Comm 101 Midterm

What is analytical listening and how is it beneficial?

-aims to fully understand the message -listeners explore ideas or issues from a variety of perspectives in order to understand them as fully as possible -particularly valuable when issues are complicated, but can sometimes be time-consuming -includes waiting to evaluate until after you've listened, separating the message from the speaker, and searching for value even in bad situations 1. listen for information before evaluating- we tend to make premature judgements especially strong when the ideas we hear conflict with our own beliefs. 2. separate the message from the speaker- may discount the value of a message because of the person who presented it, so we could be cheating ourselves out of some valuable information 3. search for value- you can find some value in the worst situations, listen opportunistically when you find yourself locked in a boring conversation with someone whose ideas you believe are worthless. ex: Andrea is truly bored with her conversation with Ted. She thinks to herself, "Where does he come up with this stuff?"

Why might people use evasive language?

-deliberate strategy to mislead or antagonize others; troublesome language in order to avoid communication clearly -ex: euphemisms instead of turbulence- bumpy air by airplane pilots and equivocation (do I look good- slip side issue/concern and never directly answer question) Euphemisms= greek word meaning "to use words of good omen" -a pleasant term substituted for amore direct but potentially less pleasant one ex: "restroom" instead of toilet "full-figured" instead of overweight Equivocation= your response in this situation--deliberately vague statement that can be interpreted in more than one way -spare receiver embarrassment that may come from a truthful answer -intentionally ambiguous speech: used to avoid lying on one hand and telling a painful truth on the other ex: One night i was waiting for my best friend to get ready for dinner and we were already running late. Then she asked how her outfit looks and even though I hated it and didn't want to offend her and be even later for our dinner reservation, i vaguely said "only you could pull that outfit off!"

Which culture listed below is collectivist?

-feel loyalty/obligations to an in-group (extended family, community, organization one works for) -China, Korea, Japan

Explain what it means to be open-minded.

-individuals who are willing to listen to and consider new ideas that they may not have considered before. It's helpful to consider three traits that incompatible with it: 1. ethnocentrism attitude: one's culture is superior to that of others, think privately or openly that anyone who doesn't belong in their in-group are inferior, wrong, or strange 2. ethnocentrism leads to prejudice: unfairly biased and intolerant attitude towards others who belong to the out-group ("pre-judge") 3. element of prejudice is stereotyping= exaggerated generalizations about a group; obvious exaggerations that all women are emotional, all men are sex crazed and insensitive, all older people are out of touch with reality, and all immigrants are welfare parasites. -done unconscious and are not motivated by ill will, they are automatic and can be overcome. Don't ignore our differences, but recognize that each of us reflects such a unique collection of experiences and cultures that generalizations cannot describe us. look for other ways to appreciate people beyond obvious cues such as race, gender, age, and sexual orientation ex: When I was on the debate team in high school, I always listened to my opponents argument to collect all the information they were stating to make sense of it and see if i could be persuaded to change my mind.

Explain the social exchange theory.

-scientists argue that all relationships (impersonal and personal) are based on semi-economic mode -suggests we tend to stick with people who can give us rewards that are greater than or equal to the costs we encounter in dealing with them -rewards may be tangible (sharing a nice apartment, doing favors for us) or intangible (prestige, emotional support, companionship) -costs are undesirable outcomes such as sense of obligation, emotional pain -use formula to decide whether dealing with another person is a "good deal" or "not worth the effort" ex: One of my classmates who I consider a friend, who I have a lot of respect for, offered to share an apartment with me across from campus at Pacific Ridge Apartments. However, I find her rude and selfish. Her nice apartment that she was able to get for next year are not worth the costs (rewards- costs= behavior/profits).

Andre was born male, but he identifies with his feminine attributes. He often dresses in clothing that are socially considered feminine. He is attracted to women and often dates them, but has never been attracted to men. What best characterizes Andre?

Andre is transgender

What are the three most common misconceptions about listening?

Hearing and listening are the same, listening is a natural process, and all listeners receive the same message.

Compare Knapp's developmental model with the dialectal model.

