebral symmetry D. James-Lange

Two-Factor

When a _____ person is angered, bloodflow is diverted away from the internal organs, including the liver, which is responsible for removing ____ and fat from the blood. Thus, such people have elevated levels of these substances in the blood.

Type A cholesterol

According to your textbook, one of the limitations of Piaget's analysis of child development is that it: A. Did not emphasize conservation B. Underestimated the mental capacities of young children C. Stressed the dynamic of accommodation in schema formation at the expense of the assimilation factor D. Placed too much emphasis on social factors in child development

Underestimated the mental capacities of young children

Which of the following is NOT a core knowledge system during infancy

Understanding how to solve multi-step problems relating to physical objects

Faulty Concepts

Using inaccurate concepts often leads to thinking errors. Ex. social stereotypes are over simplified concepts of groups of people. A related problem is all-or-nothing thinking (one dimensional thought). In this case, we classify things as absolutely right or wrong, good or abd, fair or unfair etc.

Down syndrome

Usually loving and responsive, Mae, who has a moderate intellectual disability, can do most of the things that other children can, only slower. She has almond-shaped eyes, a slightly protruding tongue, a stocky build, and stubby hands with deeply creased palms. Mae most likely has which condition?

semicircular canals and vestibular sacs

Vestibular sense organs are located in the _______________ in the inner ear.

Research on event knowledge during infancy relies on which method?

Violation-of-expectation method

cones

Visual neurons that are specialized in detecting fine detail and colors

Rods

Visual neurons that specialize in detecting black, white, and gray colors.

The sociocultural theory of cognitive development was proposed by

Vygotsky.

One example of an automatic process is: A. Threading a needle B. Taking a test C. Walking D. Driving in stormy weather

Walking

Erikson argues that most adults are motivated by what he calls generatibity. By this he means that people: A. Wants to give something of themselves to others B. Wish to produce as much as possible C. Generate many sentences D. Wish to be creative

Wants to give something of themselves to others

The law that states that the just noticeable difference between two stimuli is based on a proportion of the original stimulus is: A. Wernicke's law B. Fechner's law C. Koehler's law D. Weber's law

Weber's law

The most widely used intelligence test is the ____. Consisting of 11 subtests, it provides not only a general intelligence score but also separate scores for ____, ____, ____ and ____.

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale verbal comprehension perceptual organization working memory processing speed

wavelength

What differentiates light energy we can perceive visually from light energy we cannot perceive visually?

Sensorineural

What is the most common form of permanent hearing loss and frequently occurs with age.

smell

What is the one sense thats nerve route skips the thalamus?

Gate-control theory

What theory suggests that nerve fibers carrying messages that pressure is being applied to some part of the body can prevent pain messages from getting through to the brain?

frequency theory of hearing

Whatever the pitch of a sound wave, nerve impulses of a corresponding frequency will be sent to the auditory nerve.

lens;retina

When a person is nearsighted, the ______ focuses light from objects far away in front of the ______ instead of on it.

obvious external markers, like skin color, have little to do with underlying genetic differences.

When actual blood-group testing was conducted, there was no significant correlation found between ethnic ancestry and IQ scores because

a small desk at the front of a huge warehouse filled with filing cabinets.

When discussing the relationship between short-term and long-term memory, the authors of your textbook use the analogy of short-term memory being like

one's IQ is over 100.

When one's mental age is higher than one's actual age in years, then

The beta effect

When two images near each other are presented in succession, we perceive that it is one object that has moved. This is known as ____________.

"Reverse vision"

When you form a mental image of "a kite flying in the sky," the brain area where memories are stored send signals back to the visual cortex to create that image. This process is known as

frequency theory of hearing

When you hear a tone of 200 Hz, the hair cells in the cochlea begin vibrating 200 times per second. This is the idea behind the ______________.

Fragile X syndrome

Which hereditary cause of intellectual disability affects male children at a rate of about 1 out of every 3800 males with up to three-fourths of individuals with this disorder also suffering from hyperactivity and attention disorders?

sensory memory

Which memory stage are we largely unaware of but which holds information just long enough for it to be moved to the second memory stage?

a. increasing one's knowledge about other cultures

Which of the following could enhance your selective comparison ability and aid you in becoming a more flexible and resourceful thinker?

Those with savant syndrome have suffered damage to the left hemisphere, which freed them from the "distractions" of language, concepts, and higher-level thoughts

Which of the following is a possible explanation for the remarkable abilities displayed by individuals with savant syndrome?

looking up a phone number and remembering it while you dial

Which of the following would be an example of short-term memory?

quantitative reasoning

Which section of the Stanford-Binet (SB5) would have questions similar to the following: "Given the numbers 3, 6, 9, 12, what number would come next?"

lens

Which structure of the eye determines whether a person has abnormal vision (e.g., is nearsighted or farsighted)?

place theory

Which theory holds that the pitch we hear is determined by the particular location on the cochlea where the hair cells vibrate the most?

cones

Which type of neural cell is responsible for color vision?

cognitive psychology

Which type of psychology involves the study of concepts, problem-solving, language, and creativity?

There are three reasons. First, our eyes are constantly moving, so they take in information from different locations. Second, one eye takes in information that the other eye misses. Third, our visual cortex fills in what is missing.

Why don't we have a gap in our vision due to our blind spot?

Which of the following psychologists is most closely associated with the school of functionalism?

William James

____ are the immunologically stronger gender. This makes them less susceptible to ____, but more susceptible to ____ diseases such as ____ and ____.

Women infections self attacking lupus multiple sclerosis

11. women's work

Women's work is an older term once used to downplay the importance of domestic care giving tasks that were once thought to be appropriate for women but not men.

Which of the following is the most likely cause of insomnia? A. Narcolepsy B. Disrupted sleep cycles C. Worrying about sleep D. Altered theta waves

Worrying about sleep

sensation

You answer your cell phone without checking to see who is calling. You recognize your best friend, Maria, from her voice. This is an example of _____________.

perception

You are alone in your house at night and hear a loud noise. You check to see if someone is trying to break into the house. Your response of checking for an intruder is based directly on your ___________.

retrieval

You are taking a psychology test and are trying to remember what you studied. The memory process being used when you try to remember the psychology material is

Intelligence Quotients (IQ)

You have to compare the mental age, chronicle age, and intelligence quotient. When the SB5 was first used, IQ was defined as mental age divided by chronological age (CA) and multiplied by 100. Calculating IQ scores allows a comparison between children with different chronological and mental ages. (10 yr old has a mental age of 12, IQ score is 120) A persons IQ score will be 100 when their mental age equals their chronological age 100=average intelligence

beta effect

You perceive motion based on the succession of images being presented.

phi phenomenon

You perceive motion because the objects are appearing and disappearing.

Interference

Your instructor is lecturing in class when security knocks on the door. The instructor goes to the door, gets the note from security, and gives it to a student, who exits the classroom. The instructor looks at the class and asks, "Now where was I in the lecture notes?" This situation illustrates how short-term memory is affected by

The incremental view of intelligence views intelligence as

a body of skills and knowledge that can be increased with effort.

Down syndrome

a chromosomal disorder leading to mental retardation caused by the presence of all or part of an extra 21st chromosome

According to Spearman, intelligence is composed of

a general underlying factor (g) plus a number of specific factors (s).

Annabel has a helpless style of achievement motivation. When she fails at a problem she is likely to attribute her failure to

a lack of ability.

gestalt

a meaningfully organized whole

In any context, intelligence can be defined as ___.

a mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

Image

a mental representation that has picture-like qualities;an icon

Motivation is defined as ____.

a need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it toward a goal

The intelligence quotient (IQ) is an index of

a person's performance relative to other people's performance who are the same age

Deviation IQ is defined by how much

a person's score on an intelligence test deviates from the average score for other people their age.

Mercedes takes her one-year-old son, Justice, to visit a day-care center where she plans to enroll him. Justice eagerly explores the playroom as long as Mercedes is present. When his mom leaves the room to fill out some forms, Justice becomes somewhat upset, but when Mercedes returns, he quickly calms down. Mercedes exhibits

a secure attachment.

Historically, psychologists have thought of intelligence as ________(a single entity/ several distinct abilities).

a single entity

pupil

a small opening in the center of the eye, allows light to enter

cochlea

a snail-shaped liquid-filled tube in the inner ear

Large discrepancies between verbal and performance scales (verbal lower than performance) on a Wechsler IQ test suggests

a specific learning problem.

Administering a test to groups of people having similar characteristics (such as age) in order to develop scoring patterns is called

a test norm.

Cite three reasons that longitudinal finding may be misleading.

a. People who are retested several times may improve their performance simply as a result of pratice b. Because people may drop out of lengthy longitudinal studies the remaining subjects my be a self-selected sample c. Longitudinal research takes a long time

Psychologists have found that when anger has been provoked, retaliation may have a calming effect under certain circumstances. List the circumstances.

a. Retaliation must be directed against the person who provoked the anger b. Retaliation must be justifiable c. The target of the retaliation must not be someone who is intimidating

3. The accumulation of facts that comes about with education and experience has been classified as

a. The accumulation of facts that comes about with education and experience has been classified as b. Although intelligence is characterized by plasticity, "plastic intelligence" is not discussed as a specific type of intelligence. c. Fluid intelligence consists of the basic abilities that go into the understanding of any subject. d. Rote memory is based on the conscious repetition of to-be-remembered information.

9. The Flynn effect refers to

a. The trend toward increasing aver IQ

List two suggestions offered by experts for handling anger.

a. Wait to calm down b. Deal with anger in a way that involves neither chronic anger nor sulking

Sharetta knows more about her field of specialization now at age 45 than she did at age 35.

a. an increase in crystallized intelligence b&c: (an increase in fluid intelligence & an increases in both fluid and crystallized intelligence) According to the research, fluid intelligence declines during adulthood. d. (a cohort difference) Cohort effects refer to generational differences in life experiences.

In Sternberg's theory, which aspect of intelligence is most similar to the abilities comprising fluid intelligence?

a. analytical This aspect consists of mental processes fostering academic proficiency by making efficient learning, remembering and thinking possible b. (creative) This aspect concerns the extent to which intellectual functions are applied to situations that are familiar or novel in a person's history. c. (practical)This aspect concerns the extent to which intellectual functions are applied to situations that are familiar or novel in a person's history.

10. The shift form conscious, deliberate processing of information to a more unconscious, effortless performance requires

a. automatic responding b. (subliminal execution)this was not discussed in the chapter c. Plasticity refers to the flexible nature of intelligence. d. encoding refers to the placing of information into memory.

Progress Test 1: 1. Most of the evidence for an age-related decline in intelligence came from

a. cross-sectional research b.(longitudinal research) Although results from this tpe of research may also be misleading, longitudinal studies often demonstrate age-related increases in intelligence. c. (cross-sequential research) Cross-sequential reseasrch is the technique devised by K. Warner Schaie that combines the strengths of the cross-sectional and longitudinal methods. d.(random sampling) Random sampling refers to the selection of subjects for a research study.

8. Charles Spearman argued for the existence of a sing general intelligence factor, which he referred to as

a. g b. (Practical intelligence) refer to the intellectual skills used in everyday problem solving and is identified in Sternberg's theory. c&d:(analytic & creative intelligence) These are two other aspects of intelligence indentified in Sternberg's theory.

7. practical intelligence

a. intellectual skills used in everyday problem solving.

During World War I psychologists were convinced that intelligence peaks during

a. late childhood

2. The major flaw in cross-sectional research is the virtual impossiblity of

a. selecting subjects who are similar in every b. (tracking all subjects over a number of years) this is a problem in longitudinal research c&d: (personal interviews & both cross-sectional and longitudinal methods) neither of these is particularly troublesome in cross-sectional research.

The risk of obesity are greater for people who carry their weight at their ___. It also has been linked in women to their risk of late-life ___ disease and brain tissue loss.

abdomens (stomachs) Alzheimer's

After being administered the Stanford-Binet Test, the psychometrician told you that your child's mental age scored higher than his chronological age. Your child's IQ is

above 100.

