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Comm 1100 Final

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1.The two essential elements in scholar Richard Daft's definition of leadership are the idea of an influence relationship and _____. the ability to maintain order the traits to garner admiration the force to retain the status quo the intention to change

10. Forensic rhetoric is used to address _____. affirmation of cultural values values and beliefs possible future actions events that happened in the past

relational trajectory models

Relationship development models that view relationship development as more variable than do stage models.

Small Group Individual Roles Joker

Lacks involvement in the group's process, distracts others by telling stories and jokes "Hey, did you hear the one about . . . ?"

Small Group Task Roles Orienter

Summarizes what has been discussed and keeps group focused "We've now discussed several aspects of personal safety; maybe it's time to turn our attention to issues of protection of private property."

10. Tracie and her husband are constantly juggling demands from their jobs while also taking care of their home and children. What organizational dilemma are they facing? assimilation ingratiation burnout work-life conflict

3.As it relates to small group communication, which of the following is directly related to group productivity and increased team performance? making sure the group has a clear purpose utilizing a virtual meeting setting having the fewest number of people possible for a small group ensuring that the group has multiple goals

Small Group Individual Roles Self-confessor

Uses the group as an audience to report non-group-related personal feelings "I'm so upset at my boyfriend. We had a big fight last night."

3.As referenced in the text, organizations tend to hire and promote those who have proven _____. they can work well with others they never need assistance from others they tend to become a dominator they prefer serving in individual roles in group work

3.Caden liked Phil initially, but over time, as he learned more about him, he discovered that he didn't like Phil at all. This development can best be explained by _____ theory. predicted outcome uncertainty reduction social exchange equity

10. Maria told her mother that she was sure she was going to be diagnosed with cancer someday because every news report she heard talked about how the food you eat causes cancer and the electronics you use cause cancer. Which theory explains Maria's belief? content cultivation dissonance hegemony

1. A cultural group in which the majority strongly believe that one's primary responsibility is to one's self is identified as _____. individualistic long-term oriented short-term oriented collectivistic

Uncertainty Reduction Theory

Theory that argues relationship development is facilitated or derailed by participants' efforts to reduce their uncertainty about each other.

Equity theory

Theory that argues that people are more satisfied in relationships they perceive as fair, that is, where their costs are balanced by their rewards.

predicted outcome theory

Theory that attempts to explain how reducing uncertainty can lead to attraction or repulsion.

Social exchange theory

Theory that explains the development and longevity of relationships as a result of individuals' ability to maximize the rewards and minimize the costs of their relationships.

Attraction theory

Theory that explains the primary forces that draw people together.

Social penetration theory

Theory that proposes relationships develop through increases in self-disclosure.

close relationships:

They are more open in their communications with each other than with other people, and they tend to disclose more personal details

5.In the _____ phase of the decision-making process, the group has worked through primary and secondary tensions and members act cooperatively. emergence orientation reinforcement conflict

5.Which of the following roles tends to undermine the group process and sense of cohesion? dominator recorder standard setter evaluator-critic

6. In a relationship with an individualistic orientation, you would find _____. autonomy and independence interdependence and reliance on others equality of power the possession of a universal truth

8. Hope is dedicated to her job and when she completes a project, she feels very satisfied. She knows this is largely due to her boss, who provides her with challenging but achievable projects and who also gives her frequent and specific positive feedback. Which communication strategy does her boss employ? intrinsic motivation openness assertiveness ingratiation

8. In the aftermath of the Manchester, England, terrorist attack in 2017, many discussions arose to attempt to explain why the situation had occurred. This is an example of a _____. rhetorical event social discourse public sphere signpost

9. When members of the school board argue about the best ways to spend taxpayer dollars, they are engaging in _____ rhetoric. deliberative democratic forensic epideictic

9. Which of these characteristics is associated with a long-term orientation? perseverance safety individualism complacency

1. In the communal ethical approach, an organization's ethical standards should be created by _____ and monitored by _____. all members; all members select individuals; all members supervisors; subordinates supervisors; all members

1. It is evident that mass media play an important role in our society when you realize that nearly _____ of Americans received news of the 2016 presidential election from their televisions. 85 percent 25 percent 45 percent 100 percent

1. Someone who understands organizational communication will ask _____ questions about everyday organizational practices. more informed less varied more generic less critical

1. The best way to become an active agent and ethical media consumer is to _____. make deliberate choices about what media you expose yourself to disregard most mainstream media and concentrate on other sources ignore any media content that does not align with your current beliefs watch or read everything that is available

1. The means through which a rhetor gains the trust of an audience and designs credible messages was identified by Aristotle as _____. artistic proofs rhetorical abilities sophistry social positioning

1. Which of the following descriptions provides the best understanding of culture? learned patterns of perceptions, values, and behaviors shared by a group of people individuals with similar characteristics of skin tone, eye shape, body type, and hair color a nonchanging and repeating pattern of perceptions, values, and behaviors shared by all people a group of individuals sharing a country or region of origin

1. _____ communication is always transmitted through a channel, such as television, film, and print. Mediated Cultural Interpersonal Organizational

1.A high degree of similarity is also known as _____. homogeneity heterogeneity ethnocentrism proximity

1.As emphasized in the text, much of our success within organizations is connected to _____. our communication abilities our physical appearance our time orientation our cognitive potential

1.Equal participation, buy-in, and establishing trust are examples of _____, which demonstrate commitment to the group. relational ethics authentic communication inclusive language task roles

1.What type of messages tend to occur when someone criticizes, teases, or verbally rejects someone? hurtful messages authentic messages unintentional messages avoidance messages

1.With which of the people below are you in a close relationship? The best friend who you text daily. The person you say hello to in the elevator on your way to communication class. The cashier who checks out your groceries. The person who serves you coffee at Starbucks each morning.

10. A cultural group that focuses on a strong work ethic and minimizes the importance of personal relationships and enjoying life is considered high in _____. restraint short-term orientation long-term orientation indulgence

10.During the _____ phase of the decision-making process, members of the group reach consensus and the decision solidifies. reinforcement emergence orientation conflict

11. _____ is a value orientation that expresses whether it is more important to "do" or to "be." Preferred personality Power distance Indulgence versus restraint Human nature

11.Pat made an anniversary dinner for Grayson. He accidently burned the meat and the corn-on-the-cob was raw. At the end of dinner, Grayson told him, "Dinner was wonderful." Which of the following best characterizes Grayson's behavior? deceptive critical honest jealous

11.Which of these groups is experiencing groupthink? Rather than voice her disagreement, Jessica went along with what everyone else wanted to do. Mallory suggested that everyone in the group take out a sheet of paper and write down every idea that came into their thoughts. Rob is the leader of the group but encourages all the group members to participate in the final decision. Carson knows it is always better to work in a group than to work alone.

Turning point model of relationship development

best captures the fact that relationship development can be bidirectional—that is, that couples move both toward and away from commitment over the course of their relationship.

3. Which of the following is true about the way Americans currently consume television, according to Nielsen? We have many more options and are viewing about 75 percent of those available. We have fewer options but are watching television more and more. We have many more options, but only view about 10 percent of those available. We have fewer options and are becoming increasingly more fragmented on the whole.

8.When he broke up with his partner, Nicholas said it was for the best because now they could both devote more time to their studies. Which disengagement strategy did Nicholas use? positive tone behavioral justification negative identity

9. Marcus advised his boss that it might be better to allocate three days instead of two for the inventory process because the warehouse also had to be inventoried. Which form of supervisor-subordinate communication does this demonstrate? empowerment ingratiation rationality assertiveness

1. Anyone who wishes to communicate more ethically across cultures should keep in mind that _____. you should always remain true to your view of the world it's acceptable to view others against the standards of your own group other cultures must be valued because they are unique and exotic we all communicate through a cultural lens

Protests against the World Trade Organization, underground and alternative magazines and newspapers, and performance art that critiques social issues also constitute types of public sphere rhetoric, but are sometimes referred to as _________, because_____

counter-publics because they occur outside the mainstream media and institutions.

1. Rhetoric is also known as the art of _____. engagement public speaking information persuasion

The two essential components of intercultural communication are

culture and communication

1. A defining element of the process referred to as diaspora is _____. traveling for pleasure acculturation voluntary immigration displacement

1. A rhetorical event is one that _____. allows everyone to voice an opinion justifies or explains the past permanently changes the world generates a significant amount of public discourse

1. After Nick damaged Michaela's car and refused to pay for the repairs, Michaela took him to small claims court where she explained to the judge why Nick should pay for the repairs. Which function of rhetoric does this demonstrate? Rhetoric is essential to a vital democracy. Rhetoric helps people clarify their own beliefs and actions. Rhetoric is a source of disagreement. Rhetoric helps people seek justice.

1. Those who actively seek some media messages and resist others in a media-rich environment are referred to as _____. media activists agenda setters message encoders active agents

1. Which of these situations is an example of diaspora? Kylie is fluent in English and Spanish. Juan got a new job and will move from Portland to Washington, D.C. Many high schools introduce students to a foreign language to help them understand there are many types of communities. The large population of Chinese immigrants who settled in San Francisco continue to carry on the traditions and language of China.

