Comm 100 FINAL
describe three methods a speaker can use to generate emotional appeal
-use emotional language -develop vivid examples -speak with sincerity and conviction
identify three methods public speakers can use to help ensure that their language will be clear to listeners
-use familiar words -use concrete words -eliminate clutter
explain how to use examples efficiently in a speech
-use them to clarify, personalize and reinforce ideas -make them vivid and richly textured -practice delivery to enhance extended examples
discuss the use of stats in speeches, including the three questions to ask in judging their relatablity
-used to clarify and reinforce the speakers ideas -use them to quantify -make sure you use them sparingly and identify their source and explain them, round them and use visual aids too if needed -Representative of whole population it's generalizing? -Measures used correctly? -needs to say how it's measured -From a relatable source?
discuss Luca's 5 tips for formulating specific purpose statements and the 5 questions to ask about them
-write it as a full phrase -express it as a statement -avoid figurative language -limit to one idea -make sure its not too general -does it meet the assignment? -can i accomplish my purpose in the time allotted? -is my purpose relevant? -is it too trivial? -is it too technical?
define ethnocentrism and explain why speakers need to avoid it
the belief that one's own culture is superior to all other groups -bad bc you need to keep in mind everyone has special groups and cultures and they're all great
explain why speaking to persuade is especially challenging
You have to face people who may have differing opinions and views. Some points that would work with one audience may upset or fail with another.
explain the concept of the target audience and it's role in persuasive speaking
the portion of the audience you most want to persuade so you can tailor your speech to them and make it more effective in convincing them
discuss the fundamental purpose of a commemorative speech
to pay tribute to a person, group, institution or idea
explain 3 ways to avoid abstractions in informative speech
- use descriptions to draw them further in - use comparisons to relate it - use contrasts to relate it
explain how a speaker can adapt to the audience while preparing the speech and delivering the speech
-adapt in prep- assess how the audience will respond to what you say and adjust what you say to make it as clear, appropriate and as convincing as possible -adapt in presentation- make sure you improvise if you have to change your visual aid, speech length, etc. if needed, also if the audience seems confused go over something again/in a different way
discuss Monroe's motivated sequence; identify the five steps, and explain why this organizational method is considered particularly valuable
-attention -need -satisfaction (solution to the problem) -visualization (benefits) -action (how to do it) -valuable because it follows the process of human thinking and is more detailed than problem-solution order
discuss the use of audience analysis questionares, including the three basic types of questions and guidelines for effective use of quesitonares
-audience analysis questioners- used to get information about your audiences knowledge, attitude and concerns -fixed-alternative q's- have fixed choice of two or more answers -scale q's- response on a scale with fixed intervals -open-ended q's- allows people to respond however they want
explain three key criteria for evaluating the quality of materials on the Web
-authorship -sponsorship -recency
describe and differentiate among the three types of examples
-brief- specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point -extended- a story, narrative or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point -hypothetical- describes an imaginary or fictitious example
discuss the role of emotional appeals in persuasive appeals
-can make the speech more compelling
identify and discuss the five major methods of organizing main points in a speech
-chronologically -spatially -causally -problem-solution -topically
explain why the effective use of language is vital to speech composition and public speaking
-clearly -vividly -appropriately -inclusively -keeps understanding clear and useful
describe, identify, and give examples of the three key ways speakers can generate imagery in a speech
-concrete words- words the refer to tangible objects (carrot, pencil, nose, NOT activity, science or shit like that) -simile- comparison using like or as (this book is like the devil) -metaphor- implicit comparison between two things (cities are windows into society)
list four key reasons listeners are persuaded by speakers
-credibility -use of evidence -reasoning -appeal to emotions
identify the major demographic and situational traits of audiences and explain their importance to audience analysis
-demographical traits- age, gender, religion, sexual orientations, group membership and racial, ethnic or cultural background; have to gage the importance of each. Important because it helps you tailor to your specific audience. -situational traits- size, physical setting, disposition towards topic (interest, knowledge, attitude), disposition towards speaker, disposition towards occasion. Important to keep in mind to deliver an effective speech.