The know-how involved in comprehending social situations and managing oneself successfully differs from ___ intelligence and is referred to as ____ intelligence.

academic social

When the child adjusts his schemata to fit a new experience, the child is

accommodating.

During the substage of Piaget's sensorimotor stage called coordination of secondary circular reactions, children can combine schemata to

achieve a goal and solve a problem.

Tests designed to measure what you already have learned are called ___ tests. Tests designed to predict your ability to learn something new are called ___ tests.

achievement aptitude

Psychologists refer to the desire for significant accomplishments for mastering skills or ideas, for control, and for attaining a high standard as ____.

achievement motivation

During the substage of Piaget's sensorimotor stage called tertiary circular reactions, children first begin to

act as "little scientists."

The idea that happiness is relative to one's recent experience is stated by the _____ phenomenon.

adaptation-level

Fear can by and large be seen as a(n) ____ response.

adaptive

When determining the norm of a test, one would

administer the test to groups having the same characteristics of those who are to be tested.

For the first half of the twentieth century, psychologists were convinced that intelligence peaks during _____and then gradually declines. Durling the 1950s, Nancy Bayley and Melita Oden found that on several tests of concept master, the scores of gifts individiual _____________(increased/decreased-remained unchanged) between 20 and 50.

adolescence; increased

Radziszewska and Rogoff (1988) found that in planning efficient routes through an imaginary town,

adult-child dyads were more efficient planners.

Sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness is known as ____ exercise.

aerobic

List 5 factors that are evidently unrelated to happiness.

age gender education parenthood physical attractiveness

During the first phase of the GAS--the ____ reaction--the person is in a state of shock due to the sudden arousal of the ____ nervous system.

alarm sympathetic

Historically, ____ of the world's cultures have been predominantly heterosexual. Most homosexuals begin thinking of themselves as gay or lesbian around ____.

all the late teens or early twenties

An underlying principle of Piaget's developmental stage theory is that

all children pass through the same sequence of the stages, but the rate of passage through the stages varies

Patients who have lost use of the ____ are unusually trusting of scary-looking people.

amygdala

A key to fear learning lies in the ____, a neural center in the ____ system. Following damage in this area, humans who have been conditioned to fear a loud noise will ____ the conditioning but show no ____ effect of it.

amygdala limbic remember emotional

Brain scans reveal more activity in the ____ among ____ who are viewing erotica.

amygdala men

Concept

an idea representing a category of related objects or events

Today's tests compute ____ by comparing the individual's performance to the average performance of people of ____ age(s). These tests are designed so that a score of ____ is considered average.

an intelligence test score the same 100

Peter, a college student who quickly recognizes the correct answers to multiple choice questions:

analytical intelligence

Females exposed to high levels of ________ during prenatal development tend to have masculine interests and preferences for male playmates.

androgen

Two characteristics of the preconceptual stage are

animistic thinking and egocentricity.

In the preconceptual stage, children often attribute life and living characteristics to inanimate objects. This is known as

animistic thinking.

Sonya, who is 3 years old, is playing with her many dolls and stuffed animals. Sonya believes the dolls talk to each other and can feel when she hugs them. Sonya is probably engaging in

animistic thinking.

The disorder in which a person becomes significantly underweight and yet feels fat is known as ____.

anorexia nervosa

How well the lie detector works depends on whether a person exhibits ____ while lying.

anxiety

This definition highlights the fact that stress arises less from the events than from how we ____ them and that stressors can have ____ effects, depending on how they are perceived.

appraise both positive and negative

A criticism of Maslow's theory is that the sequence ____ and not ____ experienced.

arbitrary universally

In the sense that they detect differences caused by cultural experiences, intelligence tests probably ____ biased.

are

Research has shown that erotic stimuli ____ nearly as arousing for women as for men.

are

The Stanford-Binet and the Wechsler Scales ____ periodically re-standardized, thereby keeping the average score near ____.

are 100

The brain circuits underlying different emotions ____ different. For example, seeing a fearful face elicits greater activity in the ____ than seeing a(n) ____ face. People who have generally negative personalities, and those who are prone to ____, show more _____ lobe activity.

are amygdala angry depression right frontal

Under the skin, the races ___ alike. Race ____ a neatly defined biological category.

are is not

The theories of Sigmund Freud and his followers:

are based on the idea that much of human behavoior is determined by mental processes operating below the level of conscious awareness

According to Vygotsky, elementary mental functions

are biological in basis and emerge spontaneously in children's interaction with the world.

The effects of social class and ethnicity on intelligence

are critical to our understanding of intelligence

The performance items on the Wechsler Intelligence scales

are less likely to be influenced by formal education than other items on the scales.

Which of the following is NOT one of the ways in which middle- and lower-class mothers differ in their interactions with their children? Middle-class mothers

are more concerned with strict discipline.

Most psychologists agree that, in terms of predictive validity, the major aptitude tests ____ racially biased.

are not

Childhood events and family relationships ____ important factors in determining a person's sexual orientation. Also, homosexuality ____ involve a fear of the other gender that leads people to direct their sexual desires toward members of their own gender.

are not does not

Socioeconomic status and ethnicity

are often associated with one another, and the effects of each of these can be very difficult to disentangle in research.

Cross-cultural research on the development of cognitive abilities suggests that cultures value and develop those skills that

are useful in the daily activities required in their cultural settings

The spillover effect refers to occasions when our ____ response to one event carries over into our response to another event.

arousal

Human motivation aims not to eliminate ___ but to seek ____ of arousal.

arousal optimum levels

Responding too strongly, the immune system may attack the body's tissues and cause ____ or an ____ reaction. Or it may ____. allowing a dormant herpes virus to erupt or ____ cells to multiply.

arthritis allergic under react cancer

For Vygotsky, development is best understood

as a product of social interaction.

According to Vygotsky, children use egocentric speech

as a way to guide thought and behavior.

On an infant intelligence measure (preference for looking at novel stimuli), Black infants score _____ White infants.

as well as

Stice and Shaw found that when young women were shown pictures of unnaturally thin models, they felt more ____, ____ and ____ with their own bodies.

ashamed depressed dissatisfied

Jesse recently learned the word "cookie" to identify his recognition of vanilla wafers. However, he also says, "cookie" when given pretzels, crackers, small pieces of bread, and even large French fries. According to Piaget, Jesse is

assimilating.

The two processes of adaptation are

assimilation and accommodation.

Culture-fair tests are intelligence tests that

attempt to minimize biased content based on experience or cultural background.

The factor analytic approach to intelligence

attempts to determine whether there are distinct factors that make up intelligence.

Second, many elements of expert performance become ___, almost instinctive, which enable experts to process information more quickly and efficiently. This type of thinking is called _______ ____.

automatic; automatic processing

One of the criticisms of Piaget's theory of cognitive development is that

b) Piaget may have underestimated the influence of cultural factors on cognitive development.

8. At the present stage of research in adult cognition, which of the following statement has the most research support?

b. Each person's cognitive development occurs in a unique context influenced by variations in genes, life experiences, and cohort effects. a. (Intellectual abilities inevitably decline from adolescence onward) there is agreement that intelligence does NOT peak during adolescence. c. (some 90% of adults tested in cross-sectional studies show no decline in intellectual abilities until age 40) Cross-sectional research usually provides evidence of declining ability throughout adulthood. d. (Intelligence becomes crystallized for most adults between ages 32 and 41) Crystalized intelligence refers to the accumulation of knowledge with experience; intelligence does not "crystallize" at any specific age. ...

13. Which of the following is a drawback of longitudinal studies of intelligence?

b. People who are retested my show improved performance as a result of practice. a. (They are especially prone to the distortion of cohort effects) This is a drawback of cross-sectional research. c. (The biases of the experimenter are more likely to distort the results than is true of other research methods) Longitudinal studies are no more sensitive to experiments bias than other research methods.

2. Which of the following generational differences emerge in Schaie's studies of intelligence?

b. Recent cohorts of young adults were better at reasoning ability, but worse at math, than those who were young in previous decades.

5. general intelligence

b. Spearman's idea that intelligence is one basic trait, underlying all cognitive abilities.

When Merle retired from teaching, he had great difficulty adjusting to the changes in his lifestyle. Robert Sternberg would probably say that Merle was somewhat lacking in which aspect of his intelligence?

b. creative Creative intelligence enables the person to accommodate successfully to changes in the environment, such as those accompaniment of retirement. a. (analytic)This aspect of intelligence consists of mental processes that foster efficient learning, remembering, and thinking. c.(fluid) Fluid intelligence is not an aspect of Sternberg's theory. Moreover, it refers to basic mental abilities such as short-term memory. d. (plasticity) Plasticity refers to the fexile nature of intelligence; it is not an aspect of Sternberg's theory.

Joseph has remained associated with interesting and creative people throughout his life. In contrast, James has become increasingly isolated as he has aged. Given these lifestyle differences, which aspect of intelligence will be most affected in Joseph and James?

b. crystalized intelligence Because the maintenance of crystallized intelligence depends partly on how it is used, the consequences of remaing socially involved or of being socially isolated become increasingly apparent in adulthood.

10. Research indicates that during adulthood declines occur in

b. fluid intelligence a,c,d: (crystallized intelligence & fluid) Crystallized intelligence typically INCREASES during adulthood.

9. Research on expertise indicates that during adulthood, intelligence

b. increases in specific areas of interest to the person.

14. To a developmentalist, an expert is a person who

b. is significantly better at a task than people who have not put time and effort into performing that task.

Regarding their accuracy in measuring adult intellectual decline, cross-sectional research is to longitiudinal research as _________is to __________-

b. overestimate; underestimate c&d:(accurate;inaccurate & inaccurate; accurate) both cross-sectonoal and longitudinal research are potentially misleading.

Compared with her 20 yr old daughter, 40 yr old Lynda is likely to perform better on measure of what type of intelligence?

b. practical

Vestibular nerve, thalamus, cerebellum (rear of brain)

balance sensation nerve route in brain

The rate of energy expenditure in maintaining basic functions when the body is at rest is the _____ rate. When food intake is reduced, they body compensates by ____ this rate.

basal metabolic lowering

Gifted children tend to

be able to use their cognitive skills more efficiently than most people

In cultures where extremely adverse health or nutritional factors exist, the genetic contributions to intelligence will

be less pronounced (expressed less within the population).

Some psychologists believe that in order for an idea to be truly creative, it must

be useful to some area of life.

Similarly, moving our body as we would when experiencing a particular emotion causes us to feel that emotion. This is the ____ effect.

behavior feedback

The field that integrates behavioral and medical knowledge relevant to health and disease is _____. The subfield of psychology that contributes to behavioral medicine is called ____ psychology.

behavioral medicine health

When given intelligence tests in the early 1900s, immigrants arriving in the United States often scored ____ average. This is because the tests were based on particular ___ background.

below cultural

Introverts are ____ at reading others' emotions, whereas extraverts are themselves ____ to read.

better easier

Women are generally ____ than men at detecting nonverbal signs of emotion and in spotting ____. Women posses greater emotional ____ than men, as revealed by the tendency of men to describe their emotions in ____ terms. This gender difference may contribute to women's greater emotional ____.

better lies literacy simpler responsiveness

A system for recording a physiological response and providing information concerning it is called ____. The instruments used in this system ____ the individual with a means of monitoring physiological responeses.

biofeedback provide

Paul Baltes believes that ________, is significant during childhood but that ________becomes increasingly important in adulthood.

biology; culture

Gardner proposes that

bodily-kinesthetic, musical, intrapersonal, and interpersonal abilities are just as important to human functioning as linguistic and spatial abilities.

Which of the following is an accurate portrayal of the relationship between bipolar disorder and unipolar depressive disorder and the threat of suicide?

both bipolar and unipolar disorder are linked to an enhanced risk of suicide

An important component of scaffolding is

breaking a task down into simpler components.

At the preconventional level, the child decides if things are good or bad (moral) on the basis of whether they

bring punishment or reward.