1. Without the _____ to be an effective communicator, no other skills will be relevant. power ethics knowledge motivation

1. _____ became popular with the work of Harold Laswell and his colleagues, who were concerned with "propaganda and public opinion and the emergence of radio as a great mass medium of communication." Cultivation theory Agenda-setting capacity Selective exposure theory Content analysis

1.According to your text, people with even a few close relationships experience _____ than those who are lonely. more stress a greater degree of job success more communication anxiety a greater sense of well-being

1.Adopting an interdependent attitude in group communication situations includes _____. focusing on personal ambition, needs, and wants emphasizing individualism developing a "me" orientation working toward collaborative communication

1.Flirting is a(n) _____ behavior that signals you are interested in a potential romantic relationship with another person. terminating justifying maintaining initiating

1.The distaste and aversion that people feel toward working in groups is known as _____. groupthink communication anxiety group cohesion grouphate

12. A speaker must select one of three goals for a speech—to inform, to persuade, or to entertain. The goal that the speaker chooses is known as the _____. thesis specific purpose demographic analysis general purpose

12. There are hundreds of federally recognized American Indian and Alaska native tribes in the United States that embrace their own culture, language, and history and choose not to share values found in the dominant U.S. culture. These tribes are examples of _____. power distance preferred personality diaspora cocultural groups

14. Taylor doesn't know why he has to take a communication class in college—he knows how to talk to other people. Taylor appears to be lacking in the most important component of improving intercultural communication, which is _____. knowledge of self avoidance of stereotypes striving for empathy motivation

15. Albert is listening to the radio as he drives home from work. The radio host is talking about a natural disaster, referring to "innocent victims." Albert thinks to himself, "Can a victim be 'innocent' or 'guilty,' or is a victim just a victim?" This is an example of _____. broadening your media horizons being an active agent using selective perception talking back

2. An individual from a collectivist culture would most value _____. winning at any cost independence power group harmony

2. As an analytic tool, the linear model of communication is most helpful in understanding _____. the impact of messages on people's everyday lives the changing landscape of mass media effects the multiple ways that people respond to messages the power and influence of media messages

2. Before even initiating a discussion over a conflict, you should _____. practice what you want to say and do focus on your emotions take several minutes to cool off know what you want to accomplish

2. During her semester in Ecuador, Elizabeth realized how privileged she was to be able to study abroad and to travel to different countries in South America during her school vacation. Which aspect of Elizabeth's learning does this reflect? mutual demographics diaspora peacebuilding increased self-awareness

2. How can you most effectively communicate that you're interested in someone else's culture and affirm their sense of identity? remember the benefits gained by intercultural communication apply stereotyping and prejudices refrain from discussing your own culture's history, background, and values acquire knowledge about its history, background, and values

2. Jasmine is an African American freshman girl in college. Her English professor, Dr. Jain, is a middle-aged man from India. The conversations between Jasmine and Dr. Jain represent a _____ degree of "interculturalness." nonexistent hidden low high

2. Television, film, radio, magazines, advertisements, and newspapers are all examples of communication _____. events effects agents media

2. Which property of organizational communication refers to the goals and effects of communication? hierarchy structure culture function

2.In a small group, which type of roles often involve seeking, processing, and evaluating information? relational roles individual roles social roles task roles

2.In order to maintain authentic and ethical communication, it is vital to _____ issues that are important to the relationship and to the other person. manipulate downplay hide confront

2.What does the text indicate is an advantage of working in a small group? It allows groupthink. It can lead to excessive closeness. It is time-consuming. It promotes critical thinking.

2.What organizational communication knowledge will improve your ability to accomplish your goals? recognizing various types of leadership styles creating an organization's mission statement demonstrating how to develop a website knowing what questions to ask and how to ask them

3. An important goal for those using the strategy control method to manage conflict is to _____. win the disagreement at their partner's expense ignore the disagreement and hope it goes away increase the chances for further confrontation increase the chances for cooperation, collaboration, and compromise

12. It is all too common today for a news station to interrupt regular programming to report on a catastrophic situation happening somewhere in the world. These situations are called _____. media events agenda setting active agents hegemony

13. Patricia has asked her coworker David not to call her "sweetie" and "honey," but he continues to do so. She feels demoralized by these references and reports the situation to her boss. What is taking place in this situation? hostile work environment upward distortion downward communication quid pro quo

14. What was the purpose of the Hays Code? It established strict guidelines for film content with the intent of creating wholesome entertainment. It introduced the V-chip, which indicated the appropriateness of a television program for young children. It established the motion picture rating system of G, PG, and R to assist consumers with making movie selections. It granted first-use rights to television stations over all other forms of media.

14. Which of the following is the most effective method for rehearsing your speech? standing up and practicing in front of one or two friends working to memorize the exact wording of the speech practicing only your nonverbal messages instead of the verbal going over the main points silently in your head

14.Even though she has three exams next week, Asha knows she also has to do her share of the group project or it wouldn't be fair to the rest of the group. Asha is demonstrating _____ ethics. relational transformational functional primary

14.Steve's parents frequently advise him on what he should do to be successful in his undergraduate program. Because they have never been to college, he is dismissive of what they have to say. Which type of inauthentic communication does this example demonstrate? disqualification withdrawal topic avoidance meaning denial

15. On the feedback form, Charles wrote that the speaker seemed down-to-earth and genuine. What aspect of the speaker is Charles reviewing? persona thesis credibility delivery

15.What are the two types of hurtful messages? intentional and unintentional aggressive and nonaggressive ritual and societal primary and secondary

2. A 2016 Nielsen study found that the average U.S. American consumes almost 75 hours of media content each week, with _____ being the most used by far. television smartphones PCs radio

2. A rhetor is understood to be _____. a person or institution that addresses the public or an audience an informed consumer of rhetorical discourse an individual who is especially skilled at the nuances of public speaking a person seeking to persuade a friend

2. Laura is preparing a speech about why she doesn't believe same-sex marriage should be legal. In order to be ethical, it is important that she is aware of the _____ used in her speech, especially potentially pejorative terms. language transitions logic organizational structure

2. The _____ perspective views ethical failures as resting on the shoulders of specific individuals within the organization. individual employee corporate communal

2. The gap in information and understanding between supervisors and subordinates on certain issues is known as _____. semantic-information distance organizational identification supervisor distortion organizational culture

2. Under the new social contract, workers and organizations do not expect _____. loyalty restructuring hard work profit goals

2.Many faiths have long prescribed whom their members should marry, how many spouses they could have, and even if they should date prior to marriage. This is an example of how _____ impact our communication and relationships. institutions statutes cohorts social classes

2.Messages that are perceived as being designed specifically to cause harm to the recipient are called _____ messages. intentional critical thinking unintentional inauthentic

2.Practicing truthfulness in group communication means _____. being accurate and avoiding exaggeration revealing any biases or stereotypes you may hold telling the truth no matter what disregarding confidentiality in lieu of disclosure

2.Researchers found that high-quality social relationships were associated with _____. increased longevity decreased wealth decreased intercultural contact increased power

2.The tendency to develop relationships with people who are approximately as attractive as we are is known as the _____. matching hypothesis attractiveness theory uncertainty reduction theory predicted outcome theory

3. Company Q develops a slingshot for young adults and labels it as not suitable for children under age 14. However, its advertising shows young-looking boys happily shooting each other with the toy. Under the communal view, who bears responsibility for the company's unethical communication? all members of Company Q and its advertisers the decision-makers at the company the individuals who appear in the ad the individuals who created the ad

3. G, PG, PG-13, R, and NC-17 are all movie ratings created by the _____ in the late 1960s. MPAA FCC TV Parental Guidelines Board Hays Office

3. In high school, Roxy only watched three channels, all of which showed reality television programs. But now that Roxy is in college, she wants to become involved in a range of new media outlets and subject matter. What is this process called? broadening your horizons talking back being an active agent challenging the messages you receive

3. Stereotypes can become _____, meaning if you stereotype people and treat them in a prejudiced or negative manner, they may react in ways that reinforce your stereotype. self-fulfilling unyielding motivating lawful

3. The Amazing Race, Grey's Anatomy, and Scandal are all products of ABC Studios, a television production company. This is an example of _____. a culture industry a medium a mass market a rhetorical industry

1. _____ consist of the set of interactions that members of groups use to accomplish their individual and common goals. Social groupings Organizations Affiliations Cultures

1. _____ is the practice of organizing with others to communicate displeasure with certain media images and messages and to advocate for change. Media hegemony Media activism Media gatekeeping Media monitoring

1. _____ occurs when one assesses the available information and options in order to increase one's understanding of the conflict and the other party before engaging in conflict communication. Compromise Strategy control Escalation Confrontation

1.Every time Juanita is assigned a group project for school, she ends up doing all of the work because the other people in the group are somehow unavailable. As a result, she really dislikes group work in general and prefers to do assignments on her own. Juanita is experiencing _____. ethnocentrism grouphate groupthink multiculturalism

1.The senior class formally elected Albert to be its president. Albert's authority to make decisions on behalf of the class is an example of _____ power. derived legitimate coercive hidden

1.Which of the following best meets the text's description of a small group? two friends who are talking about their vacation plans three coworkers who are developing a sales presentation a group of people standing in line at the bank the spectators at a golf tournament

3. When scholars focus on audience perceptions of reality and attempt to discover how or whether media coverage correlates with changing audience perceptions, they are using _____ research. media event content analysis agenda-setting media hegemony

Fred E. Fiedler, proposed the "____________ Model" of leadership

"Contingency Model"

5. Border dwellers who embrace and thrive in their surroundings, both recognizing its challenges and realizing its potential, are known as _____. reformed ethnocentrists encapsulated marginal people potential intercultural communicators constructive marginal people

5. During the trial claiming the railroad had failed to maintain an overpass, the prosecutor played an audio recording of a car being crushed by concrete slabs and steel beams while narrating what must have been going through the Peterson family's minds as the car they were in was being crushed. This was an appeal to which artistic proof? mythos ethos logos pathos

work-life conflict

defined by the difficulties individuals and families face as they try to balance job and home responsibilities.

change/predictability tension

delineates the human desire for events that are new, spontaneous, and unplanned while simultaneously needing some aspects of life to be stable and predictable.

Relational ethics involve

demonstrating commitment to the group

Battering

describes relationships in which one individual uses violence as a way to control and dominate his or her partner

Semantic-information distance

describes the gap in information and understanding between supervisors and subordinates on specific issues

Breadth

describes the number of different topics dyads willingly discuss.

Sexual harassment

describes unwanted sexual attention that interferes with an individual's ability to do his or her job or behavior that ties sexual favors to continued employment or success within the organization

V-chip

device that identifies television program ratings by content and can block programming designated by the owner

The staircase Knapp's model depicts relationship dissolution as occurring in five steps that lead downward:

differentiating, circumscribing, stagnating, avoiding, and terminating

Michael Slater and his colleagues found that aggressive young people seek out violent media and that exposure to media violence can predict aggression. Thus, they see media violence and aggression as mutually reinforcing and call their model a____________ to describe the powerful, negative influence the interaction has on youth.

downward spiral model

Relational communication

focuses on group maintenance and interpersonal relationships, such as offering encouragement or mediating disagreement.