Knapps' Developmental model= (how communication operates in different phases of a relationship) -depicts 5 stages of intimacy development (coming together) and 5 stages in which people distance themselves from each other (coming apart) -Developmental steps of a relationship: 1. initiating- 1st encounter 2. experimenting- "small talk", get acquainted, minimal commitment 3. intensifying- interpersonal relationship when express how they feel; could lead to high level of intimacy or end the relationship 4. integrating- identify as social unit, merge social circles, share things, feel comfortable to make requests ex: Alexander and Evelyn have become "Facebook official" recently. They now share social circles and they even have their own song. 5. bonding- wedding, commitment ceremony, or public means of communication relationship is meant to be 6. differentiating- differences, doesn't mean relationship is doomed 7. circumscribing- communication decreases quantity and quality, withdraw physically by spending less time together 8. stagnating- behave in old, familiar ways without much feeling 9. avoiding- partners distance themselves, "I've been busy lately" or "please don't call. I don't want to see you now" ex: Sofia and Christian have been dating for over a year. They've had their ups and downs, but they've been growing apart. Every time Sofia calls Christian lately, he makes the excuse, "I've been busy lately." 10. terminating- where relationship has gone and desire to break up, can be short or long stage -both focus on communication as a means of creating relational closeness and distances. However, developmental model focuses on communication in particular phases, the dialectic perspective addresses how partners use communication to negotiate meaning throughout their relationships Dialectal model= -suggests that relational partners continually must struggle to satisfy opposing or incompatible forces, both within themselves and with one another -way we manage these challenges defines the nature of relationships and our communication within them -3 types: 1. Connection vs. Autonomy- conflicting desires for connection and independence. Most common reason for breaking up is that one partner doesn't satisfy the others need for connection. ex: "We barely spent any time together" or "I felt trapped", "I needed freedom" 2. Openness vs. Privacy- disclosure, require intimacy, but also need some to maintain space between you and a partner. 3. Predictability vs. Novelty- stability is essential, but too much predictability can lead to feelings of staleness and boredom. People differ in their desire for stability and surprises. ex: getting engaged before graduation or military deployment when life may seem uncertain, commitment can balance uncertainty in a relationship, but may be too predictable once life settles into a routine

Naomi lives in a small Jewish community in Bolivia. She speaks Spanish and is a Bolivian citizen. Despite her citizenship, she foremost identifies herself as Jewish. She follows Jewish religious customs and practices and visits Israel once a year. What best characterizes her primary ethnicity?

Naomi is Jewish. ethnicity= -social rather than biological construct -degree to which a person identifies with a particular group -nationality, culture, religion

Discuss the similarities and differences between the self-concept and self-esteem.

Self-concept= set of relatively stable perceptions that each of us holds about ourselves -what is unique about us and what makes us both similar to and different from others -answers the Q: Who are you? There are many ways to identify self- physical characteristics, social traits, social roles, defining interests, talents you posses/lack, belief system -culture influences -ex: athletic, tall -I am a 19 year old, tall blonde girl, who is shy at first, but once you get to know me I am bubbly and funny. I live with my 5 siblings and mom and step-dad in calabasas, CA. I love spending time at the beach with my friends and swimming in the ocean and listening to music. I am athletic and intelligent, but I don't have one artistic bone in my body. I grew up in a Christian church and went to a Christian high school, so I continue to practice my Christian beliefs. Self-esteem= element of self-concept -our evaluation of self-worth; person's self-esteem would be shaped by how he or she feels about these qualities ex: "I'm glad that I am athletic" or "I am embarrassed about being so tall" -effects the way we communicate. People with high self-esteem are typically more willing to communicate, more likely to think highly of others and expect to be accepted by them, and more likely to perform well when others are watching. By contrast people with low self-esteem are usually less willing to communicate, more likely to be critical of others and expect rejection from them, and more likely to be critical of their own performances and to perform poorly when being watched. Self-esteem doesn't guarantee success in personal and professional relationships. People with an exaggerated sense of self-worth may think they make better impressions on others, but neither impartial observer nor objective tests verify these beliefs. ex: When I was in elementary, I was also the tallest girl in all my classes and towered over all the boys. I was very self-conscious of this, ultimately lowering my self-esteem, making me shy and the quietest in my class.

What is an example of intrapersonal communication?