A more common disorder is ____, which is characterized by repeated ______ episodes and by feelings of depression or anxiety. When bouts of excessive eating followed by remorse are not accompanied by excessive exercise or fasting, the ____ disorder may be diagnosed.

bulimia nervosa binge-purge binge-eating disorder

15. The psychologist who has proposed that intelligence is composed of analytic, creative and practical aspects is

c. Robert Sternberg. a. Charles Spearman proposed the existence of an underlying general intelligence, which he called g. b. Paul Baltes coined the term selective optimization with compensation d. K. Warner Schaie was one of the first researchers to recognize the potentially distorting cohort effects on cross-sectional research..

13. Which of the following describes the results of Nancy Bayley's follow-up study of members of the Berkeley study?

c. The typical person at age 36 was still improving on the most important sub tests of the intelligence scale. b. (The typical person at age 36 improved on 2 of 10 sub tests of adult intelligence scales; picture completion and arithmetic) the text does not indicate that they improved on those tests. d. (No conclusions could be reached because the sample of subjects was not representative)no such criticism was made of Bayley's study.

A psychlogist has found that the mathematical ability of adults born in the 1920s is significantly different from that of those born in the 1950's she suspects that this difference is a reflection of the different educational emphasis of the two historical periods. This is an example of

c. a cohort effect a&b: (longitudinal research & sequential research) From the information given, it is impossible to determine which research method the psychologist used.

3. analytic intelligence

c. all the mental abilities that foster academic proficiency

Dr. Hatfield want to analyze the possible effects of retesting, cohort differences, and aging on adult changes in intelligence. Which research method should she use?

c. cross-sequential a&b: (cross-sectional& longitudinal) Schaie developed the cross-sequential research method to overcome the drawbacks of the cross-sectional and longitudinal methods which were susceptible to cohort and retesting effects, respectively. d. (case study) A case study focuses on a single subject and therefore could provide no information on cohort effects.

5. Thinking that is more intuitive, flexible, specialized and automatic is characteristic of

c. expertise.

6. The basic mental abilities that go into learning and understanding any subject have been classified as

c. fluid intelligence a. Crystallized intelligence is the acumulation of facts and knowledge that comes with educatoin and experience. b. Although inteligence is characterizd by plasticity, "plasatic intelligence" is not discussed as a specific type of intelligence. d. Rote memory is memory that is based on th econscious repetition of to-be-remembered information.

A contemporary developmental psychologist is most likely to DISAGREE with the statement that

c. intelligence peaks during adolescence and declines thereafter.

Progress Test 2 : 1: The debate over the status for adult intelligence focuses on the question of its inevitable decline and on

c. its possible continuing growth

6. IQ scores increased over the 20th century in part because

c. later cohorts have had more education

Professor Iglesias is a psychometrician. This means that she specializes in the

c. measurement of psychological characteristics especially intelligence.

5. Which of the following is most likely to DECREASE with age?

c. working memory a,b,d: (vocabulary & accumullated facts & practical intelligence) these often increase with age

11. Concerning expertise, which of the following is true?

c.In performing tasks, experts tend to be more flexible and to enjoy experimentation more than novices do. a,b,d: (In performing tasks, experts tend to be more set in t heir eways, preferring to use strategies that have worked in the past & The reasoning of experts is ususally more formal, disciplined, and sterotypic than that of the novice * Experts often have difficulty adjusting to situations that are exceptions to the rule).These are more typical of novices than experts.

Robert Zajonc believes that the feeling of emotion ____ precede our cognitive labeling of that emotion.

can

The size of fat cells ____ be decreased by dieting; the number of fat cells ____ be decreased by dieting.

can cannot

The results from the Carolina Abecedarian Project suggest that intensive interventions that provide cognitive stimulation and parental education

can prevent deterioration in intellectual skills that ordinarily occurs in economically deprived conditions.

The study of sexual behavior and what motivates it ____ be free of values.

cannot

When Matthew saw his older brother's bicycle fall off its kick stand, Matthew told his brother that the bicycle must be tired from being ridden too much. Matthew's statement illustrates the type of thinking that Piaget referred to as

centration.

Accommodation occurs when one attempts to understand new information by

changing existing schemata in order to fit the new experience

Effective leaders tend to exude a self-confident ___ that is a mix of a ____ of some goal, an ability to ____ the goal clearly, and enough optimism to ____ others to follow. Leadership that inspires others to transcend their own self interests for the sake of the group is called ____ leadership.

charisma vision communicate inspire transformational

The presence of several risk factors, such as poor maternal mental health, low maternal education, and high incidence of stressful events, is associated with low IQ for

children in both high- and low-income families.

Friedman and Rosenman discovered that tax accountants experience an increase in blood ____ level and blood- ____ speed during tax season. This showed there was a link between coronary warning indicators and ____.

cholesterol clotting stress

Which type of psychologists study, assess, and treat individuals with psychological disorders?

clinical

When asked what makes life meaningful, most people mention _____.

close, satisfying relationships with family, friends, or romantic partners

cilia

cochlea contains about 16,000 hair cells, each of which holds a bundle of fibers known as _____ on its tip

Information-processing approaches to intelligence emphasize

cognitive processing skills, such as memory and problem solving.

Mrs. Garcia has set up her classroom so that children work together in shared activities, often learning from each other. She believes it is her job to facilitate the process of peer learning and to coordinate the opportunities for peer interactions. Mrs. Garcia's classroom is an example of a(n)

community of learners.

Acupuncture, massage therapy, homeopathy, and similar treatments comprise the growing health care market called _______. In China, ____ therapies have flourished for centuries, as have acupuncture and acupressure therapies that claim to correct imbalances in the flow of energy called ____.

complementary and alternative medicine herbal Qi or Chi

Although girls have an edge in math ____, boys score higher in math _____. Boys tend to outscore girls on tests of _____.

computation problem solving mental rotation

During which stage in Piaget's system is the child first able to handle conservation problems and hierarchical classification problems?

concrete operations

Following Spearman's work from the factor analytic perspective, recent researchers have

confirmed the existence of a general cognitive ability because different cognitive tests are in fact correlated with one another.

The principle of ____ suggests that physical properties of substances, such as volume, number, and mass, remain constant in spite of changes in their shape or appearance.

conservation

The idea that even if an object changes shape or appearance the underlying quantity of the object remains the same is Piaget's principle of

conservation.

The degree to which a test measures the behavior it was designed to measure is referred to as the test's ____.

content validity

Your cousin finds balancing his checkbook easy and knows how to solve complex mathematical problems while working at a bank. This is an example of Sternberg's component of

context.

Frank claims that when he is confronted with a problem, he likes to come up with one correct solution. Frank practices ______________.

convergant thinking

binocular depth cue

convergence is an example of a(n) __________.

Standard intelligence tests, which demand single correct answers to questions, measure ____ thinking. Tests that allow multiple possible answers to problems measure ___ thinking.

convergent divergent

People learn to ____ with stress by finding ____, ____ or ____ ways to alleviate it.

cope emotional cognitive behavioral

The leading cause of death in North America is ____. List several risk factors for developing this condition.

coronary heart disease smoking, obesity, high-fat diet, physical inactivity, elevated cholesterol level

Satisfied and successful people devote less time to ____ than to _____.

correcting deficiencies accentuating strengths

Cannon proposed that emotional stimuli in the environment are routed simultaneously to the ____, which results in awareness of the emotion, and to the ____ nervous system, which causes the body's reaction. Because another scientist concurrently proposed similar ideas, this theory has come to be known as the _____ theory.

cortex sympathetic Cannon-Bard

One of the principles of successful intervention programs involves

creating a support system that the child will need to maintain their academic progress

A combination of flexibility in thinking and reorganization in understanding to produce innovative ideas is important in _______________.

creative thinking

Jose is always coming up with new solutions to a problem. As his teacher, you believe that he is

creative.

The ____aspect enables the person to be flexible and innovation when dealing with new situations. This type of thinking is always ____rather than __________, meaning that such thinkers frequently find ______solutions to problems rather than ______ meaning that such thinkers frequently find ______solutions to problems rather than relying on the one that has always been considered correct.

creative; divergent; convergent; unusal (unexpected, imaginative)

The ability to produce ideas that are both novel and valuable is called ____. The relationship between intelligence and creativity holds only up to a certain point--an intelligence score of about ____.

creativity 120

Positive moods at work contribute to worker ____, ____ and _____. Researchers have also found a positive correlation between measures of organizational success and employee ____ or the extent of workers' involvement, satisfaction, and enthusiasm.

creativity persistence helpfulness engagement

The degree to which a test predicts further performance of a particular behavior, called the test's ____ is referred to as the test's ___.

criterion predictive validity

The difference between using critical thinking explanations and everyday explanations for psychological phenomena is that:

critical thinking relies on evidence and scientific support for making conclusions

Schaie developed a new research technique combining cross-sectional and longitudinal approach- research Briefly explain this type of research design.

cross-sequential In this approach, each time the original group of subjects is retested, a new group is added and tested at each age interval.

The accumulation of facts, information and knowledge that comes with education and experience with a particular culture is referred to as ________________intelligence.

crystallized

Sexual expression varies widely from one ____ to another and with the passage of ____. Rates of teen intercourse are roughly similar in ____ and ____ but much lower in ___ and ____ countries and among North Americans of ____ descent.

culture time Western Europe Latin America Asian Arab Asian

Research by Dasen (1984) on the acquisition of cognitive concepts and skills suggests that

culture influences the rate of cognitive skill development.

A principle of Vygotsky's sociocultural theory is that

cultures provide settings and institutions that facilitate cognitive development.

Critics of alternative medicine point out that such treatments seem especially effective with ____ diseases such as arthritis and ____ as well as with diseases that disappear naturally--a phenomenon called ____. Critics also argue that the seeming effectiveness of alternative medicine is due to a ____ effect.

cyclical allergies spontaneous remission placebo

3. Because of the limitations of toher research methods, K.Warner Schaie developed a new research design based on

d. .both cross-sectional and longitudinal methods a,b,c:(observe-participant methods & in-depth questionnaires & personal inerviews) Cross-seequential research as described in this chapter is based on objective intelligence testing.

7. Which of the following is NOT true regarding family skills?

d. A "maternal instict" is innate to every mother. The following are true regarding family skills: - a. They were undervalued skills in earlier generations. - b. They were once considered the primary responsibility of women - c. They are now recognized and valued as expert work by both women and men.

14. Which of the following is NOT one of the general conclusions of research about intellectual changes during adulthood?

d. Intelligence becomes less specialized with increasing age. In fact, intelligence often becomes more specialized with age.

15. One reason for variety in pattern to adult intelligence is that during adulthood

d. People develop specialized competencies in activities that are personally meaningful.

4. Why don't traditional intelligence tests reveal age-related cognitive decline during adulthood?

d. They yield a single IQ score, allowing adulthood increases in crystallized intelligence to mask these declines a&b: (They measure only fluid intelligence & They measure only crystallized intelligence)Traditional IQ tests measure both fluid and crystallized intelligence.

Compared with novice chess players, chess experts most likely

d. are quite flexible in their play, relying on their years of practice and accumulated experience a&b.(have superior long-term memory & have superior short-term memory):The text does not suggest that experts have special memory abilities! c. (are very disciplined in their play, sticking closely to formal rules for responding to certain moves their opponents might make.)This describes the performance of novice rather than experts.

12. In general, as people age they specialize in activities that are personally meaningful. In other words, each person

d. becomes a selective partner

7. Some psychologist content that intelligence consists of fluid intelligence, which _________during dulthood, and crystallized intelligence, which ______________

d. declines;increases

8. Seattle Longitudinal Study

d. first study of adult intelligence that used a cross-sequential research design

4. According to the text, the current view of intelligence recognizes all the following characteristics EXCEPT

d. g This is Charles Spearman's term for his idea of a general intelligence, like which intelligence is a single entitiy. a. Multidirectionality simply means that abilities follow different trajectories with age, as explained throughout the chapter. b. Plasticity simply refers to the ability to change. c. Inter-individual variation is a way of sayng that each person is unique.