Situational couple violence

is characterized by less intense forms of violence and tends to be more mutual in its performance. ex. pushing, shoving, slapping, or throwing objects, but not beating

Task-orientated leadership style

is effective under extreme conditions—in natural disasters or in uncertain situations.

Frequency

is how often self-disclosure occurs; individuals usually share more disclosures with people with whom they are close.

eye contact

is one of the most direct ways to show your engagement with your audience, and it can lend credibility to your presentation.

public sphere

is the arena in which deliberative decision making occurs through the exchange of ideas and arguments.

bullying

refers to repeated, hostile behaviors that occur in the workplace over an extended period and that are intended, or are perceived as intended, to harm one or more parties who are unable to defend themselves

The second motivation, personal identity,

refers to the idea that viewers may use media messages to affirm some aspect of their personal identity—

preferred personality

the second value orientation A value orientation that expresses whether it is more important for a person to "do" or to "be."

organizations

the set of interactions that members of purposeful groups use to accomplish their individual and common goals

Group roles

the shared expectations group members have regarding each individual's communication behavior in the group

diaspora

whole groups of people are displaced to new countries as they flee genocide or other untenable conditions or are taken forcefully against their will. The movement, migration, or scattering of a people away from an established or ancestral homeland.

When friends desire relationship dissolution, they are likely to use one or more of the following disengagement strategies:

withdrawal/ avoidance, Machiavellian tactics, positive tone, and openness

organizational culture can be thought of as the "____________" of an organization

"personality"

French theorist Michel Maffesoli has suggested that society consists of multiple

"tribes," or identity groups,

Small group communication, like all communication, is influenced by societal forces. The world outside influences this form of communication in two important respects: 1. 2.

(1) the way power is used inside and outside groups (2) the role cultural diversity plays

three types of ethical guidelines: 1. 2. 3.

(1) those aimed at strengthening group relationships, (2) those dealing with specific communication practices, and (3) those related to group decisions.

demographic diversity

(age, gender, ethnicity, and race)

Visual aids

(supporting material) are any audiovisual materials that help you reach your speech goals.

Information Seeking Strategies 1. 2. 3.

1. Active Strategies 2. Passive Strategies 3. Interaction Strategies

five communication theories of relationship development. Attraction theory

1. Attraction theory 2. Uncertainty Reduction Theory 3. predicted outcome theory 4. Social exchange theory 5. Equity theory

the following four communication processes lead to task effectiveness and member satisfaction (relational effectiveness) in small groups 1. 2. 3. 4.

1. Equal participation: The fact is that if everyone participates, the group can consider a wider variety of ideas, attend to more aspects of the topic, and thus make better decisions. 2.A consensus decision-making style: Members participate in and agree with the decisions made by the group 3.A cooperative conflict style: The group manages conflict by integrating all parties' interests. 4.A respectful communication style: Group members demonstrate that other members are valued and important.

Although no strategies will work in every group communication situation, two strategies can help you be more effective in many of them. 1. 2.

1. First, cultivate an interdependent or collectivist attitude, a "we" orientation instead of a "me" orientation, and work toward collaborative communication 2. Second strive for cohesion it is important in the success of small group relationships and task accomplishment.

The Two points that are central to using an agenda effectively 1. 2.

1. First, researchers have found that most problem-solving groups have less conflict and a more consistent focus when they follow formal procedures 2.Second, successful groups do not necessarily solve all problems in strict sequential order; they may take a variety of paths

Several strategies build trust and cohesion: 1. 2. 3.

1. Focus on the strengths of all group members, and recognize their contributions to group goals. Be sure to acknowledge all group achievements. 2. Remind the group of common interests and background experiences. Doing this can help build cohesion, prevent unnecessary conflict, and strengthen group identity. 3. Be observant and notice when a member might be feeling unappreciated or uninvolved in the group. Encourage that person to participate. People gain trust and become more trusting as they participate, especially if their participation is encouraged.

three of the communication problems that can result from large power differences. 1. 2. 3.

1. Organizational bullying 2. Sexual Harassment 3.

Authentic communication is particularly important in close relationships for two reasons:

1. We expect our closest friends and family members to be authentic, or "real," with us, 2. and authentic communication is connected to intimacy.

Audience analysis involves learning as much as you can in response to the following four questions. 1. 2. 3. 4.

1. What does the audience already know about your topic? What do they want to know? 2. What do your listeners know about you? What do they need to know about you? 3. What expectations do your listeners have for the presentation? 4.Who are your audience members in terms of identity characteristics such as age, gender, race and ethnicity, education, socioeconomic status, and group membership? These characteristics are known as audience demographics, and the process of investigating them is known as demographic analysis.

shared leadership requires a balance of power in which:

1. all members are equal partners; 2. all share a common purpose or goal; 3. all share responsibility for the work of the group (take an active role and are accountable for completing their individual contribution); all have respect for the person—and skills and ideas that each brings to the team; and 4. all work together in complex, real-world situations.

two of the most significant societal forces that impact organizational communication— 1. 2.

1. history 2. globalization.

three types of communication that are integral to organizations: 1. 2. 3.

1. assimilation, 2. supervisor-subordinate communication, 3. coworker communication.

Style Theory describes three common styles of leadership: 1. 2. 3.

1. authoritarian, 2. democratic, and 3. laissez-faire.

a servant leader must excel at 10 characteristics. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

1. awareness 2. listening 3. empathizing 4. persuasion 5. conceptualization 6. foresight 7. stewardship 8. healing 9. commitment to the growth of others 10. building community

To become more effective in your media consumption: 1. 2. 3.

1. be an active agent in your media choices 2. be mindful of the media choices you make 3. speak out if you find media content offensive.

three important aspects of delivery: 1. 2. 3.

1. being aware of time 2. developing a speaking persona 3. putting your speech into action.

Today, media activism has concentrated largely on the ethics of five areas: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

1. children's programming 2. representations of cultural groups 3. bias in news reporting 4. alternative programming 5. the use of media as an activist strategy

Speakers generally follow one of five organizational patterns: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

1. chronological 2. spatial 3. topical 4. problem-solution 5. cause-effect.

three important roles that media play in society: 1. 2. 3.

1. confirming social identities 2. helping people understand the world 3. helping individuals understand important public events.

three types of organizational dilemmas: 1. 2. 3.

1. emotion labor 2. stress and burnout 3. work-life conflict.

what are the three artistic proofs 1. 2. 3.

1. ethos 2.pathos 3. logos.

What are the steps (or tasks of a public speaker) in understanding the communication event: 1. 2. 3. 4.

1. identifying your general purpose, 2. understanding your audience, 3. selecting your topic, 4. identifying a specific purpose for your speech.

The American Academy of Pediatrics, for example, is particularly concerned about the influence of media violence on children under eight years of age; they have concluded that media violence has the following effects on children: 1. 2. 3. 4.

1. increased aggressiveness and antisocial behavior, 2. increased fear of becoming victims, 3. less sensitivity to violence and to victims of violence, and 4. increased appetite for more violence in entertainment and in real life.

Denis McQuail and his colleagues suggested four motivations and gratifications that audiences have for media texts: 1. 2. 3. 4.

1. information 2. personal identity 3. integration and social interaction 4. entertainment

Studies of subordinate communication tactics determined that employees who use three specific upward communication tactics 1. 2. 3.

1. ingratiation 2. assertiveness 3. rationality

Researchers have identified five general categories of disengagement strategies for dissolving romantic relationships

1. negative identity management 2. De-escalation strategies 3. Justification strategies 4. Positive tone strategies 5. Behavioral de-escalation

communication scholars Jennings Bryant and Dorina Miron identified six kinds of changes that are currently affecting and being affected by mass communication: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

1. new form, content, and substance in mass communication; 2. new kinds of interactive media, such as the Internet; 3. new media ownership patterns in a global economy; 4. new viewing patterns and habits of audiences; 5. new patterns in family life; and 6. new patterns of interactive media use by youth.

Although many communication strategies contribute to supervisor success, we highlight four: 1. 2. 3. 4.

1. openness 2. supportiveness 3. motivation 4. empowerment.

Traditionally, scholars recognized three major functions of organizational communication 1. 2. 3.

1. production 2.maintenance 3. innovation

Identify four reasons for learning about small group communication: 1. 2. 3. 4.

1. small groups are a fact of life, 2. they enhance your college performance, 3. your career success, 4. your personal life.

Understand five issues in media studies: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

1. social identities 2. understanding the world 3. media events 4. media violence 5. media economics.

The five theories that explain effective leaders: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

1. trait theory, 2. functional theory, 3. style theory, 4. transformational leadership theory, 5. servant leadership theory.

Dewey's Reflective Thinking Model's five step process 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

1.Step 1. Define and Delineate the Problem. The first step in solving a problem is to make sure that everyone in the group understands it in the same way. 2.Step 2. Analyze the Problem. In some ways, this is the most important phase of the agenda because it determines the direction of potential solutions 3.Step 3. Identify Alternative Solutions. One challenge at this stage is to avoid rushing to premature solutions; instead, the group should consider several possible solutions. 4.Step 4. Evaluate Proposed Solutions. Evaluating proposed solutions involves establishing evaluation criteria. 5.Step 5. Choose the Best Solution. Although this step may seem redundant, choosing the best solution(s) is not the same as evaluating all proposed solutions.

Small Group Relational Roles Compromiser

Attempts to resolve conflicts by trying to find an acceptable solution to disagreements "I think both of you have great ideas. Let's see how we can combine them."

chronological pattern

A pattern of organization that arranges the elements in time sequence, or in the order in which they happened

De-escalation Strategies

A broad category that includes promising some continued closeness and suggesting that the couple might reconcile in the future.

Culture shock

A feeling of disorientation and discomfort as a result of the lack of familiar environmental cues.

Examples

A second type of supporting material, examples, can also add power to a presentation. A speaker might give a brief example to illustrate a point in passing or use a more extended example, woven throughout a speech.

cocultural group

A significant minority group within a dominant majority that does not share dominant group values or communication patterns.