discuss ways to assess the different types of reasoning; identify the flaws in cases of problematic reasonging
-different fallacies -appeal to tradition- something old is automatically better than something new -appeal to novelty- something new is automatically better than something old
explain and apply the 6 guidelines for informative speaking
-don't overstate what the audience knows -relate subject directly to audience -don't be too technical -avoid abstractions -personalize ideas -be creative
discus evidence: what it is, why persuasive speakers need to use it, and what strategies a speaker should follow to use evidence effectively
-evidence- supporting materials used to prove or disprove something -needed to justify claims, crucial to convince audience of your point - should use specific, novel(new), evidence from credible sources and make the point of it very clear
list and differentiate among three major kinds of supporting materials
-examples- specific case to illustrate or represent a group of people, ideas, conditions, experiences or the like. -statistics- -testimonies-
describe credibility, the two primary factors which affect it, the three types of credibility, and the three ways a speaker can enhance credibility
-factor of competence- what the audience thinks of a speakers intelligence, expertise and knowledge -factor of character- what the audience thinks of a speakers sincerity, trustworthiness and concern audiences well-being -initial credibility- credibility that the speaker has before they speak -delivered credibility- credibility the speaker produces be everything they say and do in the speech -terminal credibility- credibility post speech -how to enhance credibility: explain competence, establish common ground with audience and deliver the speech fluently, expressively and with conviction
discuss and apply the 4 guidelines for effective central ideas
-full sentence -express it as a statement -avoid figurative language -not too general
identify the four objectives of a speech intro
-gain attention -reveal topic -establish credibility -preview body
differentiate among the general purpose, specific purpose and central idea of a speech
-general purpose- broad goal of speech -specific purpose- single infinitive phrase that states precisely that a speaker hopes to accomplish in the speech -central idea- one sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major speech ideas
identify and differentiate among global patchwork and incremental plagiarism
-global- stealing an entire speech and claiming it as your own -patchwork- copy and pasting parts of 2-3 speeches and claiming it as your own -incremental- using sources in a speech but not giving them proper credit
discuss testimony; distinguish between peer testimony and expert testimony; explain the proper use of testimony in a speech
-testimony- quotes or paraphrases used to support a point -peer- from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on the topic -expert- people who are recognized experts in their field -use- paraphrase accurately, use qualified, unbiased sources, and identify the source
identify and describe the eight major logical fallacies which speakers should guard against
-hasty generalization- speakers jumps to hasty conclusion off insufficient evidence -false cause- speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second -invalid analogy- two compared cases are not essentially alike -bandwagon- assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct or desirable -red herring- introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion -ad hominem- attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute -either-or- forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternative exist -slippery slope- assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented
list and discuss the 5 guidelines for ethical speech making
-make sure your goals are ethically sound -be fully prepared -be honest -avoid name calling -always be ethical
differentiate among the mean, median and mode
-mean- average value of a group of numbers -median- middle number in a group arranged from highest to lowest -mode- number that occurs most often in a group of numbers
evaluate the use of supporting materials in a speech
-need to be sharp and specific and used effectively and responsibly
explan the basic issues of need, plan, and practicality and their importance in persuasive speeches on questions of policy
-need- is there a serious problem or need that requires change from certain policy? (sometimes arguing there is NO need too) - important to convince audience -plan- does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem? -important in actually creating the change -practicality- will the speakers plan solve the problem and/or create new and more serious problems? -assures listeners that plan will actually work
discuss the 4 kinds of informative speeches
-objects -processess -events -concepts
describe, identify, and give examples of four basic devices for enhancing the rhythm of a speech
-parallelism- similar arrangement of a pair/series of related words/phrases (I have a dream.. i have a dream.. i have a dream..) -repetition- repetition of the same word(s) at begining/end of sentences (we do not give up. we do not quit. we do not allow it.) -alliteration- repetition of initial consonant (we need cooperation, commitment and compromise) -antithesis- juxtaposition of contrasting ideas (ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country)
explain the difference between passive agreement and immediate action as goals for persuasive speeches on questions of policy
-passive agreement- speakers goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy -immediate action- speakers goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy
identify and discuss the four methods of organization used most often in persuasive speeches on questions of policy
-problem-solution order- first points identify problem, second points present a solution -problem-cause-solution order- first problem, second causes of problem, third present a solution -comparative advantages order- each point explains why a speakers solution is preferable to other proposed solutions -Monroe's motivated sequence- five steps: attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, action
define, identify and give examples of questions of fact, value and policy; give an example of a specific purpose statement for each
-question of fact- truth/falsity of an assertion (ex. Is there intelligence on Mars? ex sps. To persuade my audience that William Shakespeare did not write the plays attributed to him) -question of value- worth, rightness, morality and so forth of an idea or action (ex. Is it morally justifiable to keep prisoners in solitary confinement for long periods of time? ex sps. To persuade my audience that capital punishment is morally and legally wrong) -question of policy- wether a specific course of action should or should not be taken (ex. Should the electoral college be abolished? ex sps. To persuade my audience that the US congress should pass legislation curving the spread of phony pharmaceuticals)
explain seven methods that can be used to gain attention in an intro
-relate topic to audience -state importance of topic -startle audience -arouse curiosity -question the audience -begin with a quote -tell a story
discuss the guidelines for organizing main points
-should have 2 or 3 main points -organize chronologically, spatially, causally, problem-solution or topically -keep main points separate -use same patterns of wording -balance amount of time devoted to each
identify major functions of a speech conclusion
-signal the end -reinforce central idea -be short -end with a bang!
explain why speakers must be audience-centered and what it means to say that audiences are egocentric
-speakers much be audiance-centered means you must keep the audience foremost in your mind at every step of the speech prep and presentation process, it helps get the desired response from the audience egocentric- people pay attention more to things that pertain o their own values, beliefs and well-being
identify and discuss the basic elements of the speech communication process
-speaking- act interested -message- narrow and organize well to be effective and have the correct body language -channel- make sure to act accordingly -listener- everything heard filters through their unique different perspectives -feedback- make sure you understand it before you respond -interference- internal and external distractions need to be fought by being captivating -situation- pay attention to world events/physical setting
identify, apply and evaluate the use of the four basic methods of reasoning
-specific instances- moves from particular facts to a general conclusion -principle- moves from general principle to specific conclusion -casual- seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects -analogical- compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second
explain methods for fufilling the functions of a speech conclusion
-summarize -end with quote -make a dramatic statement -refer to intro
explain the four kinds of speech connectives
-transitions -internal preview -internal summaries -signposts
Explain the differences between an informative speech and a persuasive speech
Informative is providing information about a topic while persuasive is speaking to create, reinforce or change peoples beliefs or actions
explain the differences between denotative and connotative
denotative- literal meaning connotative- meaning suggested by association or emotions triggered by the word
explain why a successful commemerative speech depends so much on the creative use of laguage
it helps invoke feelings in the audience to give it meaning and inspire them
explain how public speakers can use imagery and rhythm to help bring their ideas to life
it makes the ideas come alive and helps reinforce the message
formulate effective specific purpose statements and central ideas
sps- write it as a full phrase, express it as a statement, avoid figurative language, limit to one idea, make sure its not too general central idea- full sentence, express it as a statement, avoid figurative language, not too general
explain what it means to say that audiences engage in a mental dialogue with speakers
when the speaker anticipates possible questions and objections from the audience and answer it in the speech to engage in mental back and forth between speaker and listener