11. Fluid intelligence is based on all the following :

d. general knowledge this is an aspect of crystallized intelligence

12: In recent years, researchers are more likely than before to consider intelligence as

d. made up of several abilities. a. (a single entity) contemporary researchers emphasize the different aspects of intelligence. b&c: (primarily determined by heredity & entirely the product of learning) contemporary researchers see intelligence as the product of both heredity and learning.

For most people, the most significant sources of stress are _____. The stresses that accompany poverty and unemployment, for example, often compounded by _____, may account for the higher rates of ____ among residents of impoverished areas.

daily hassles racism hypertension

During the 1960s and 1970s, college entrance aptitude scores showed a steady ____. At the same time, intelligence test performance ____. This phenomenon is called the ____.

decline improved Flynn effect

Stress can suppress the lymphocyte cells, resulting in a(n) _____ in disease resistance. Stress diverts energy from the ____ to the ____ and ____, mobilizing the body for action and making us more vulnerable to disease.

decrease immune system brain muscles

When a child is able to imitate a complex behavior exhibited by a model at a previous time, the child is capable of

deferred imitation.

vestibular sense

detects movement and provides information about the body's orientation.

Jocelyn is 25-years-old and she feels very insecure about some of the personal and career choices she has made so far. Consequently, at this point in her life she is unwilling to form a serious, committed relationship with another person. Based on Erikson's theory, Jocelyn may

develop a sense of isolation.

When rats had their stomach removed, hunger ____ continue.

did

Earlier studies ____ reveal a clear cut correlation between head size (relative to body size) and intelligence score.

did not

Schacther and Singer found that physically aroused college men told that an injection would cause arousal ____ become emotional in response to an accomplice's aroused behavior. Physically aroused volunteers not expecting arousal ____ become emotional in response to an accomplice's behavior.

did not did

Gestures have ___ meanings in different cultures.

different

Cross-cultural researchers have demonstrated that it is difficult to take measures of a specific task to indicate a child's stage or level of cognitive development because

different cultures stress different concepts, which are tapped by different tasks.

he definition of creativity involving divergent thinking differs from other definitions in that it ....

divergent thinking involves the number of possible answers a person can come up with to a single question.

Studies of adoptees and twins ____ provide evidence of a genetic influence on obesity. A particular variant of the gene called ___ has been shown to nearly double a person's risk of becoming obese.

do FTO

Studies indicate that neglected children ____ show signs of recovery in intelligence and behavior when placed in more nurturing environments. Although normal brain development can be retarded by ____, ____ deprivation and _____, there is no sure environment that will transform a normal baby into a genius.

do malnutrition sensory social isolation

Studies of twins suggest that genes probably ____ play a role in homosexuality. Research has confirmed that homosexual men have more homosexual relatives on their ____ side than on their ___ side.

do mother's father's

Psychologists ____ agree on a definition of intelligence.

do not

Researchers have found that levels of happiness ____ mirror differences in standards of living.

do not

Sex hormone levels ____ predict sexual orientation.

do not

Group differences in intelligence scores ____ provide an accurate basis for judging individuals. Individual differences within a race are ___ between race differences.

do not greater than

By and large, experts ____ that lie detector tests are highly accurate.

do not agree

Same-sex attraction ___ occur among animals.

does

If we know a trait has perfect heritability, this knowledge ____ enable us to rule out environmental factors in explaining differences between groups.

does not

Stress ____ create cancer cells.

does not

A person's sexual orientation ___ appear to be voluntarily chosen. Several research studies reveal that sexual orientation among ____ tends to be less strongly felt and potentially more changeable than among the other gender. This phenomenon has been called the gender difference in ____.

does not women erotic plasticity

Most people ____ a predictable career path, which is one reason that many colleges and universities focus less on ____ and more on ____.

does not have training job skills enlarging capacities for understanding, thinking and communicating in any work environment

Being slightly overweight ____ serious health risks. In the US over ____ percent of adults are obese. Significant obesity increases the risk of ____.

does not pose 34 diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, gallstones, arthritis, and certain types of cancer

A limitation to Vygotsky's theory is that it

does not provide a specific description of age-related change.

The study conducted by Radziszewska and Rogoff (1988) investigating adult-child dyads and peer partner planning of efficient routes through an imaginary town

does support Vygotsky's view of the zone of proximal development.

The absence of nonverbal cues to emotion is one reason that communications sent as ____ are easy to misread.

e-mail

Matching items: 1: Fluid intelligence

e. flexible reasoning used to draw inferences

According to Gardner

each type of intelligence has is own developmental path guided by its own forms of perception, learning, and memory

During Erikson's crisis of intimacy versus isolation the key concern involves developing the capacity to share intimacy with others. This stage is associated with

early adulthood.

Paulo is playing with his building blocks. He is muttering in a soft voice, "This block goes here, then this block goes there." Paulo is using

egocentric speech.

John and Jodie, both 4 years old, have the belief that the universe is organized and created for them and that everything is and should be centered around them. According to Piaget, this type of thought is called

egocentrism

Piaget developed a three-mountain task to test children's ability to see things from the perspective of others. This task tested children for

egocentrism

If a child says that the sun shines to keep him warm, the child is exhibiting

egocentrism.

Erikson divided the life span into ____ stages associated with ____.

eight; psychosocial crises

At the end of the ____ stage of prenatal development, the developing organism is about one inch long and has already developed most of the vital organs and bodily structures.

embryonic

Developing structures generally are most vulnerable to damage from environmental factors during the ____ of prenatal development.

embryonic stage

Which prenatal period begins at the second week and ends at the second month of pregnancy?

embryonic stage

When we attempt to alleviate stress by avoiding it and attending to emotional needs, we are using ____ coping.

emotion-focused

Some scholars believe that the concept of ____ intelligence stretches the idea of multiple intelligences too far.

emotional

A critical part of social intelligence is ____--the ability to ____, ____, ____ and ____ emotions.

emotional intelligence perceive understand manage use

According to Piaget, basic reflexes such as grasping, kicking, and looking help infants to

engage with and learn about the world

The concept of cumulative risk is used to describe the idea that as the number of

environmental risk factors increase, children's performance on IQ tests decreases

Monozygotic twins over the course of their lifetimes show increasing differences in their: A. mitochondrial DNA B. epigenomes C. genes D. genotypes

epigenomes

In most mammals, females are sexually receptive only during ovulation, when the hormones, the ____ (such as ____), have peaked.

estrogens estradiol

The misguided movement called ___ proposed measuring human traits and using the results to determine who should be allowed to reproduce.

eugenics

Psychologists who support ____ theories suggest that certain basic cognitive abilities are biologically built into, or prewired into, the neural make-up of humans.

evolutionary

With respect to cognitive abilities, ______ theories attempt to find out which abilities are prewired, with the belief that such abilities had adaptive significance for our ancestors.

evolutionary

Working from an ____ perspective, some theorists speculate that these gender differences in spatial manipulation helped our ancestors survive.

evolutionary

If stress continues, the person enters the stage of ____. During this stage, a person is ____ vulnerable to disease.

exhaustion more

Lily is 85-years-old and she has recently begun writing her life story. As she thinks back over all that she has done, she comes to the conclusion that her life has had no real meaning or purpose. Based on Erikson's theory, Lily may

experience feelings of despair and bitterness.

Some develop-mentalists believe that as we age, we develop specialized competencies, or ___in activities that are important to us in other words, each person becomes a ________ ______

expertise; selective expert

The implications of the function of the epigenome include that

exposure to toxins of you today could impact your future children's risk for cancer

A pathway from the ____ via the ____ to the ___ enables us to experience emotion before ____. For more complex emotions, sensory input is routed through the ____ for interpretation.

eye or ear thalamus amygdala cognition cortex

6. creative intelligence

f. the capacity for flexible and innovative thinking.

The _____ effect occurs when expressions amplify our emotions by activating muscles associated with specific states.

facial feedback

The statistical procedure used to identify groups of items that appear to measure a common ability is called _____.

factor analysis

Children with incremental and entity views of intelligence differ in their performance on tasks after

failure.

In developing societies where people face ____, obesity is considered a sign of ____ and ____.

famine affluence social status

In industrialized nations, the nature of work has changed from ____ to _____ to ____.

farming manufacturing knowledge work

Studies looking at a range of tasks have found that people with high intelligence scores tend to process and retrieve information ____ than people with low intelligence scores.

faster

The immediate determinant of body fat is the size and number of ____ one has. This number is, in turn, determined by several factors, including _____.

fat cells genetic predisposition, early childhood eating patterns, adult overeating

The emotions ____ and ____ stimulate different facial muscles.

fear joy

The emotions ____ and ____ are sometimes accompanied by differing ____ temperatures and ____ secretions.

fear rage finger hormone

The amygdala plays an important role in ________, whereas the hippocampus plays an important role in ________.

fear or emotional reactions; spatial memory

Interviewers tend to ____ in their ability to predict job performance from unstructured interviews. These impressions tend to be highly ____.

feel confident error prone

Which of the following is NOT one of the three phases of prenatal development?

fertilization stage

Surveys of life satisfaction reveal that ____ satisfaction is strongly predictive of subjective well-being in poorer nations, whereas ____ satisfaction matters more in wealthy nations and ____ in individualist nations.

financial home-life self-esteem

Gays and lesbians may have certain physical traits that fall midway between straight males and females, including ____ patterns, greater odds of being ____ handed and anatomical traits of the ____ within the hearing system.

fingerprint left cochlea

A final difference is that experts are more _____.

flexible (or creative)

Psychologist Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi formulated the concept of ____, which is defined as a focused state of ____ and diminished awareness of ____ and time. People who experience this state also experience increased feelings of ___, ____ and ____.

flow consciousness self self-esteem, competence, well being

Tests like the Stanford-Binet and Wechsler scales that focus on products of intelligence and current performance have demonstrated that IQ ___________, whereas tests that focus on the cognitive processes underlying intelligence demonstrate that IQ ____________.

fluctuates over time; is stable over time

During adulthood, _______intelligence declines markedly, primarily because of everything slows down with age. However, if a person's intelligence is simply measured by one ____score, this decline is temporarily disguised by a ___ (increase/decrease) in _________intelligence.

fluid; IQ; increase; crystallized

As its name implies, __________intelligence is flexible reasoning used to draw inferences and understand relations between concepts. This type of intelligence is also made up of basic mental abilities, including __________ ______, _____________ __________and _______ _______ _.________

fluid; abstract analysis; working(short-term) memory: speed of thinking

Timothy is in preschool. When asked to describe himself, he will probably

focus on activities he likes to do.

The most successful early intervention programs

focus on improving the family support system and the child's educational needs

According to the James-Lange theory, emotional states ____ physiological responses.

follow

Researchers have found that students who mentally rehearsed the times they ____ someone who had hurt them had lower bodily arousal than when they thought of times when they did not.

forgave

Piaget believed that children first become capable of hypothetical thinking during the a) concrete operational stage. b) sensorimotor stage. c) d) preoperational stage.

formal operational stage.

There are several indifferences between experts and novices. first , novices tend to rely more on ____________(formal/ informal) procedures and rules to guide them, where as experts rely more on their ______ ___and the immediate ______to guide them. this makes the actions of experts more _________ and less _____.

formal; past experiences; context; intuitive; stereotypic...

In one study, students who were induced to smile ____ cartoons more amusing.

found

During the sensorimotor stage of development, the child shifts

from being reflexive to using symbolic thought

When people ponder intelligence test questions, for example, an area in the brain's _____ becomes especially active in the ___ brain for verbal questions and ____ for spatial questions. People who are able to more quickly retrieve information from memory tend to score high in ___ ability.

frontal lobe left on both sides of the brain verbal

Arousal ____ emotion; cognition ___ emotion.

fuels channels

4. selective optimization with compensation

g. the tendency of adults to optimize certain aspects of their lives in order to offset declines in other areas.