Personal Narratives

A third kind of support for your presentation—personal narratives and testimony of others—can give your speech a human touch

long-term orientation

A value orientation in which people stress the importance of virtue.

short-term orientation

A value orientation that stresses the importance of possessing one fundamental truth.

problem-solution pattern

An organization in which the speaker describe various aspects of a problem and then propose solutions; it is frequently used in persuasive speeches.

spatial pattern

An organization that arranges points by location and can be used to describe something small

topical pattern

An organization that has no innate organization except that imposed by the speaker

cause-effect pattern

An organization used to create understanding and agreement or to argue for a specific action in light of the cause that is associated with a given result.

Small Group Task Roles Information seeker

Asks for information or clarification "How many instances of theft occur on our campus each year?"

Small Group Task Roles Opinion seeker

Asks for opinions from others "How do you feel about charging students a fee that would pay for extra police protection?"

Small Group Individual Roles Dominator

Asserts control by manipulating group members or tries to take over group; may use flattery or assertive behavior to dominate the conversation "I know my plan will work because I was a police officer."

Small Group Individual Roles Aggressor

Attacks other group members, tries to take credit for someone else's contribution "That's a stupid idea. It would never work."

Autonomy/connection

Autonomy/connection refers to one's need to connect with others and the simultaneous need to feel independent or autonomous.

relational maintenance

Behaviors that couples perform that help maintain their relationships.

polytheistic

Belief in more than one god.

monotheistic

Belief in one god.

cultural values

Beliefs that are so central to a cultural group that they are never questioned.

CH 12

CH. 14

CH. 9

CH.10

CH.11

CH13

CHAPTER 8

Small Group Individual Roles Recognition seeker

Calls excessive attention to his or her personal achievements "This is how we dealt with campus security when I was at Harvard."

Positive tone strategies

Communicating concern for the rejected friend and trying to make the person feel better.

negative identity management

Communicating in ways that arouse negative emotions to make the other person upset enough to agree to break off the relationship.

intercultural communication

Communication that occurs in interactions between people who are culturally different.

deception

Concealment, distortion, or dishonesty in communication.

reverse culture shock or re-entry shock

Culture shock experienced by travelers on returning to their home country.

similarity

Degree to which people share the same values, interests, and background.

heterogeneous

Diverse

Phase 4. Reinforcement.

During the reinforcement phase, members reach consensus, the decision solidifies, and members feel a sense of accomplishment and satisfaction.

Phase 1. Orientation.

During this phase of decision making, group members usually orient themselves to the problem and to each other. Uncertainty at this stage is common and is referred to as primary tension. Communication at this phase is generally polite, tentative, and focused on reducing uncertainty and ambiguity through clarification and agreement.

Small Group Relational Roles Gatekeeper

Encourages less talkative group members to participate "Maria, you haven't said much about this idea. How do you feel about it?"

How can virtual teams work together most effectively? There seem to be several guidelines - all centered on effective communication:

Establish clear rules and expectations about project goals, division of labor, and timelines and choose the appropriate technology for the task at hand

special-occasion speeches

Evocative speeches intended to entertain, inspire, celebrate, commemorate, or build community they include speeches given at retirement dinners, award ceremonies, weddings, graduations, and funerals.

Small Group Task Roles Elaborator

Explains ideas, offers examples to clarify ideas "If the university had increased security patrols, my bike might not have been stolen last month."

Disqualification.

Finally, authentic communicators allow others to speak regardless of their own position or experience.

The findings about deception in dating relationships are especially interesting for two reasons:

First, research has established that people are not good at detecting deception and second, most people assume that those they love tell the truth

withdrawal/avoidance

Friendship termination strategy in which friends spend less time together, don't return phone calls, and avoid places where they are likely to see each other.

Two major properties of Organizational communication are

Function and Structure

Small Group Relational Roles Follower

Goes along with the suggestions and ideas of group members; serves as an audience in group discussion and decision making "I like that idea. That's a really good point."

Persona

It describes the identity one creates through one's public communication efforts.

Machiavellian tactics

Having a third party convey one's unhappiness about a relationship.

Small Group Relational Roles Standard setter

Helps to set standards and goals for the group "I think our goal should be to submit a comprehensive plan for campus safety to the dean by the end of this semester."

homogeneity

High degree of similarity.

Organizational climate

How organizational members feel about, or experience, the organization's culture.

proximity

How physically close one is to others.

Small Group Individual Roles Blocker

Is generally negative and stubborn for no apparent reason "This whole task is pointless. I don't see why we have to do it."

horizontal communication

In a traditional conduit model of communication, communication with peers

downward communication

In a traditional conduit model of communication, communication with subordinates

upward communication

In a traditional conduit model of communication, communication with superiors

Meaning denial.

In addition, authentic communication involves taking responsibility for what we say and mean.

Phase 3. Emergence.

In the emergence phase, the group has worked through the primary and secondary tensions, and members express a cooperative attitude. This is the longest phase. brainstorming most appropriate

Small Group Task Roles Evaluator-critic

Judges evidence and conclusions of group "I think we may be overestimating the problem of theft."

Small Group Task Roles Recorder

Keeps a record of group activities and progress "We have 10 more minutes; let's see if we can get through our agenda in time to review any questions."

Small Group Relational Roles Group observer

Keeps records of the group's process and uses the information that is gathered to evaluate the group's procedures "We completed a similar report last semester. Let's refer to it before we spend time working on this new one."

culture

Learned patterns of perceptions, values, and behaviors shared by a group of people.

Small Group Relational Roles Harmonizer

Mediates disagreement among group members "I think you and Ron are seeing two sides of the same coin."

Hurtful messages

Messages that criticize, tease, reject, or otherwise cause an emotional injury to another.

turning point model Relationship Development

Model of relationship development in which couples move both toward and away from commitment over the course of their relationship.

Small Group Task Roles Energizer

Motivates group members to greater productivity "Wow! We've gotten a lot accomplished this evening, and we only have a few more points to discuss."

Passive Strategies

Observation - Staying in one's office after 5 p.m. to see how many and what type of employees stay after work . Surveillance - Leaving the office at 5 p.m. and parking one's car so it is not observable and watching who leaves work right at 5 p.m.

border dwellers

People who live between cultures and often experience contradictory cultural patterns.

constructive marginal people

People who thrive in a border-dweller life, while recognizing its tremendous challenges.

Small Group Task Roles Opinion giver

Offers beliefs or opinions "I'm often concerned about my personal safety when I walk to certain campus parking lots at night."

Small Group Relational Roles Encourager

Offers praise and acceptance of others' ideas "That's a great idea; tell us more about it."

overbenefitted

Overbenefitted people perceive that their rewards exceed their costs.

Active Strategies

Overt questioning -- "Are we expected to stay after 5 p.m.?" Indirect questioning - "How often do most employees stay after 5 p.m.?" Disguising conversations - "At my last job I had to stay late at work almost every night." Questioning third parties -

self-awareness

People often learn more about themselves and their own cultural background and identities by coming into contact with people whose cultural backgrounds differ from their own.

Encapsulated marginal people

People who feel disintegrated by having to shift cultures.

Equity

Perception that one's costs (or inputs) are balanced by one's rewards (or outputs).

Small Group Task Roles Procedural technician

Performs logistical tasks—distributing paper, arranging seating, etc. "If all four of us sit on the same side of the table, we'll be able to read the diagrams without having to pass them around."

Interpersonal violence

Physical violence against a partner or child.

Sexual coercion

Physically nonviolent pressure to engage in unwanted sex.

passing away

Process by which relationships decline over time.

Sudden death

Process by which relationships end without prior warning for at least one participant or due to a betrayal.

Small Group Task Roles Initiator-contributor

Proposes new ideas or approaches to group problem solving "How about if we look at campus safety as issues of personal security and protection of private property?"

Small Group Task Roles Information giver

Provides facts, examples, and other relevant evidence "My research showed that other campuses have solved similar problems by increasing numbers of campus police and improving lighting."

justification strategies

Providing a reason or excuse for ending the relationship.

dialectical approach

Recognizes that things need not be perceived as "either/or," but may be seen as "both/and."

Hays Code

Self-imposed rules for Hollywood media content instituted in 1930 with the goal of creating "wholesome entertainment"

openness

Sharing ideas as well as listening to others in a way that avoids conveying negative or disconfirming feedback. Straightforwardly explaining why the relationship is ending.

Small Group Task Roles Coordinator

Shows relationships among ideas presented "Installing new light fixtures might improve personal safety and reduce thefts on campus."

examples of ethos assets

Social position family background attractiveness, and athletic ability

initiating

Stage of romantic relational development in which both people behave so as to appear pleasant and likeable.

integrating

Stage of romantic relational development in which both people portray themselves as a couple.

intensifying

Stage of romantic relational development in which both people seek to increase intimacy and connectedness.

experimenting

Stage of romantic relational development in which both people seek to learn about each other.

circumscribing

Stage of romantic relational dissolution in which couples discuss safe topics.

terminating

Stage of romantic relational dissolution in which couples end the relationship.

differentiating

Stage of romantic relational dissolution in which couples increase their interpersonal distance.

avoiding

Stage of romantic relational dissolution in which couples try not to interact with each other.

stagnating

Stage of romantic relational dissolution in which couples try to prevent change.

bonding

State of romantic relational development characterized by public commitment.

Statistics

Statistics( supporting materials ) can highlight the size of a problem and help the audience understand a contrast or comparison.

sophists

The first people to teach persuasive speaking skills in the Greek city-states were called

5.For almost everyone, _____ is based on the feeling that one knows and is known by another. intimacy morality sympathy formality

Interaction Strategies

Testing Limits - Consistently leaving the office at 5 p.m. and noting how people respond.

attractiveness

The appeal one person has for another, based on physical appearance, personalities, or behavior.

Phase 2. Conflict.