Tanya is asked to speak to the school board and she thinks, "I'm not a good enough speaker to do that." -communicating with oneself

With this language, people may show love by performing favors such as caring for each other when they are sick, doing the dishes, making meals, and so on.

acts of service

Which term below goes beyond the dichotomy of masculine and feminine?

androgynous

In your needs, wants, desires, and interests. _________________ you pay attention to a signal. What you pay attention to depends on your needs, wants, desires, and interests.

attending

Paying close attention to your friend's nonverbal cues and noting what he or she isn't saying is a successful communication pattern in friendships. This pattern is "______________."

be a good listener

Sarah is sure to let her friend Will know that she cares about him. Classify this communication pattern of high-quality friendship.

be validating and appreciative

The method by which a message is conveyed between people is called a

channel

All dyadic interaction (interaction between two people) could be called _________________.

contextually interpersonal communication

Words that have more than one correct dictionary definition are called _________________.

equivocal words

John is in Biology class trying to listen to the lecture. He's having difficulty following because he stayed up most of the night studying for an economics test. This best exemplifies environmental noise.

fale; physiological noise

The area in the Johari Window that represents information of which you are unaware but that the other person knows is the unknown area.

false, blind area

The perception of membership in a group that is part of an encompassing culture is referred to as race.

false; coculture ex: -ethnicity/race -region -sexual orientation/gender identity -religion -physical ability/disability -age/generation -socioeconomic status -language -activity (biker, surfer)

The rules that govern how words sound when they are pronounced are called pronunciation rules.

false; phonological rules

Social scientists use the term defensive listening to describe passive listening in which the receiver absorbs a speaker's ideas passively, rather as a sponge absorbs water.

false; pseudolistening/mindless listening

A person's biological category such as male, female, and intersex are referred to as their gender.

false; sex

The model that suggests that we tend to stick with people who can give us rewards that are greater than or equal to the costs we encounter in dealing with them is called attribution theory.

false; social exchange theory

Sometimes we give others a mental brush-off and assume their remarks don't have much value. This is referred to as________________.

faulty assumptions

Philippe send roses to Melania for Valentine's Day. What love language is he using?

gifts

There are some friends for whom we would do just about anything—no request is too big. These friends could be categorized into _____________ friendships.

high-obligation

Listeners that are not able to look beyond the stated words and/or behavior or nonverbal cues of a speaker to understand the real meaning are called ________________.

insensitive meaning

People with ___________ are less willing to communicate, more likely to be critical of others and expect rejection from them, and more likely to be critical of their own performances and perform poorly when being watched.

low-self-esteem

A message expressed through nonlinguistic means is called _________________.

nonverbal communication

Good nonverbal communicators are more _____________ than people who are less skilled.

persuasive

The influence others have on ones self-concept is called

reflected appraisal

Karen really holds Kelly in high esteem, but she doesn't really like her. What dimension of relational messages does this exemplify?

respect

By definition, ___________ requires that we express ourselves personally through physical contact, shared experiences, intellectual sharing, and emotional disclosures.

romantic intimacy

The process of deliberately revealing information about oneself that is significant and that would not normally be known by others is called _______________.

self-disclosure

When a person's expectation of an outcome, and subsequent behavior, makes the outcome more likely to occur than would otherwise have been true, this is referred to as

self-fulfilling prophecy

The rules that deal with the meaning of specific words are called _________________.

semantic rules

Gabrielle finds Simona to be annoying, but she likes that Simona has connections with the people she likes to hang out with. Although there is a cost to the relationship, the benefit of being connected outweighs that cost. This is an example of ______________.

social exchange theory

Shrugging your shoulders instead of answering in words is called __________________.

substituting

Arbitrary constructions that represent a communicator's thoughts are referred to in the chapter as _________________.

symbols

A collection of symbols governed by rules and used to convey messages between individuals is referred to in the chapter as language.

true

Affirming words includes compliments, thanks, and statements that express love and commitment.

true

All dyadic interaction (interaction between two people) could be called contextually interpersonal communication.

true

Humans use symbols to represent things, processes, ideas, or events in ways that make communication possible.

true

Self-concept is a set of relatively stable perceptions that each of us holds about ourselves.

true

Social scientists use the term emblems to describe deliberate nonverbal behaviors that have precise meanings known to everyone within a cultural group.

true

The communication that occurs when we treat one another as unique individuals, regardless of the context in which the interaction occurs or the number of people involved is called qualitatively interpersonal communication.

true

The rules that govern the structure of language—the way symbols can be arranged—are known as syntactic rules.

true

Mediated communication channels include

voice mail, telephone, email, text message, voice mail, video chatting; not face-to-face, not hand signals, not speaking, not touch