Most obese persons who lose weight ____ it back.

gain

In studying animals' reactions to stressors, Hans Selye referred to the bodily response to stress as the ______.

general adaption syndrome

Charles Spearman, one of the developers of this technique, believed that a factor called g, or ____ runs through the more specific aspects of intelligence.

general intelligence

The best predictor of long term job performance for most jobs is ____. Interviewers tend to ____ estimate their interviewing skills and intuition--a phenomenon labeled the ____.

general mental ability over interviewer illusion a. Interviews disclose the interviewee's good intentions, which are less revealing than their typical behaviors b. Interviewers tend to follow the successful careers of people they hired and lose track of those they did not hire c. Interviewers mistakenly presume that how interviewees present themselves reflects only their enduring traits d. Interviewers preconceptions and moods influence their perceptions of job applicants

Mental retardation

generalized disorder ascribed to people who have an IQ below 70, who have experienced deficits since childhood, and who have trouble with basic life skills, such as self-care and communicating with others.

Taste preferences for sweet and salty are ____. Other influences on taste include ___ and ____.

genetic conditioning culture

The hunger arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach is ____.

ghrelin

Longitudinal research reveals that a ____ at age 50 predicts healthy aging better than ____ at the same age.

good marriage low cholesterol

Erica is in the concrete operational stage of development. When asked to sort flowers, she will most likely be able to

group flowers according to the type of flower and the color of the flower.

distribution

group of people

A test that assesses a suspect's knowledge of details of a crime that only the guilty person should know is the ____.

guilty knowledge test

2. crystallized intelligence

h. the accumulation of facts, information, and knowledge

With repeated exposure, the emotional response to an erotic stimulus often ____.

habituates

Performance appraisal is subject to bias. When the overall evaluation of an employee biases ratings of work-related behaviors a ____ has occurred. The tendency to be too easy or too harsh results in ___ and ____ errors respectively. When raters focus on easily remembered recent behavior, they are committing the ___ error.

halo error leniency severity recency

Casey likes to play with blocks and he has several different kinds: square wooden ones, large waffle-like ones, small plastic ones that easily interlock, as well as a variety of other types. At first Casey just referred to these objects as "blocks." Now, when his mom suggests he play with his blocks, he replies, "Which ones?" Piaget would interpret his response to indicate that Casey

has accommodated his schema for blocks to differentiate among types of blocks.

If a ball that a five-month-old infant is playing with rolls under a chair (and out of sight), the infant will not look for it. Piaget believed that this occurs because the infant

has not developed object permanence.

Educational initiatives, support groups, and other efforts to control stress ____ been shown to have positive consequences on HIV-positive individuals.

have

Experiments ____ been able to demonstrate conclusively that such exercise reduces anxiety, depression, and stress.

have

Stressful life circumstances ____been shown to accelerate the progression of this chronic disease.

have

Most women and men ____ sexual fantasies. Compared with women's fantasies, men's sexual fantasies are more ____. Sexual fantasies ____ indicate sexual problems or dissatisfaction.

have frequent, physical, and less romantic do not

Over the last several decades, IQ differences between African Americans and European Americans

have been declining.

Gardner and Sternberg

have collaborated on a program which teaches tacit knowledge needed to succeed in school.

The problem with assertions made by Arthur Jensen over 30 years ago is that

he failed to consider socioeconomic factors that influence intelligence.

Simple relaxation procedures have been shown to help alleviate ____, ____, ____ and _____. Lowered blood pressure, hear rate, and oxygen consumption have been found to be characteristic of people who regularly practice _____. The ____ response is a state of calm resulting from sitting quietly, with closed eyes while breathing deeply.

headaches hypertension anxiety insomnia meditation relaxation

At the high extreme, Lewis Terman's "gifted children" turned out to be ____ well-____, and unusually successful ____.

healthy adjusted academically

Describe the major physiological changes that each of the following undergoes during emotional arousal.

heart: heart rate increases muscles: muscles become tense liver: liver pours out extra sugar into the blood stream breathing: breathing rate increases digestion: digestion slows pupils: pupils dilate blood: blood tends to clot more rapidly skin: skin perspires

The finding that environmental factors are most likely to cause damage to specific structures of a developing embryo or fetus when those structures are undergoing rapid development BEST reflects the unifying theme in psychology that

heredity and environment jointly influence behavior.

The amount of variation in a trait within a group that is attributed to genetic factors is called its ____. For intelligence, this has been estimated at ___ percent.

heritability 50

List 6 factors that have been shown to be positively correlated with feelings of happiness.

high self-esteem satisfying marriage or close friendships meaningful religious faith optimistic, outgoing personality good sleeping habits and regular exercise having work and leisure that engage our skills

Some studies have found that infants who quickly become bored when looking at a picture score ___ on tests of brain speed and intelligence up to 21 years later.

higher

Although Asian students on the average score ____ than North American students on math tests, this difference may be due to the fact that ____.

higher Asian students have a longer school year and spend more time studying math

According to Vygotsky, voluntary attention and abstract thinking are considered

higher mental functions.

People who have suffered damage to the ____ will show the _____ but _____ be able to remember why.

hippocampus emotional reaction will not

The aim of drive reduction is to maintain a constant internal state, called ____.

homeostasis

Children may master some form of conservation before others. Piaget called this

horizontal decalage.

One of the most problematic aspects in Piaget's theory of cognitive development is why some children can solve some concrete operational problems, but not others. This concept is referred to as

horizontal decalage.

In animals and some rare human cases, sexual orientation has been altered by abnormal ____ conditions during prenatal development. In humans, prenatal exposure to hormone levels typical of ___, particularly between ____ and ____ months after conception may predispose an attraction to males.

hormone females 2 5

frequency distribution

how frequently each score (in this case, each IQ score) appears in our group

It is announced that the number of minority students in a particular program has increased by 200% in the past four years. In order to judge the importance of this increase, the most important question that you should ask is:

how many minority students were in the program four years ago

normal distribution/bell curve

how many people have each score on the IQ scale or the scale for any other test or measure (e.g., height, weight, achievement test score, and many others).

Researchers have found that life events may be less stressful for people who have a good sense of ____.

humor

Examples of such illness are certain types of ____ and some _____. Such illnesses appear to be linked to _____.

hypertension headaches stress

Researcher Simon LeVay discovered a cluster of cells in the ____ that is larger in ___ men than in all others. Gay and lesbians differ from their straight counterparts in their preference for sex related ____. Other studies have found that the brain's ____ is larger in lesbian women and heterosexual men.

hypothalamus heterosexual odors right hemisphere

The brain area that plays a role in hunger and other bodily maintenance functions is the ____. Animals will begin eating when the ____ is electrically stimulated. When this region is destroyed, animals ____.

hypothalamus lateral hypothalamus decreases ventromedial hypothalamus overeat

Physiologists have discovered that in response to stress the cerebral cortex, via the ____ and the ____ gland, triggers the outer part of the ____ to release ____ stress hormones such as ____.

hypothalamus pituitary adrenal glands glucocorticoid cortisol

9 selective expert

i. trend toward increasing average IQ

The first intelligence test was designed by Binet and Simon to

identify children who were unable to learn in a traditional classroom setting.

The Bayley Scales of Infant Development are useful at

identifying infants with developmental delays.

The best managers help people to ____, match tasks to ____, care how their people feel about their work, and ____ positive behaviors.

identity and measure their talents talent reinforcement

Jeremy's father and two uncles are all dentists. Jeremy first decided he wanted to be a dentist when he spent afternoons at his father's office as a young child. Jeremy has not considered any other potential careers. Jeremy is MOST likely in the identity status of

identity foreclosure.

Amy has just finished college. She feels optimistic about her future and thinks that she could travel anywhere and do anything. According to Arnett, what stage of life is Amy in?

identity versus confusion

In Erikson's theory, the psychosocial crisis during adolescence is

identity versus confusion.

The body's system of fighting disease is the ____ system. This system includes 2 types of white blood cells, called _____: the____, which fight bacterial infections, and the _____, which form in the ____ and attack viruses, cancer cells and foreign substances.

immune lymphocytes B lymphocytes T lymphocytes thymus

Optimal testing situations, such as familiarizing the child with the environment and materials, giving them encouragement on specific tasks, and using material rewards, have been found to

improve performance of economically deprived children more than middle-class children.

The shift away from an egocentric orientation is important for all of the following EXCEPT

improved academic achievement.

Formal operations may occur late or be absent

in cultures that do not emphasize symbolic skills

Behavior is often not so much pushed by our drives as it is pulled by ____ in the environment.

incentives

Rather than reduce a physiological need, some motivated behaviors actually ____ arousal. This demonstrates that human motives ____ always satisfy some biological need.

increase do not

In animals and humans, sudden lack of control is followed by a drop in immune responses, a(n) ____ in blood pressure, and a rise in the levels of _____.

increase stress hormones

Follow-up research by Bayley demonstrated a general ____________(increased/decrease) in intellectual functioning from childhood through young adulthood. This developmental trend was true on tests of __________ __________, and __________.

increase; vocabulary; comprehension; information

Depression _____ one's risk of having a heart attack or developing other heart problems.

increases

Vulnerability to eating disorders ____ with greater body dissatisfaction.

increases

During childhood, the stability of intelligence scores ____ with age. After about age ____, intelligence scores stabilize. A long term study of mental ability in Scottish children revealed that this ____ through late adulthood.

increases 7 holds

Throughout the world, studies have shown a general trend toward ______________(increasing decreasing average) IQ over successive generations. This trend is called the _____ _____

increasing; Flynn effect

The zone of proximal development represents the difference between a child's developmental level determined by solving problems

independently and a child's potential developmental level determined by solving problems with guidance.

Recent assessments of infants designed to predict educational risk focus on

indexes of attention and encoding of information.

The belief that expressing pent-up emotion is adaptive is most commonly found in cultures that emphasize ____. This is the ____ hypothesis. In cultures that emphasize ____, such as those of ____ or ____, expressions of anger are less common.

individuality catharsis interdependance Tahiti Japan

In cultures that encourage ____, emotional expressions are often intense and prolonged. Cultures such as that of Japan ____. This points to the importance of realizing that emotions are not only biological and psychological but also _____.

individuality hide their emotions social-cultural

The field of ____ psychology applies psychology's principles to the workplace. The subfield of ____ focuses on employee recruitment, training, appraisal, and development. Another subfield, _____ examines how work environments and ____ styles influence worker motivation, satisfaction and productivity. A third subfield ____ psychology focuses on the design of appliances machines and work environments.

industrial-organizational personnel psychology organizational psychology management human factors

The elementary school-age child who does well in school and who receives praise and support at home will develop what Erikson calls a sense of

industry

In order to evaluate infants' knowledge of object permanence, Baillargeon tested whether

infants would look longer at an impossible event.

According to Erikson's theory, an elementary school-age child who does poorly in school, and does not get along well with classmates, is most likely to develop a sense of

inferiority.

both sides

information from the left eye is processed on _________ of the visual cortex.

Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence expresses the importance of

information-processing skills, experience, and context

The Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children was the first test to focus largely on

information-processing skills.

Vygotsky's view on innate abilities attributed the child with

innate abilities such as attention, perception, and memory.

According to Piaget's theory, cognitive development is based on changes in intellectual structures that result from

innate predispositions to actively seek knowledge, organize knowledge, and adapt experiences in certain ways.

During early infancy, schemata take the form of

innate reflexes.

Tatiana is doing her math homework. Although tempted to count aloud, she tries to solve the problem by thinking in her head. Tatiana is using

inner speech.