The conflict phase in decision making is characterized by secondary (recurring) tension This phase usually occurs after group members become acquainted, after some norms and expectations are set, and when decision alternatives are to be addressed.

demographic analysis

The portion of an audience analysis that considers the ages, races, sexes, sexual orientations, religions, and social classes of the audience.

audience analysis

The process of determining what an audience already knows or wants to know about a topic, who they are, what they know or need to know about the speaker, and what their expectations might be for the presentation.

ethos

The rhetorical construction of Character - the most important of the three artistic proofs.

matching hypothesis

The tendency to develop relationships with people who are approximately as attractive as we are.

truth bias

The tendency to not suspect one's intimates of deception.

ethnocentrism

The tendency to view one's own group as the standard against which all other groups are judged.

dichotomous thinking

Thinking in which things are perceived as "either/or"—for example, "good or bad," "big or small," "right or wrong."

Small Group Individual Roles Help seeker

Tries to gain unwarranted sympathy from group; often expresses insecurity or feelings of low self-worth "You probably won't like this idea, either, but I think we should consider contracting out our campus security."

Topic avoidance.

To maintain an authentic relationship with another, it is vital to confront issues that are important to the relationship and to the other person. If one or both people in a relationship prohibit the other from discussing issues that are important to either of them, it can be difficult for them to maintain intimacy and commitment.

Small Group Relational Roles Expediter

Tries to limit lengthy contributions of other group members "Martin, you've told us what you think about most of the ideas. Why don't we hear from some of the other members?"

underbenefitted

Underbenefitted people perceive that their costs exceed their rewards.

How can we ensure that our interactions with close others are authentic?

We can do so by being open to others' communication efforts

strategy control

When behaving strategically, one assesses the available information and options, which increases one's understanding of the conflict and the other party.

Emotion Labor

When the organization expects or requires workers to display particular feelings, employees are engaging in emotion labor

be aware and avoid the "zoo approach." which is -

When using such an approach, we view the study of others' culture as if we were walking through a zoo admiring, gasping, and chuckling at the various exotic animals we observe.

peacebuilding

Working toward stability in a region to prevent conflicts from escalating into war.

Small Group Individual Roles Special-interest pleader

Works to serve an individual need, rather than focusing on group interests "Because I only have daycare on Wednesdays, can we meet on Wednesday afternoons?"

3.Dave strongly feels that he should not purchase coffee from companies that exploit agricultural workers. How can Dave use organizational communication to make the most informed choice? He must understand how to question organizations and how to interpret their responses and policies. He must watch advertisements and read the labels on coffee products to look for clues. He must ask his friends and coworkers questions on what brand of coffee they think is best. He must look for retailers whose corporate culture he finds appealing.

3.In order to increase efficacy in diverse groups, it is suggested that members focus on _____. the goal of the group individual rather than task roles the differences among members choosing an inoffensive leader

3.When Kelly told her boyfriend he was cheap during a date, he did not seem bothered by her comment. But when Kelly repeated this at a party, her boyfriend became quite angry. The difference in his reaction is based on _____. context framing authenticity disqualification

3.When Lou is angry, he makes sarcastic remarks to his wife about her appearance, but insists he is "just kidding." Which pitfall of inauthentic communication does this represent? meaning denial emotional blackmail topic avoidance disqualification

3.Which of the following is a way organizations create rules that attempt to control and influence employees' communication practices? creation of sexual harassment policies requiring that employees wear headphones if listening to music instituting anti-nepotism policies making employees track their expenses

4. According to researcher Mark Orbe, what negative effect often occurs when women try to fully assimilate into a male-dominated organization? They are criticized for being too masculine. They are harassed for being too professional. They are ignored for being "above their place." They are shamed into taking less pay and benefits.

4. Communication scholar Benjamin Broome's facilitation of interethnic relations on the island of Cyprus is an example of _____. peacebuilding enhanced self-awareness mediated communication pluralism

4. Kyra is from Wisconsin and when she attended school at the University of Georgia, she was surprised that the female students often wore dresses to the football games. This is an example of _____. culture shock demographics preferred personality diaspora

4. Natalya has multiple projects due in the same week. The stress of the deadlines has caused her to become physically and mentally exhausted. What is Natalya experiencing? burnout emotion labor work-life conflict upward distortion

4. The 1965 March on Selma brought together activists from all over the country to protest unfair voter registration practices. Television coverage and additional demonstrations helped spur passage of the Voting Rights Act. This is an example of a _____. social movement social position social status social identity

4. Which of these scenarios demonstrates upward communication? Maria explained to her supervisor that she would be taking a four-week family leave. Tyler asked his assistant Charles to bring three binders into the meeting room. The sales management team reported the sales goals to each salesperson at Jordan's company. Two assistant managers worked on a project together in order to meet the deadline.

4. Which value dimension reflects a society's attitudes toward virtue or truth? short-term versus long-term orientation indulgence versus restraint human-nature relationship power distance

4.According to the text, U.S. media frequently portray male aggression as normal and acceptable, and male sexual drives as urgent and hard-to-control. These portrayals tend to imply that _____. women bear responsibility for controlling sexual contact female sexual aggression is natural and desirable men seldom initiate sexual contact men are never victims of unwanted sexual coercion

4.For their study group, Jeffrey usually leads the discussion and Thomas takes notes for the group. Jeffrey and Thomas are both performing _____ roles. task relational initiator individual

4.Research indicates that one strategic advantage of groups is that _____. they typically make higher quality decisions than those working alone they bring out the best qualities in all participants they make faster decisions than those working alone they strongly encourage divergent opinions

4.When Nina and other local residents meet for the first time to discuss a proposed community center, they are in the _____ phase of the decision-making process. orientation conflict emergence reinforcement

5. An ethical receiver of rhetorical communication strives to _____. listen to a range of views on a particular topic accept arguments presented at face value stick to one's original viewpoint ignore deception and misinformation

5. One researcher analyzed the recent decision by ABC to cease broadcasting the Miss America pageant. The findings showed that the viewing audience had dropped significantly, which in turn caused the demand for and price of advertising during the pageant to also drop. This is an example of _____. political economy agenda setting content analysis cultural identity

5. The emergence of the "fake news" phenomenon has caused confusion and concern about the modern meaning of _____. news reporting content analysis political economy parental monitoring

5. What is the mission of the Federal Communications Commission? regulate radio, television, wire, cable, and satellite create content and standards for the motion picture industry regulate print journalism and all written forms of communication create content for radio, television, wire, cable, and satellite

5. Zane's boss asks him to go out on a date and says he "probably can't keep him on staff" if Zane refuses. This is a case of _____. quid pro quo a hostile work environment cyberbullying bullying

5.Each member of a successful work group should feel a sense of _____ in order for the group to function as it should. interdependence domination personal closeness independence

innovation

a function of organizational communication by means of which systems are changed Examples might include suggestion boxes, restructuring and retraining, policy revisions, and the like.

Production

a function of organizational communication in which activity is coordinated toward accomplishing tasks For example, when a manager creates a set of store opening and closing procedures, informs employees of monthly sales goals, or develops a standardized process for assembling products, she allows employees to accomplish various tasks.

maintenance

a function of organizational communication in which the stability of existing systems is preserved Consider, for example, awarding an employee-of-the-month plaque, conducting a performance review, and clarifying a vague set of workflow procedures—all of which enforce the status quo and keep the system running smoothly.

legitimate power

a group member may be elected or appointed to lead a group, which allows that person to wield

social movement

a large, organized body of people who are attempting to create social change

"Contingency Model"

a leader's strength tended either toward relationship or task orientation and he emphasized that each of these two types of traits were effective in particular situations.

laissez-faire style

a leadership style characterized by complete freedom for the group in making decisions The laissez-faire style may work well when little is at stake, as in some social groups like book clubs or gourmet clubs

charismatic leadership style

a leadership style in which extremely self-confident leaders inspire unusual dedication to themselves by relying upon their strong personalities and charm

Transformational Leadership Theory

a leadership style that empowers group members to work independently from the leader by encouraging group cohesion

Servant Leadership Theory

a leadership style that seeks to ensure that other people's highest priority needs are being served in order to increase teamwork and personal involvement

groupthink

a negative, and potentially disastrous, group process characterized by "excessive concurrence thinking"

Organizational culture

a pattern of shared beliefs, values, and behaviors

rhetor

a person or institution that addresses a large audience; the originator of a communication message but not necessarily the one delivering it

thesis statement

a statement of the topic of a speech and the speakers position on it

hierarchy

a power structure in which some members exercise authority over others

orator

a public speaker

TV Parental Guidelines

a self-regulating system of the television industry that rates programs in terms of appropriateness for particular age groups

media text

a television show, advertisement, movie, or other media event

Trait Theory

a theory that assumes leaders are born, not made

functional (situational) theory

a theory that assumes leadership behaviors can be learned

In using a visual aid during your speech, follow these three steps: 1. 2. 3.

a) introduce the visual aid to your audience members by explaining what they will see, (b) point to the parts of the visual aid that you want them to focus on, and (c) reaffirm the major point of the visual aid, thus pointing audience members to the conclusion you want them to draw.

communal perspective

all members of an organization are partially responsible for behaviors

Richard Daft defines leadership as

an influence relationship among leaders and followers who intend real changes and outcomes that reflect their shared purposes

Underbenefitted people may feel:

angry or taken advantage of

Content analysis

approach to understanding media that focuses on a specific aspect of the content of a text or group of texts

Organizational stressors

are aspects of one's job that create strain. Some of the more significant organizational stressors include work overload; confusion, conflict, and ambiguity

Organizational cultures are composed of the ______, _____, _____ and ______, _________, ________, ________, and _________ enacted by members of that group.

artifacts, languages, rites and rituals, ceremonies, stories, beliefs, and habits

artistic proofs

artistic skills of a rhetor that influence the effectiveness The means through which a rhetor gains the trust of an audience and designs credible messages was identified by Aristotle as _____.

new social contract

assumes that loyalty is not expected by workers or organizations and that job security is unlikely

ome maintenance behaviors that friends use to keep their relationships alive?

assurances positivity, open discussion, and listening as well as simply spending time together and keeping in touch though face-to-face or online messages

The persuasive speech

attempts to influence, convince, motivate, sell, preach, or stimulate action

The first motivation, information seeking, is straightforward:

audiences want to learn from some media presentations

Three primary dialectical tensions exist in relationships:

autonomy/connection expressiveness/privacy change/predictability

1. Communication scholar Douglas Ehninger suggested that throughout history people have had _____ ideas of what rhetoric is and the purpose it serves. similar different consistent erroneous

1. The first task of a public speaker is to identify his or her _____. intended audience general purpose speech title specific purpose

11. In the 1950s, television fathers were presented as 9-to-5 workers who came home, poured a drink, and waited for their wives to serve them dinner. Today, a television father might be one who stays at home with the children while his wife heads out the door to work. Viewers who watch these representations accept these different ideas of fathers. What explains this acceptance? uses and gratifications hegemony cognitive dissonance selective exposure

12. Which of these scenarios demonstrates the new social contract? Michael doesn't want to tell his boss that sales fell again last month, so he tells a "white lie" to make the situation look better. Although Amira has worked at the same bank for 37 years, she knows her job could be outsourced at any time. Kevin went directly to the human resource supervisor after his manager made sexual advances toward him. Martin stays home with his infant son in the morning and works out of his home office in the afternoon.