Those who criticize lie detectors feel that the tests are particularly likely to err in the case of the ____ because different ____ all register as _____.

innocent emotions arousal

Four perspectives on motivation are ____ theory (which has been replaced by the ____ perspective), _____ theory, ____ theory, and the ____ of needs proposed by ____.

instinct evolutionary drive-reduction arousal hierarchy Maslow

As a result of Darwin's influence, many complex behaviors were classified as rigid, unlearned behavior patterns that are characteristic of a species, called ____. Although early instinct theory ____ explain human motives, the underlying assumption that ____ predispose species-typical behavior remains strong.

instincts did not genes

Increases in the hormone ____ diminish blood ____, partly by converting it to stored fat, which causes hunger to ____.

insulin glucose increase

practical intelligence

intelligence that cannot be gained from books or formal learning

One reason why there is a very low correlation between IQ and creativity is that

intelligent people excel at convergent thinking, while creative people excel at divergent thinking.

Darwin believed that when an emotion is accompanied by an outward facial expression, the emotion is ____.

intensified

Operations are schemata-based on

internal mental activities

Complex emotions are affected by our ___, ____, and ____.

interpretations expectations memories

Research has demonstrated that people generally experience a higher quality of life and greater well-being when they strive for ________ than when they strive for ____.

intimacy, my personal growth, and contribution to the community; wealth

According to Piaget, preoperational reasoning is characterized by

irreversibility

When a preoperational child, Delores, is asked if she has a sister, Delores replies, "Yes." Then, when asked further, "What's her name," Delores states, "Mary." Then Delores is asked if Mary has a sister, and Delores replies, "No." This conversational exchange reflects Delores' preoperational limitation in reasoning known as

irreversibility

The inability of a child to mentally "undo" something is referred to as

irreversibility.

The body weight "thermostat" of obese people ___ set to maintain a higher-than-average weight. When weight drops below this setting, ____ increases and ____ decreases.

is hunger metabolism

Key Terms: general intelligence (g)

is Spearman's idea that intelligence is one basic trait, underlying all cognitive abilities.

Comparing intelligence scores across cultures

is a complex process subject to misinterpretation and cultural bias.

The concept of "mental age"

is based on the number of correct test items achieved relative to a specific age group.

Tacit knowledge

is implicit knowledge shared by many people.

3. fluid intelligence

is made up of those basic mental abilities - abstract thinking, short-term memory, speed of thinking and the like-required for understanding any subject matter.

Practical intelligence _________(is/is not) related to traditional intelligence as measured by IQ tests.

is not

Generally speaking, the predictive validity of general aptitude tests ____ as high as their reliability. The predictive validity of these tests ___ as individuals move up the educational ladder.

is not diminshes

The concept of a precise body set point that drives hunger ____ by all researchers. Some researchers believe that set point can be altered by _____. In support of this idea is evidence that when people and other animals are given unlimited access to tasty foods, they tend to ____ and ____. For these reasons, some researchers prefer to use the term ____ as an alternative to the idea that there is a fixed set point.

is not accepted slow sustained changes in body weight overeat gain weight settling point

Inclusion of children with special needs into mainstream classes

is still debated as to its effectiveness.

Critical thinking is best defined as thinking that:

is systematic and reasonable

4. crystallized intelligence

is the accumulation of facts, information, and knowledge that comes with education and experience.

Familial retardation

is usually less severe than organic retardation

After years of placing individual refugee and immigrant families in ____ communities, US policies today encourage _____.

isolated chain migration

One of the reasons the zone of proximal development is important is because

it represents both an alternative approach to intelligence assessment and a way of understanding how intellectual development occurs.

10. Flynn effect

j. someone who is more skilled than the average person about personally meaningful activities

convergence

judging the distance of a nearby object based on the angle your eyes are turned towards each other uses the depth perception cue known as ______________.

11. automatic processing

k. thinking that doesn't require deliberate, conscious effort

Early in his career, Piaget was interested in epistemology, which is the study of

knowledge

Studies have found that imitating another person's facial expressions ____ to greater empathy with that person's feelings.

leads

Most human fears are acquired through _____.

learning (conditioning)

Mastery-oriented children tend to have __________ goals, while helpless children tend to have ___________ goals

learning; performance

Individuals with more active ____ lobes tend to be more cheerful than those in whom this pattern of brain activity is reversed. A cluster of neurons called the ____ becomes activated when people experience natural or drug-induced pleasure.

left frontal nucleus accumbens

When people experience positive moods, brain scans reveal more activity in the ____.

left frontal lobe

Chemical secreted by bloated fat cells: ____.

leptin

When a potion of an obese person's stomach is surgically sealed off, the remaining stomach produces ____ of this hormone.

less

One study found that obese women earned ____ than a control group of nonobese women and were less likely to be ____.

less married

Preschool children who had secure attachments during infancy tend to display all of the following characteristics EXCEPT

less persistence.

cornea

light enters the eye through here, a clear covering that protects the eye and begins to focus the incoming light

Normal hormonal fluctuations in humans have ____ effect on sexual motivation. In later life, frequency of intercourse ____ as sex hormone levels ____.

little decrease decline

Bayley's study is an example of _____________(cross-sectional/longitudal) research design. Earlier studies relied on ____________(cross-sectonal/longitudinal) research desings. Briefly explain why cross-sectional research can sometime yield a misleading picture of adult development.

longitudinal; cross-sectional Cross-sectional research may be misleading because each cohort has its own unique history of life experiences and because in each generation, academic intelligence increases a result of improved educatoin and health.

Fat tissue has a ____ metabolic rate than lean tissue. The result is that fat tissue requires ____ food energy to be maintained.

lower less

Starting from the idea that ____ needs such as the need for water take precedence over others, Maslow constructed a hierarchy of needs.

lower-level

Two other immune agents are the ____, which pursues and ingests foreign substances, and ____ cells, which pursue diseased cells.

macrophage natural killer (NK)

The current view is that children with mild retardation should be integrated, or ____ into regular classrooms.

mainstreamed

There is evidence that spatial abilities are enhanced by high levels of _____ during prenatal development.

male sex hormones

Historically, research on expertise has focused on occupations that once had more __________ (males/females) than ________(males/ females) workers. Today, more women ____(are/are not ) working in occupations traditionally reserved for me. In addition, domestic care giving tasks that were once considered ___________ _______ have gained new respect and are considered ____when performed by women and men.

males; females; are; women's work; important

Mercer's use of an adaptive functioning measure in conjunction with standardized intelligence tests was important because it showed that

many minority children who had been classified as mentally retarded could function in their environment and perform adaptive skills, such as household tasks and holding a job

Genetic factors ____ influence susceptibility to eating disorders.

may

Stereotype threat

may interfere with the performance of minority youth in intelligence tests.

Vygotsky believed that studying intellectual development outside of its cultural influences

may underestimate the child's development.

Research with amnesia patients indicates that part of knowing when to eat is our ____ of our last meal.

memory

At puberty, females experience _____ and males experience _____.

menarche; spermarche

Binet and Simon believed that

mental functions involving judgment, comprehension, and reasoning are what should be measured on intelligence tests.

Individuals whose intelligence scores fall below 70 and who have difficulty adapting to life may be labeled ___. This label applies to approximately ____ percent of the population.

mentally retarded 1

Your text associates frontal lobe damage with the long-term use of: A. LSD B. marijuana C. heroin D. methamphetamine

methamphetamine

Which of the following is NOT likely to overwhelm or minimize the genetic contribution to the intellectual functioning of an individual or group?

mixed ancestry.

Food is considered a primary reinforcer, whereas ____ is a secondary reinforcer. A. sex B. water C. none of the choices D. money

money

Research studies have found that people who have recently been widowed, fired or divorced are ____ vulnerable to illness than other people.

more

Happy people are also ____ willing to help others. This is called the ____, ____ phenomenon.

more feel-good do-good

Men who have older brothers are somewhat ____ likely to be gay. This phenomenon which has been called the ____, may represent a defensive maternal ____ response to substances produced by ____ fetuses.

more fraternal birth-order effect immune male

The intelligence scores of identical twins reared together are ____ similar than those of fraternal twins. Brain scans also reveal that identical twins have similar volume to their brain's ____, and those areas associated with ___ and ____ intelligence.

more gray matter verbal spatial

Although women are ___ likely than men to describe, themselves as empathic, physiological measures reveal a much ____ gender difference. Women are ____ likely than men to express empathy.

more smaller more

People are ____ likely to become obese when a friend becomes obese, thus demonstrating ____ influence as a factor in obesity. Obesity is ____ common among those who watch more daily TV and ___ common among people living in communities where walking is common.

more social more less

Studies of adopted children and their adoptive and biological families demonstrate that with age, genetic influences on intelligence become ____ apparent. Thus, children's intelligence scores are more like those of their ____ parents than their ____ parents.

more biological adoptive

The intelligence test scores of fraternal twins are ____ than the intelligence test scores of other siblings. This provides evidence of a(n) ____ effect because fraternal twins, being the same ____, are treated more alike.

more alike environmental age

Research has supported the finding that, compared to males, females tend to be d) more assertive.

more sensitive to subtle, nonverbal cues.

With higher economic status comes lower risks of infant _____, a low ____, smoking, and ____.

mortality birth weight violence

Bornstein and Tamus (1986) found that attentional processes in infancy were related to

mother's responsiveness.

Piaget may have underestimated children's ability to understand physical concepts because of his over-reliance on using

motor activity to gauge children's cognitive abilities.

Howard Gardner proposes that there are ____, each independent of the others. However, critics point out that the world is not so just: General intelligence scores ____ predict performance on various complex tasks and in various jobs.

multiple intelligences do

According to another view of motivation, organisms may experience a physiological ____, which creates a state of arousal that ____ the organism to reduce the need.

need drives

Stress and ____ emotions ____ been linked to cancer's rate of progression.

negative have

The Type A characteristic that is most strongly linked with coronary heart disease is _____, especially ______.

negative emotions the anger associated with an aggressively reactive temperament

Exercise increases the body's production of mood-boosting neurotransmitters such as ____, ____, and the ____. It also predicts better ____ functioning and reduced risk of ____ and Alzheimer's disease.

norepinephrine serotonin endorphins cognitive dementia

When scores on a test are compiled, they generally result in a bell-shaped pattern or ___ distribution.

normal

The stage of formal operations is different from Piaget's other stages in that

not all adults in all societies reach the stage of formal operations.

Studies like the Berkeley Guidance Study and the Fels Longitudinal Study, which assessed infant IQ with measures of sensorimotor skills, found that infant IQ scores are

not related to childhood IQ scores.

One psychologist believes that general intelligence evolved as a means of helping people solve ____.

novel problems

frequency of the sound wave is measured in...

number of waves that arrive per second

In Western societies, children usually acquire ________ conservation before ________ conservation.

number; volume

Although the actual cause of this effect is unknown, one explanation is that this is due to improved ___. The recent performance gains on the WAIS are greatest among people at the lowest ___ levels.

nutrition economic

The families of bulimia patients have a high incidence of childhood _____ and ____ self evaluation. The families of anorexia patients tend to be ____, ____ and ____.

obesity negative competitive high-achieving protective

Hormone secreted by the stomach that signals fullness:_____.

obestatin

One of the major achievements of Piaget's sensorimotor stage is the development of the concept of

object permanence.

Ray, age 5 months, watches as his father places his stuffed teddy bear beneath his baby blanket during a game of peek-a-boo. His father notices, however, that Ray forgets about the bear if it is hidden for more than a few seconds. Ray has not yet developed

object permanence.

In addition, some fears are acquired by ____ parents and friends.

observing

Congenital factors are characteristics that

occur during gestation or birth.

Effective managers ____ exhibit a high degree of both task and social leadership. The ____ effect occurs when people respond more positively to managerial decisions on which they have voiced an opinion.

often voice

People who have an ___outlook on life are less likely than others to suffer ill health.

optimistic

The hypothalamus also secretes the hunger triggering hormone ____.

orexin

A child's performance on an intelligence test is described in terms of her position relative to the performance of

other children her age.

One controversy regarding the nature of intelligence centers on whether intelligence is one of ___ ability or several ____ abilities.

overall (general) specific

Most people tend to ____ the duration of emotions and ____ their capacity to adapt.

overestimate underestimate

Sarah has learned the word ball. Now all round objects are called "ball". What is Sarah's error?

overextension

In one experiment, job applicants were rated as less worthy of hiring when they were made to appear ____.

overweight

When the need for arousal has passed, the body is calmed through activation of the ____ nervous system.

parasympathetic

Brain scans of experienced meditators reveal decreased activity in the ____ lobe and increased activity in the ____ lobe.

parietal frontal

A study of Einstein's brain revealed that it was 15% larger in the lower ___ lobe--known to be an important neural center for processing ___ and ___ information.

parietal mathematical spatial

triarchic (three-part) theory of intelligence

people may display more or less analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, and practical intelligence.

As an extension of the Carolina Abecedarian Project, Ramey and colleagues randomly assigned some children and their families to a later-starting intervention program in early elementary school. They found that the children who participated only in these later-starting programs

performed better than children who participated in only the preschool intervention program

Another toxic emotion is ____; researchers have found that _____ are more than twice as likely to develop heart disease as ____.

pessimism pessimists optimists

The creative personality

pg. 332

Fears that fall outside the average range are called ____. Fearfulness is shaped by both our ____ and our ____.

phobias experience genes

vision

photo reaction are the basis of which sense(s)?

The first operations are formed when

physical activities become internalized as a part of an organized mental structure

According to Maslow, the ____ needs are the most pressing, whereas the highest-order needs relate to ___ and ___.

physiological self-actualization self-transcendence

The two-factor theory of emotion proposes that emotion has 2 components: ____ arousal and a ____ label. This theory was proposed by ____ and _____.

physiological cognitive Stanley Schachter Jerome Singer

Emotions have 3 components: ____, ___ and ____.

physiological arousal expressive behaviors conscious experience

If you wanted the best intellectual outcome for a child being placed for adoption, based upon the results of Scarr and Weinberg (1976) you should

place the child with the adoptive family as soon after birth as possible.

One of the differences that Stevenson, Chen, and colleagues found between American and Japanese families that could account for differences in academic performance between children in these countries is that compared to Japanese mothers, American mothers

placed greater emphasis on the role of effort in academic performance.

Homosexual and bisexual people appear more often in certain populations including ___, ____ and ____.

poets fiction writers artists musicians

Because intelligence is influenced by many genes, it is said to be ____.

polygenic

The technical name for the "lie detector" is the ____.

polygraph

Individuals at the ____ level of moral development tend to use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning and behavior.

postconventional

Suggesting that a poor man who stole food to feed his family was right, because human life takes precedence over rules, is an example of

postconventional moral reasoning.

Piaget proposed four stages of cognitive development. Which of the following is NOT one of his stages?

postoperational

Linda, a newspaper reporter who has a knack for making connections with very important people:

practical intelligence

In developing their abilities, experts point to the importance of ___, usually at least several hours a day for ____(how long?) before their full potential is achieved. This highlights the importance of ______in the development of expertise.

practice: 10 years; motivation

Piaget divides the preoperational phase into two substages: the __________ period (2 to 4 years) and the __________ period (4 to 7 years).

preconceptual; intuitive

According to Kohlberg, a person who believes that Heinz should steal the drug so his wife can live and cook him dinner is reasoning at the ____ level of moral development.

preconventional

Given an ambiguous ethical dilemma, a particular child focuses on her own self - interest and whether the outcome is pleasurable, but does not conform to the rules of law and order or focus on others' disapproval of the behavior. According to Kohlberg's stage theory, in which stage is this child most likely functioning? A. preoperational B. preconventional C. conventional D. postconvetional

preconventional

Several recent studies demonstrate that religious involvement ____ health and longevity.

predicts

Recent research suggests that adolescents may be prone to engage in risky behaviors such as reckless driving and unprotected sex because the _____ area of the brain is not fully developed until late adolescence or early adulthood.

prefrontal cortex

In order to promote creativity in your children, you encourage them to engage in

pretend play.

Using this design, Schale found that on five _____ _____ _____, most people improved throughout most of adulthood. The results of his research are known collectively as the _________ _______ __________.

primary mental abilities; Seattle Longitudinal Study

When we cope directly with a stressor, we are using ____ coping.

problem-focues

People tend to use ____ coping when they feel a sense of ____ over a situation.

problem-focused control emotion-focused change

perception

process of organization and interpretation

Young Benny can reach for his Cheerios with his arm, but cannot yet pick them up with his fingers and hands. Benny's behavior BEST illustrates the ____ trend of motor development.

proximodistal

In the wake of catastrophic events, such as floods, hurricanes, and fires, there often is an increase in the rates of _____.

psychological disorders such as depression and anxiety

Measuring psychological characteristics such as intelligence is taking a _______approach to research.

psychometric

The new field of ____ investigates how psychological, neural, and endocrine systems together affect the immune system and health.

psychoneuroimmunology

In _____ illnesses, physical symptoms are produced by psychological causes.

psychophysiological

Erik Erikson's developmental stages are organized around potential turning points called

psychosocial crises.

The term _____ was once used to describe such illness. However, this term implied that symptoms were ____.

psychosomatic unreal

The stage during which sexual functions reach maturity that marks the beginning of adolescence is referred to as

puberty.

electromagnetic energy

pulses of energy waves that can carry information from place to place.

Other studies have found that the brain waves of highly intelligent people register simple stimuli more ___ and with greater ____.

quicly complexity

More specifically, the four components of emotional intelligence are as follows: the ability to ____ emotions in faces, the ability to ___ them and how they change and blend, the ability to ____ them correctly in varied situations, and the ability to use them to enable ____ or creative thinking.

recognize predict express adaptive

An infant's ability to recognize a totally novel stimulus and direct his attention to it is called

recovery.

Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences

refers to separate, diverse types of intelligence in humans

During resolution males experience a ____ during which they are incapable of another orgasm.

refractory period

After experiencing tragedy or dramatically positive events, people generally ____ their previous degree of happiness.

regain

To regard an abstract concept as a concrete entity is to commit the error known as ____. By doing this, we are viewing intelligence as something a person has, rather than a score obtained on an ____.

reification intelligence test

The principle that one feels worse off than others is known as ____. This helps to explain why the middle and upper income people who compare themselves with the relatively poor are ____ satisfied with life.

relative deprivation slightly more

If a test yields consistent results, it is said to be ___.

reliable

The psychometrician at your school is administering a new IQ test and finds that students' scores on the test vary considerably across testing sessions. The new IQ test is not

reliable.

Until fairly recently in history, the healing traditions of ____ and ____ have worked ____.

religion medicine together

During the last four decades, buying power in the US has almost tripled; personal happiness has ____.

remained almost unchanged

People who are unemployed ____ lower well being. People who view their work as a ____ report the greatest satisfaction.

report calling

This is followed by the stage of ____, in which the body's resources are mobilized to cope with the stressor.

resistance

Positive emotions ____ in the early to middle part of most days. The gloom of stressful events usually ____ the next day.

rise is gone by

Happy people tend to perceive the world as ____ and live ____ and more energized and satisfied lives.

safer healthier

Tacit knowledge has been found by Sternberg (2001) to predict

salaries and job performance of workers.

People with ____ score at the low end of intelligence tests but possess extraordinary specific skills.

savant syndrome

The instructional process that is an outgrowth of the zone of proximal development is

scaffolding.

According to Piaget's theory, cognitive structures that form a basis for organizing behavior are

schemata

The MOST common category of attachment formed by infants in the United States is the

secure attachment.

six senses

seeing, hearing, smelling, touching, tasting, and monitoring the body's positions (proprioception)

Researcher such as Paul and Margaret Baltes have found that people devises alternative strategies to compensate for age-related decline in ability. The Balteses call this ___________ _________ __ _.

selective optimization of compensation.

Researchers have found that people who are rejected are more likely to engage in ___ behaviors, to underperform on ____ and to act in disparaging or ___ ways.

self-defeating aptitude tests agressive

Research has shown that ___ is a better predictor of school performance than ____ have been. Extremely successful individuals differ from equally talented peers in their ____, their passionate dedication to a long-term goal.

self-discipline intelligence scores grit

Another way to reduce stress is to talk about it. In another study by Pennebaker, Holocaust survivors who were the most ___ had the most improved health.

self-disclosing

Feeling accepted and loved by others boosts our ____.

self-esteem

Ancel Keys observed that men became preoccupied with thoughts of food when they underwent ____.

semistarvation

vestibular sacs

sense linear accelerations

semicircular canals

sense the rotational movements of the body

The Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children involves

sequential and simultaneous processing.

Carbohydrates boost levels of the neurotransmitter ____, which ___ the body.

serotonin calms

The weight level at which an individual's body is programmed to stay is referred to as the body's ____. A person whose weight goes beyond this level will tend to feel ____ hungry than usual and expend ____ energy.

set point less more

Historically, most psychologists have considered intelligence to be comprised of

several distinct abilities.

Which of the following does NOT occur during the final three months of prenatal development?

sex organs start to develop

Problems that consistently impair sexual functioning are called _____. Examples of such problems include ____, ____ and ____.

sexual disorders premature ejaculation erectile dysfunction orgasmic dysfunction

A person's sexual attraction toward members of a particular gender is referred to as ____.

sexual orientation

Unprotected sex has led to an increase in adolescent rates of ____. Teenage girls because of their not yet fully mature biological development and lower levels of protective ____, may be especially vulnerable to STIs.

sexually transmitted infection (STI) antibodies

Researchers' values ____ be openly stated.

should

The various emotions are associated with ____ forms of physiological arousal. In particular, the emotions of ____, ____, and ____ are difficult to distinguish physiologically.

similar fear anger sexual arousal

At what age does an infant typically first exhibit separation anxiety?

six to eight months

Sensory nerves, thalamus, parietal lobes

skin sensation nerve route in brain

Obese people are often stereotyped as ___, ____, and ____.

slow lazy sloppy

olfactory nerve, limbric system

smell signal nerve route in brain

Another buffer against the effects of stress is ____ support.

social

Much of our ____ behavior aims to increase our belongings. For most people, familiarity leads to ____.

social liking

Because of ____ facilitation, people tend to eat ____ when they are with other people. The phenomenon of ____ is the tendency of mindlessly eat more when portions are larger.

social more unit bias

According to many, boys' and girls' interests and abilities are shaped in large part by ____ and divergent opportunities. The mental ability scores of males tend to vary ____ than those of females.

social expectations more

Unlike Piaget's theory of cognitive development, Vygotsky emphasizes that

social interactions and culture strongly influence the cognitive development of a child.

The correct developmental sequence in children's use of speech based upon Vygotsky's theory is

social speech, egocentric speech, inner speech.

Intelligence is a ____ constructed concept.

socially

cochlear nerve, thalamus, temporal lobes

sound signal nerve route in brain

detector neurons

specialized neurons, located in the visual cortex, that respond to the strength, angles, shapes, edges, and movements of a visual stimulus

Higher work achievement is motivated by a leader who sets ____ goals.

specific challenging

Intelligence tests typically measure

specific knowledge and skills.

Research studies indicate that the benefits of expertise are quite __________(general/specific) and that practice and specialization __________ (can/ cannot ) always overcome the effects of age.

specific; cannot

Which of the following is MOST likely to decline in the later years?

speed in processing information

Which of the following is true with regard to changes that accompany aging?

speed of processing information declines

Girls tend to outscore boys on ____ tests and are more ___ fluent. They also have an edge in ____ and ____ objects, in sensation, and in ____ detecting ability.

spelling verbally remembering locating emotion

When a person's scores for the odd and even numbered questions on a test are compared, ____ reliability is being assessed.

split-half

One requirement of a good test is the process of defining meaningful scores relative to a pretested comparison group, which is called ____.

standardization

As a psychometrician, you are concerned that you administer the test using the same procedures each time. You are concerned with

standardization.