12.There are two unique characteristics of a virtual team: (1) they communicate electronically more so than face-to-face and (2) _____. they are more cohesive than teams that meet face-to-face they are geographically dispersed they typically speak different languages they do not receive feedback from other group members

13. The professor cautioned the study-abroad students against dehumanizing the people and things they would see when they visited Nairobi—while they seemed "exotic," they were humans just like the students. Communication scholar Bradford Hall termed this tendency the "_____." diaspora effect zoo approach preferred personality Big Five

13. The term _____ refers to the focus on the ways media institutions produce texts in a capitalist system and the legal and regulatory frameworks that shape their options for doing so. content analysis political economy cultivation theory hegemony

13.Cultural diversity in small group communication shows that people from collectivist countries are most concerned with _____. establishing the identity of individuals maintaining harmony within the group promoting individual views allowing competition to foster

13.Which of these words best describes homogeneity in a relationship? complexity similarity difference attraction

14. When attempting to determine the ethical choices and decisions organizations should make, people usually view the process either from the _____ perspective or the _____ perspective. internal; external individual; communal economic; political interpersonal; cultural

15. Marilyn would like Nathan to finish his part of the project so it is ready for the team to present. She decides to call him and check the status of his work and ask him if he is needs help completing it. Marilyn is using _____ to manage this conflict. assimilation strategy control upward communication the new social contract

15. Parul and her husband fled to America after their village was taken over by a hostile government. Even though they have lived in California for three years, she has trouble embracing the American culture while trying to maintain her own heritage, and she feels sad because she can never return home. Parul can be described as a(n) _____ marginal person. enlightened encapsulated constructive contingent

2. A speaker's good sense, moral character, and goodwill are all components of his or her _____. logos ethos eros pathos

2. The Hays Code was established in order to make films more "_____." patriotic wholesome profitable diverse

2. Using the "zoo approach" to view and admire other cultures is considered _____. inclusive unethical supportive acceptable

2. What did Cicero believe speakers should use rhetoric for? the speaker's own self-interest the public good the telling of a universal truth the sake of pleasure

2. What does Shahira Fahmy's study of AP wire photographs, showing Afghan women almost exclusively covering their face and hair and wearing burqas, even after the Taliban regime, tell us about the media? Social identities are not absolute predictors of media choices. Media organizations can distort the images of faraway places as well as enhance them. Content analysis by itself does not reveal why viewers consume media messages. Media depictions and choices help us confirm our own cultural identities.

2. When former Vice President Al Gore advocates for passage of environmental initiatives designed to reduce global warming, he is engaged in _____. forensic rhetoric deliberative rhetoric epideictic rhetoric visual rhetoric

2. Which of the following demonstrates the idea of the production function of organizational communication? Mari schedules annual performance reviews with his staff each December. Tonya is the department manager and reports her sales staff's monthly sales goals to them the first week of each month. After his company was restructured, Tomas reported to a new supervisor. Glenna decided to put a suggestion box in the lunchroom and see if the staff came up with any good ideas.

2.At least _____ people are needed to constitute a small group. five three four two

2.Trait theory suggests that _____. leadership style determines success leaders are born leaders emerge out of circumstances leadership behaviors can be learned

3. Anyone who pursues sustained and detailed analyses of rhetorical discourse is a _____. linguist rhetorical critic communication expert sophist

3. Culturally, the _____ of the rhetor often determines his or her right to speak or to access civic speaking spaces. communication experience social position intelligence attractiveness

3. Jacques sees his small community as just about perfect. Overall, he feels no other community ever measures up because the values and traditions he has absorbed seem to clearly be the best. Most people would view Jacques as _____. multicultural ethnocentric egocentric ethical

3. The function of _____ encourages change within the organization. production innovation maintenance coordination

3.Ciara was assigned a semester-long class project, and the professor cautioned them to maintain open channels of communication to improve the group's success rate. What is the best way Ciara can follow her professor's advice? share all information with other group members, even if it might be considered confidential maintain contact with other group members, contact them when needed, and respond to others in a timely manner be accurate and avoid exaggeration when describing her contribution or abilities work at strengthening the group's interpersonal relationships

3.Close relationships are especially distinguished from other relationships by their _____, intensity, and diversity of contact. interchangeability frequency formality superficiality

4. If you are motivated and _____ other ways of viewing the world, then you will be able to engage in meaningful communication. critical of open to immune to ignorant of

4. Josefina is very concerned about a measles outbreak in her community. She looks for news reports that exaggerate the scope and severity of the disease and that blame it on the cost of immunizations. Josefina ignores other information that discusses multiple causes, or data showing that the increase is statistically insignificant. This is an example of the power of _____. hostile media effect selective exposure uses and gratifications cultural values

4. The final step one must complete before talking with a colleague about an issue in conflict is _____. understanding your own goals planning the interaction knowing what you want understanding the other party's goals

4. The first group of people to teach persuasive speaking skills in the Greek city-states were known as _____. ethicists sophists orators rhetoricians

4. The strategy of _____ includes being attentive to the ethical implications of media to which you are exposed. gatekeeping talking back media manipulation content analysis

4.A cultural preference for individualism or collectivism has a marked impact on the discussion methods by which a group accomplishes its tasks, also referred to as _____. group leadership group processes group enjoyment group structure

4.In sociology class, Jerrad must assess and classify current world leaders as authoritarian, democratic, or laissez-faire. Jerrad is asked to apply the _____ of leadership. servant leadership theory style theory functional theory trait theory

4.Manuel walks into his business meeting with three other colleagues. They are all chatting about the weekend and sipping coffee. At 9:00 a.m., Manuel jumps up and says, "Good morning everyone, let's get started. I think we should begin by looking at last quarter's reports." Manuel is taking on which type of group role? individual task relational social

4.The most typical way relationships end is through _____, which occurs when the relationship simply declines over time and the partners are aware that problems remain unresolved. sudden death passing away justification betrayal

5. Organizational culture can be thought of as the _____ of an organization. history personality hierarchy goals

5. Which of the following is the best example of what we think of as a rhetor? a person studying communication the Catholic Church your banker your parents

5.In U.S. culture, parents are encouraged to understand that _____ will turn toward their friends and away from their families. the elderly adolescents very young children young married couples

5.Which type of identifiers are related to demographic diversity? individualism and collectivism age, gender, ethnicity, and race indulgence and restraint long-term and short-term orientation

6. During the Alcoholics Anonymous meeting, the leader explained that excessive alcohol use can lead to severe health complications. Which artistic proof is the leader using? mythos logos ethos pathos

9. What should a researcher use when trying to determine how many gay and lesbian couples appear on The Amazing Race television show? hegemony content analysis an active agent selective exposure

Two types of interpersonal aggression can occur in gay, straight, and lesbian romantic relationships:

battering and situational couple violence.

The authors propose that self-disclosure occurs across three dimensions:

breadth depth frequency:

expressiveness/privacy,

builds on social penetration theory. It describes the need to be open and to self-disclose while also maintaining some sense of privacy.

1. Most would agree that the use of outright deception or lying in persuasion would be _____. appropriate necessary unethical justifiable

1. The _____ depicts organizations as systems composed not only of many subsystems, but also as embedded in larger systems. humanist perspective new social contract perspective general systems theory urgent organizations movement

1. The historical legacy of slavery in the United States can still be seen today in _____. the ongoing exclusion of African Americans from some labor unions the legal status of voting rights the cultural racism instilled in some White Americans the election of Barack Obama as president

1. When one is immersed in the media environment, one is _____, meaning that one participates in the communication process by selecting certain programs and agreeing or disagreeing with what is heard or seen. disengaging creating interacting receiving

1. When she accepted her new job, Cade knew it would be a matter of time before her new coworkers would consider her an integral part of the workplace. The process Cade will go through to achieve this is called _____. ingratiation accommodation assimilation identification

1.Jody and Erin are first-year accounting majors who come from similar family backgrounds. Their friends know they are both avid tennis players, so they arrange for them to meet. This is an example of what force that draws people together? attractiveness romance similarity proximity

1.What we think of as authentic communication is connected to _____. casual relationships social roles intimacy manipulation

1.Which of the following communication practices is related to better decision-making outcomes for a small group? suppressing conflict among members authoritative leadership equal participation by members majority rules decision-making style

1._____ describe the shared expectations group members have regarding each individual's communication behavior in the group. Individual roles Group purposes Group roles Leadership behaviors

10.When people perceive a threat to an existing relationship, they often feel _____. deception proximity jealousy diaspora

11. When the Nikkei stock market in Japan shows an uptick, the New York Stock Exchange is also affected and investors around the world take notice. What does this example demonstrate? ingratiation quid pro quo globalization hierarchy

11. Why does rhetorician Richard Weaver advocate the careful use of "god terms" and "devil terms"? These terms are not familiar to most people. These terms are inherently negative. These terms serve more as propaganda than rhetoric. These terms don't require active listening.