Although Francis Galton's search for a simple intelligence measure failed, he gave us some ___ techniques that we still use, as well as the terms ___ and ____.

statistical nature nurture

When women and members of ethnic minorities are led to expect that they won't do well on a test, a ____ may result, and their scores may actually be lower.

stereotype threat

Stress is not merely a ____ or a _____. Rather, it is the _____ by which we perceive and respond to environmental threats and challenges.

stimulus response process

Cannon and Washburn's experiment using a balloon indicated that there is an association between hunger and ____.

stomach contractions

A third difference is that experts have more an better _______for accomplishing a particular task.

strategies

Researchers note that the first step to a stronger organization is to institute a ____ selection system, which matches strengths to work.

strengths-based

This early school of psychology used introspection to study subjective mental experiences:

structuralism

A more disciplined method of collecting information from job applicants is the ____, which asks the same questions of all applicants. This method enhances the ____ accuracy and ____ of the interview process.

structured interview predictive reliability

Chen, Stevenson, and colleagues have found that Asian parents are more likely than European American parents to attribute children's academic performance to

studying hard.

An individual's self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life is called his or her ____.

subjective well-being

Some homosexuals struggle with their sexual orientation and are at increased risk of ____ attempts.

suicide

James Pennebaker has found that emotional ____ can adversely affect our physical health.

suppression

iris

surrounds the pupil, controls the size of the pupil by constricting or dilating in response to light intensity

One of the most significant accomplishments of the preoperational child is the rapid acquisition of the

symbolic function.

The stage "the invention of new means by mental combination" is characterized by the beginnings of

symbolic thought

The responses of arousal are activated by the ____ nervous system. In response to its signal, the ____ glands release the stress hormones ____ and ____, which increase heart rate, respiration, blood pressure, and blood sugar.

sympathetic adrenal epinephrine (adrenaline) norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

Postmortem analyses reveal that the brains of highly educated people have more ___ than do those of of people with less education. Other evidence suggests that highly intelligent people differ in their neural ___. Higher intelligence scores have also been linked with more ____ in brain areas known to be involved in ___, ___ and ____.

synapses plasticity gray matter memory attention language

Managers who are directive, set clear standards, organize work, and focus attention on specific goals are said to employ ____. More democratic managers who aim to build teamwork and mediate conflicts in the work force employ ____.

task leadership social leadership

Gustatory nerve, thalamus, frontal lobes

taste signal nerve route in brain

One study found that women who suffered enduring caregivers stress had especially short ____, which are pieces of ____ at the ends of ____ that are important in allowing cells to ____.

telomeres DNA chromosomes divide

A number of scientists today believe that biological factors may predispose a ____ that influences sexuality, and thus explains why sexual orientation is ____ to change. Most psychiatrists now believe that ____ plays the larger role in predisposing sexual orientation. Those who believe that sexual orientation is determined by ____ express more accepting attitudes toward homosexual persons.

temperament difficult biology biology

Another common response to stress among women has been called "_____," which refers to the increased tendency to _______.

tend and befriend seek and give support

When a test is administered more than once to the same people, the psychologist is determining its _____ reliability.

test-retest

The importance of the hormone ____ to male sexual arousal is confirmed by that fact that sexual interest declines in animals if their ____ are removed. In women, low levels of the hormone ___ may cause a waning sexual interest.

testosterone testes testosterone

Object permanence is the ability acquired when the child recognizes

that an object still exists even though it is out of the child's sight

If a test is said to be culturally biased, it would have questions

that were developed by a cultural committee.

Emotional intelligence

the ability to accurately identify, assess, and understand emotions, as well as to effectively control one's own emotions.

Emotion regulation

the ability to control and productively use one's emotions.

divergent thinking

the ability to generate many different ideas for or solutions to a single problem

proprioception

the ability to sense the position and movement of our body parts

Which of the following statements regarding personality changes in adulthood is MOST accurate?

the adult personality is characterized by both stability and change

The Flynn effect is a trend demonstrating that

the average IQ in developed nations such as the United States has increased about 15 points from 1932 to 1978.

Assume research shows there is a gender difference on Trait X and males tend to exhibit more of the trait than females. If the gender difference on Trait X is similar to other traits with gender differences, which of the following conclusions would BEST describe performance on Trait X?

the average male exhibits slightly higher levels of the trait than the average female

Two children are mentally retarded, yet one is higher in adaptive skills. One would conclude that

the child lacking adaptive skills is more likely to be labeled mentally retarded

Familial retardation includes intellectual deficits that derive from

the conditions of early infancy or childhood

Vygotsky's theory has influenced the study of child development by emphasizing

the contribution of social contexts to children's learning.

apparent motion

the cues that the brain uses to perceive motion

Arthur Jensen (1969) suggested that

the differences between African Americans and European Americans in IQ can mainly be attributed to genetic factors.

When Kohlberg presented moral dilemmas to individuals in order to evaluate their level of moral development, he placed the MOST emphasis on

the explanation the individual gave concerning the reason for his or her response.

pinna, or auricle

the external and visible part of the ear

The germinal stage of prenatal development is

the first two weeks after conception.

How do children develop special attachments to their mothers according to John Bowlby?

the infant is biologically programmed to emit behavior that triggers a protective response from adult females

The study of young street vendors in Brazil demonstrates

the influence of cultural practices on the development of mathematics skills.

Skin

the largest organ in the body, is the sensory organ for touch.

retina

the layer of tissue at the back of the eye that contains photoreceptor cells.

When researchers report a measure of central tendency, they might present:

the median

oval window

the membrane covering the opening of the cochlea

Cross-cultural research on conservation suggests that

the more experience individuals have with particular materials, the sooner they are able to understand conservation with those materials.

If the Stanford-Binet were administered to members of a rural tribe in Zimbabwe,

the results should be interpreted with extreme caution because the test norms may be invalid for this group.

Studies of adults indicate that in different cultures facial expressions have ____ meanings. Even our emotional ______ cross world cultures. Studies of children indicate that the meaning of their facial expressions ____ across cultures. The emotional facial expressions of blind children ____ the same as those of sighted children.

the same display rules does not vary are

One of the central processes of social cognition is the differentiation of

the self from other objects in the environment.

Research concerning personality development in adulthood focuses primarily on examining

the stability of personality over the life span

Kamehameha Early Education Program (KEEP) is an educational experiment based on Vygotsky's concept of

the zone of proximal development.

One theory that proposes that people develop a homosexual orientation if they are segregated with ____ gender at the time their sex drive matures. The fact that early homosexual behavior ____ make people homosexual ____ this theory.

their own does not conflicts with

The false-belief task is often used to investigate children's

theory of mind.

Piaget believed that children do not possess operations until

they are able to represent the world in their mind and use symbols.

Some African American children who succeed in school choose strategies to hide or camouflage their actual efforts to achieve academic success because

they get negative feedback from peers who may express negative attitudes toward education.

convergent thinking

thinking that is directed toward finding the correct answer to a given problem,

Most people are especially good at interpreting nonverbal ____. We read fear and ____ mostly from the ____, and happiness from the ____. Although we are good at detecting emotions, we find it difficult to detect ____ expressions.

threats anger eyes mouth deceiving

photo reaction, mechanical reactions, molecular reactions

three major types of transduction

tympanic membrane (or eardrum)

tightly stretched, highly sensitive membrane, which vibrates with the waves.

The goal of Piaget's theory of cognitive development is

to discover how children think about the world and how changes in their thinking come about.

Many argue that it is inappropriate to use heritability estimates of intelligence obtained in one population

to infer the heritability of intelligence in another population

Gelman and Williams (1998) propose that infants are born with learning mechanisms that are biologically prepared

to rapidly learn some of the critical features of their environment.

One study found that laughter caused improved ____ and increased ____.

tone bloodflow

Sternberg's ____ theory distinguishes three types of intelligence: ____ intelligence, ____ intelligence, and ____ intelligence.

triarchic analytical (academic problem solving) practical creative

If an infant's basic biological needs are met by others and sound attachments are formed during the first year of life, the infant will, MOST likely, successfully resolve the crisis associated with the ____ stage.

trust versus mistrust

When rodents were inoculated with ___ cells or given ____, tumors developed sooner in those that were also exposed to ____ stress.

tumor carcinogens uncontrollable

By one estimate, moderate exercise adds ____ years to life expectancy.

two

The adolescent growth spurt begins and puberty occurs approximately ____ in females than in males.

two years earlier

Negative situations are especially stressful when they are appraised as _____.

uncontrollable

Which of the following is NOT one of Kohlberg's levels of moral development?

unconventional

As a young man working in the laboratory of Alfred Binet, Piaget became interested in how children

understand what was being asked of them on intelligence tests

We have a natural dislike of many foods that are ____; this ____ was probably adaptive for our ancestors, and protected them from toxic substances.

unfamiliar neophobia

Because teenage sex is often ____ there is increased risk of pregnancy and ____. Compared with European teens, American teens have ____ rates of intercourse, ____ rates of contraceptive use, and thus ____ rates of teen pregnancy and abortion.

unprotected sexually transmitted infections (STIs) lower lower higher

Throughout the world, people place emotions along 2 dimensions: ____, which refers to whether a feeling is ____ or ____ and high versus low ____.

valence pleasant (positive valence) unpleasant (negative valence) arousal

A test that measures what it claims to measure is considered

valid.

While developing an intelligence test for children, you compare the children's score on the intelligence test with the criterion of their school grades. You are making sure the test is

valid.

The degree to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to is refereed to as the the test's ____.

validity

The most effective style of leadership ____ with the situation and/or the person.

varies

The value placed on different dimensions of intellectual ability ____________(varies/does not vary) from culture to culture _________(and /but not) from one stage of life to another. Another factor is the ___________context.

varies; and ; historical

The Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test includes questions about

various abilities: identifying emotions, facilitating thinking, understanding emotions, and managing emotions.

The fact that children in different cultures ____ in the age at which basic motor skills appear demonstrates that ____.

vary somewhat; environmental factors can slow or accelerate early motor development

the ossicles- the hammer (or malleus), anvil (or incus), and stirrup (or stapes)

vibrations are relayed into the middle ear through three tiny bones called? What are the 3 names?

Oval window

vibrations cause the ____________ to vibrate, disturbing the fluid inside the cochlea.

The series of studies by Fagan and colleagues support the view that intelligence scores in childhood can best be predicted from

visual attention behaviors in infancy.

optic nerve, thalamus, occipitual lobes

visual signal nerve route in brain

Newer studies that measure brain ____ using ____ scans reveal a ____ significant correlation between brain size (adjusted for body size) and intelligence score. The cause of this could be differing ____, nutrition, ____ or some combination of these.

volume MRI more genes environmental stimulation

Piaget's theory and research on the study of cognitive development came to the United States in the 1960s and

was an alternative to behaviorism

2. Seattle longitudinal Study

was the first study of adult intelligence that used a cross-sequental research design.

Rogoff's concept of guided participation emphasizes the

ways in which children learn as they are guided by the values and practices of others in their cultural community.

As children, most homosexuals ____ sexually victimized.

were not

farsighted

when the focus is behind the retina

nearsighted

when the focus is in front of the retina

In Carraher, Schliemann, and Carraher's study of children street vendors in Brazil, the children's accuracy was related to

whether the transaction was commercial or academic.

How does the brain change during adolescence?

white matter increases

Performance appraisal has several purposes, including helping organizations decide ____, how to appropriately ____, and how to better harness employees' ____. Performance appraisal methods include ____, ____ scales, and ____ scales.

who to retain reward and pay workers strengths checklists graphic ratings behavior rating

Most people become angry when another person's act seems ____, ____ and _____.

willful unjustified avoidable

Language

words or symbols and rules for combining them, that are used for thinking and communication. Most thinking relies heavily on language because words encode (translate) the world into symbols that are easy to manipulate. Language also plays a major role in defining ethnic communities and other social groups. Thus, language can be a bridge or a barrier between cultures. Translating languages can cause a rash of semantic problems. A language must provide symbols that stand for objects and ideas. A true language is also productive: it can generate new thoughts or ideas.

According to Freud, the healthy life is filled with ___ and ____.

work love

Health can also be improved by ____ about personal traumas in a diary.

writing

Adolescents in modern, western cultures reach puberty at _________ ages than their peers in developing countries.

younger