12.When you use openness to end a relationship, you _____. make the other person jealous so they want to break up make up a false story to avoid hurting the other person's feelings straightforwardly explain why the relationship is ending avoid contacting the other person

13. During her presentation to the village board, Cara explained that the potholes on the street leading to her house had become so deep that four of the residents had to replace tires on their cars. She then proposed that the village reimburse them because the village had failed to maintain the street. Which organizational pattern did Cara use for her speech? topical chronological cause-effect spatial

15.Kendall likes the members of her work team because they all trust each other and know everyone will do their part to get a task done. In other words, her work team has achieved _____. diversion groupthink cohesion complacency

2. In the next several decades, the United States will become a "plurality nation," which means that _____. ethnicity will no longer be an important concept most people will be identified as multi-racial no single ethnic group will be the majority the current majority will double in size

2. In the next several decades, the United States will become a "plurality nation," which means that _____. most people will be identified as multi-racial the current majority will double in size no single ethnic group will be the majority ethnicity will no longer be an important concept

2. Rhetoric's important social functions include supporting a vital democracy, helping people seek justice, and _____. improving our chances of academic success enabling us to speak authoritatively about communication helping individuals clarify their own beliefs and actions separating the leaders from the followers

2. Seymour is preparing a speech about nanotechnology. He asks himself, "What does my audience know about this topic? What do they need to know?" He also tries to determine what his listeners expect from his presentation and what characteristics they might share. What is Seymour doing to help prepare for his speech? organizing the message finding supporting materials audience analysis identifying a specific purpose

2. Spencer is seeking out those media that meet his needs and avoids others. He also considers the basis for his media choices. Spenser is being a(n) _____. media critic content analyst active agent media activist

2. What is indicated by a recent Pew poll that found that 70-80 percent of both black and white Americans report that all or most of their close friends are of the same race? Historical forces influence contemporary intercultural interaction. Students in a multicultural campus assume that they have intercultural relationships just by virtue of being surrounded by cultural diversity. Americans remain fairly racially segregated in their schools and neighborhoods. Integrated religious institutions and educational institutions provide opportunities for intercultural friendships.

2. Which of the following reflects the most accurate understanding of mass media? public communication intended for entertainment and social interaction purposes the communication mediums of film, radio, and telephone mediated communication which is intended for a large audience individuals or organizations that consistently address the public

2.A social group's general purpose is to _____, while a work group's general purpose is to _____. achieve goals; solve problems meet romantic partners; meet friends enjoy each other's company; solve problems or achieve goals solve problems; increase member cohesion and support

2.Decades of research shows that culturally diverse decision-making groups are usually more _____ than homogeneous groups. ineffective enjoyable innovative divisive

2.Keith noticed Carla at a party and thought she was pretty. He went over to talk to her and soon found out they were both interested in distance running. They have now been dating for six weeks. Which theory best explains what drew Keith and Carla together? the matching hypothesis uncertainty reduction theory attraction theory predicted outcome theory

2.The dimension of self-disclosure known as _____ refers to the number of different topics two individuals willingly discuss. frequency width breadth depth

2.When analysis paralysis occurs, it prevents a group from _____. resolving interpersonal conflicts selecting a leader moving toward a solution forming to solve a problem

2._____ occurs when team members trust each other and is important for task accomplishment. Brainstorming Conflict Cohesion Groupthink

3. A cocultural group is understood to be _____. a significant minority group within a dominant majority that shares dominant group values and communication patterns the dominant group within a diverse culture that is willing to change its group values and communication patterns to accommodate others a significant minority group within a dominant majority that does not share dominant group values or communication patterns the dominant group within a diverse culture that is made up of many smaller minority groups that share group values and communication patterns

3. A religious group that emphasizes punishment over rehabilitation likely believes humans are fundamentally evil. This is an example of which type of value orientation? indulgence versus restraint preferred personality view of human nature power distance

3. As employee-of-the month, Bryce gets to park in the first spot in the parking lot. What function of organizational communication does his award represent? horizontal production maintenance innovation

3. Doug spends three weeks each year in Haiti as a missionary for his church. He is an example of a border dweller through _____. dialogue socialization travel participation

3. During her presentation, Aneesa tells the story of her neighbor who was beaten repeatedly by her husband, but legally unable to seek justice in the courts. Aneesa is using _____ to persuade her audience. character persona pathos logos

3. The Village Voice out of New York City is an example of _____ press because it attempts to present no-holds-barred reporting and criticism that traditional newspapers typically avoid. pulp yellow alternative mainstream

3.Maribelle leads a diverse group of parents who are organizing a school fundraiser. As the meeting begins, she reminds everyone about a common commitment to their children and their shared experiences on another project. Maribelle is working to _____. acknowledge individual achievements within the group develop an individualistic orientation build cohesion and trust eliminate all conflict

3.Nonstrategic, routine behaviors that couples perform, such as using humor or joking, self-disclosure, and positivity, are examples of _____. de-escalation behaviors terminating behaviors relational maintenance behaviors initiating behaviors

3._____ theory suggests that any group member can supply the behaviors needed in a group at any given time. Transformational leadership Style Functional Trait

4. Complaints about content in television shows and its influence on children led to the creation of the _____. MPAA MANAA, GLAAD, and LULAC organizations TV Parental Guidelines Hays Code

4. During the nineteenth century, _____ became one of the first media outlets that addressed a large public and played a critical role in community building. film radio newspapers social networks

4. The originator of a communication message, but not necessarily the person delivering it, is called a(n) _____. orator sophist rhetor proletariat

4. The president of the company directed her division managers to prepare and submit their proposed budgets within the next week. This request is an example of _____. upward communication peer communication downward communication horizontal communication

4. The success of Netflix as a media model in releasing previously viewed content tells us that _____. the economic model for mass media is no longer viable traditional broadcast television will continue to decrease in viewership and influence for all audiences the Internet can be an increasingly important medium for traditional broadcasters to reach more audiences the Internet has narrowed traditional media choices for most Americans

4. What is the most essential characteristic of successful visual aids for any presentation? must incorporate audio or video must stand on its own in case of technology failure must support the speech goals must be visually interesting or unique

4. _____ create outlets for people to try and align others to their worldviews without filters, and presents new challenges to the need to think through how we attempt to persuade others to view the world as we do. Group meetings Letters to the editor Social media Rhetorical studies

4. _____ exists when repeated hostile behaviors are directed toward another person who is unable to defend himself or herself. Assertiveness Corporate control Bullying Grouphate

4.After spending several months dating, Ari and Ellen no longer go on any dates or weekend excursions together. In fact, they both work late shifts so they have an excuse for why they aren't available to spend time together. According to Knapp's stage model, Ari and Ellen's relationship development is at the _____ stage. differentiating circumscribing avoiding stagnating

5. In the study titled The People's Choice, researchers argued that media had limited impact, as they found that radio tended to reinforce preexisting beliefs rather than shape new ones. This is an example of _____. selective exposure focus watching mass media effects use and gratifications

5. Lai's mother is from Thailand and her father is from Korea. Lai is a border dweller through _____. assimilation relationships socialization travel

5. The importance of media in our everyday lives and in our society has been _____. relatively stable rising and falling for the past decade rapidly increasing rapidly decreasing

5. The rise of _____ with specialized content has taken significant market share away from traditional broadcast networks such as ABC, CBS, and NBC. satellite radio online newspapers cable television magazines

5. Work-life conflict occurs when individuals _____. become friends with coworkers are empowered by their supervisors try to balance job and home responsibilities manage the emotions they display

5.Nadia tried to bring harmony back to the group when she said she could understand both Lydia's view and Jason's opposing view. What type of role is Nadia playing in this group? task recorder relational blocker

5.Which step in Knapp's stage model occurs when both people seek to increase intimacy and connectedness? integrating circumscribing intensifying differentiating

6. Katrine opted not to go with her girlfriends to The Bachelor watch party. She didn't like the way the show represented dating practices and trivialized marriage. Which model best explains Katrine's choice? uses and gratifications culture industries selective exposure media text

7. What is the predominant value in the United States regarding the human-nature relationship? nature rules over humans humans and nature live in harmony humans rule over nature humans and nature do not interact

7.Rather than assign a leader, the study group decided that they would all be responsible for all facets of the presentation. What type of leadership does this represent? charismatic authoritarian collaborative transformational

8. During her year-long study with the Denmark government, Brita discovered that leaders there emphasized equality and their interaction with subordinates was less formal than in the United States. Which cultural value did she experience? short-term versus long-term orientation human-nature value power distance preferred personality

8. Shawna watches Saturday Night Live each week because all her coworkers watch it and then she has something to talk with them about at lunch. Which of the four general uses and gratifications for media texts is Shawna exhibiting? personal identity information integration and social interaction entertainment

9.Jerome, Adrian, and Whitney have decided to do their class project on intimate partner violence. They want to create a message for college-aged men and women about what partner abuse is. Now they need to know what their audience thinks and knows about the topic and how frequently violence occurs. They are in which stage of the Dewey sequence of problem solving? choose the best solution identify alternative solutions analyze the problem define and delineate the problem

9.Which of the following is an example of using Machiavellian tactics? Telling your roommate a "white lie"—that you don't want to live with him because you need to live alone so you can study more. Telling your roommate that you don't want to live with him because you don't want to hurt your friendship. Asking a friend to tell your roommate that you don't want to live with him next semester because he is messy. Telling your roommate directly that you don't want to live with him because he is too messy.

conclusion

closing material of a speech where the speaker reviews the main points, may challenge the audience to act, and leaves the audience with a positive view of speaker and topic

small group communication

communication among a small number of people who share a common purpose or goal, who feel connected to each other, and who coordinate their behavior

communication scholars argue that

communication constitutes organizations

urgent organizations

companies that try to shorten the time it takes to develop new products and respond to customer demands

secondary (recurring) tension

conflict or tension found in the second or conflict phase of the decision-making process

3. As a mobile app developer, Taylor knows it is imperative for her company to respond to customer demands quickly and be the first to develop new products. This demonstrates the idea of _____. new social contracts hostile work environment corporate restructuring urgent organizations

3. Charlotte and George are teenagers that exhibit aggressive behavior. They consciously seek out violent and aggressive media, which reinforces their violent behavior. Charlotte and George are following the pattern of the _____ model. uses and gratifications active agent linear communication downward spiral

3. Diverse is another word for _____. intercultural dynamic homogeneous heterogeneous

3. Rhetorician Richard Weaver describes two types of terms that should be avoided because of the potential to easily lead (or mislead) people without critical reflection. They are _____. "ethnic" terms and "cultural" terms "masculine" terms and "feminine" terms "stereotypical terms" and "negative terms" "god terms" and "devil terms"

3. Sophists were among the first _____ of rhetoric. opposers debasers politicizers teachers

3. The form of rhetoric that is used in courts and addresses events that happened in the past is called _____ rhetoric. judicial deliberative epideictic forensic

3. When communicators are willing to share their ideas and listen to others in a way that avoids conveying negative or disconfirming feedback, they are practicing _____. supportiveness motivation extroversion openness

3.After two members of the group kept arguing for some time, Dharma said, "You both make good points, but why don't we hear from somebody else now?" In this instance, Dharma is acting in which type of group role? observer individual task relational

3.During which stage of the Dewey sequence of problem solving is brainstorming most appropriate? step 1: define and delineate the problem step 4: evaluate proposed solutions step 2: analyze the problem step 3: identify alternative solutions

3.Stacey says, "He's so attractive. I bet his romantic partner is very good looking too." This assumption reflects the ideas of _____. social exchange theory predicted outcome theory uncertainty reduction theory the matching hypothesis

3.The professor said that a group of five people waiting in line to eat at a hotdog stand does not constitute small group communication. Why is this true? There are not enough people in the line. They all have different reasons for being in line. They are not speaking to one another. They do not feel connected to each other in any way.

4. As an example of a space traditionally not associated with rhetoric, many black feminist scholars feature _____ as a metaphor for rhetoric in action. the front porch the children's playground the church choir loft the kitchen table

4. Grace's perceptions of the South and her new roommate from Atlanta are based somewhat on many viewings of the 1939 movie Gone With the Wind. Grace soon learns that her roommate is multilingual and sophisticated, but also has a bit of an Southern accent and loves traditional southern food. What dialectic should Grace reconsider in her approach to Southern culture? the cultural-individual dialectic the differences-similarities dialectic the personal-contextual dialectic the static-dynamic dialectic

4. Juanita decided to watch the conservative news channel rather than the liberal-based channel her father preferred. When she chose which channel to watch, she was _____. assessing the media text demonstrating ethnocentrism using selective exposure behaving as an active agent

4. Kabi has chosen to attend college in California instead of his home country because of opportunities he sees there. He has come to enjoy the more informal lifestyle in the U.S. Kabi can be identified as _____. a border dweller through relationships a border dweller through displacement a border dweller through socialization a border dweller through travel

4. The social position from which a rhetor speaks is related to the concept of _____. pathos logos eros ethos

4.Although Charlotte and Amy were good friends before they decided to get an apartment together, lately Charlotte is unhappy with Amy. Amy never seems to take her turn cleaning up or doing the grocery shopping, which are tasks they agreed to share. Charlotte's feelings of being taken advantage of can best be explained by _____. social exchange theory the matching hypothesis predicted outcome theory equity theory

4.Most small groups are not successful without _____. the leadership of all members a number of interrelated goals the ability to experience conflict the positive contribution of all members

4.The communication that occurs between individuals in casual relationships tends to be _____. highly personal and superficial reliant upon participants' knowledge of each other highly qualitative but not quantitative influenced more by social norms

4.Two effective strategies to try when you have unintentionally misspoken or hurt someone's feelings are _____ and _____. reframing; excuses avoidance; withdrawal humor; ignorance apologies; justification

4.When you deny your partner the right to speak on a topic because you perceive yourself to be more expert, you are _____ the person. stereotyping authenticating enabling disqualifying

4.Which of the following behaviors reflects a desire for authentic and ethical communication in a small group? striving for total disclosure attending group meetings faithfully employing good time management using language that is inclusive

5. According to rhetorical scholar Lloyd Bitzer, only those people who _____ are part of the rhetorical audience. are considered rhetors are in a low social position can attend a live speech to hear the message can take the appropriate action in response to a message

5. If we watch a football game in order to discuss the game with our friends, we are using media for _____; if we watch the game alone and strictly for pleasure, we are using media for _____. information; personal identity personal identity; integration and social interaction entertainment; information integration and social interaction; entertainment

5. In a persuasive speech, you will challenge your audience to take action during your _____. speech body signposts and transitions introduction conclusion

5. In societies that value large power distances, what would we expect about interactions between a supervisor at work and his or her subordinates? interactions would be unclear interactions would be strictly informal interactions would not take place interactions would be more formal

5. Managers routinely greet each support staff member when they arrive at work. Which part of organizational culture does this represent? ceremony language ritual habit

5. The arena in which deliberative decision making occurs through the exchange of ideas and arguments is called the _____. social position social sphere public agenda public sphere

5. What communication strategy is suggested for individuals in intercultural intimate relationships? cut off communication with those who disapprove of intimate intercultural relationships embrace the culture of the individual from the majority culture ignore and downplay the differences between them adopt open communication about the differences between them

5. When Maya moved into her new neighborhood, she found that no one comes from her cultural background, celebrates the same holidays that she does, or even shops where she likes to shop. Maya decides that she will just socialize with her existing friends and family, keeping to her comfort zone. Maya's approach to encountering a different culture appears to be _____. assimilation accommodation culture shock remaining separate

5. Who believed that speakers needed to learn "all available means of persuasion in a given situation"? Plato St. Augustine Cicero Aristotle

5.An individual who repeatedly makes comments pressuring an unwilling partner to have sex with them is engaging in what type of aversive behavior? sexual fraternization Machiavellian tactics situational violence sexual coercion

5.People often learn more about themselves and their own cultural background and identities by coming into contact with people whose cultural backgrounds differ from their own. This is known as _____. self-esteem self-communication self-reliance self-awareness

5.When group participation leads to too much closeness and agreement among team members, what disadvantage can result? decisions are made more slowly group members dominate or withdraw satisfaction is lowered premature decision-making

5.You have failed to properly contribute to your group project and the deadline is here. What is the most ethical action to take? Copy a similar project from the Internet. Loudly praise the members who did all the work. Lie low and hope that no one notices. Take responsibility for your own inaction.

5._____ leaders empower their followers to develop their full potential and work beyond standard expectations. Charismatic Authoritarian Laissez-faire Transformational

6. After starting his new job, it took Riley a few weeks to become familiar with the routines of his department. What process was Riley experiencing? ingratiation openness distortion assimilation

6.You are concerned that the person you are dating likes to talk about a lot of topics, but doesn't share personal information or private thoughts with you. You are concerned about which dimension of social penetration theory? frequency vividness breadth depth

6._____ theory suggests that leaders are born with natural communication skills, personality characteristics, and/or physical characteristics that enable them to be better leaders. Functional Style Shared Trait

7. Connor knew that his company would not be able to ship their custom shoes on time because the leather had not arrived to make the shoes. He didn't want his boss to become upset, so he said they would be shipping the shoes to the customer on schedule. This is an example of _____. empowerment horizontal communication supportiveness upward distortion

7. If a researcher wants to determine why viewers watch The Middle instead of Modern Family, they might use _____ studies. selective exposure cognitive dissonance demographic uses and gratifications

7. Kendrick told the audience that his love of country came from his grandfather and father before him who had enlisted in the army and served in battles that kept America free. Which artistic proof is Kendrick using in his speech? pathos mythos logos ethos

7.Carmen and Raoul have been in a relationship for two years. Raoul thought everything was fine, but one day, Carmen told him it was over—without giving him any prior warning. This relationship ending is an example of _____. unexplained rivalry misunderstanding passing away sudden death

8.Miranda is the department manager and she encourages all of her employees to come to her with ideas and innovative ways to improve how the department functions. She also encourages her employees to be supportive of each other. Miranda has a(n) _____ leadership style. laissez-faire democratic authoritarian transformational

E-books

electronic books read on a computer screen instead of a printed page

Another relational ethic involves doing your fair share of the group work because

equal participation extends to sharing equally in the responsibilities for completing the tasks.

The informative speech

explains, instructs, defines, clarifies, demonstrates, or teaches

Empowerment

feeling capable of performing a job and having the authority to decide how to preform it well.

Task communication

focuses on getting the job done and solving the problem at hand;

Aristotle emphasized that rhetors create ethos, or a sense of their character, by displaying to their audience

good sense, moral character, and goodwill.

deeper cultural differences

in attitudes and values (individualism and collectivism preferences)

overbenefitted people often feel

guilty.

Close relationships can be a source of

happiness, comfort, and even distress.

marital relationships reveal that people in happy marriages are less likely to experience

high blood pressure and serious heart episodes

Cultivation theory

idea that long-term immersion in a media environment leads to "cultivation," or enculturation, into shared beliefs about the world

burnout

includes a specific set of characteristics, including exhaustion (<-core characteristic), cynicism, and ineffectiveness It is a chronic condition that results from the accumulation of daily stress, where stress is defined as a common response to important and consequential demands, constraints, or opportunities to which one feels unable to respond

Like other areas of communication studies, the study of rhetoric acknowledges the relationship between

individual forces and societal forces

The communication process most central to assimilation is

information seeking

The staircase Knapp's model depicts relationship development as being composed of five steps that lead upward toward commitment:

initiating, experimenting, intensifying, integrating, and bonding

how diversity influences four aspects of group communication: 1. 2. 3. 4.

innovation, Performance efficacy, group processes, group enjoyment.

Casual relationships, in contrast:

involve little disclosure or affection and are perceived as interchangeable because they are usually role-based, as between a salesperson and a customer

Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA)

is a film sector industry representing the six major Hollywood Studios

media

is the plural form of medium; a channel of communication.

Quid pro quo

is the request for sexual favors as a condition of getting or keeping a job or benefit.

The evocative speech

is to entertain, inspire, celebrate, commemorate, or build community

Jealousy

jealousy A complex and often painful emotion that occurs when a person perceives a threat to an existing relationship.

Scholars have identified five specific factors that can contribute to the termination of a friendship:

lack of communication skills, rule-breaking, deception, boredom, and other reasons

culture industries

large organizations in the business of mass communication that produce, distribute, or show various media texts (cultural products) as an industry

authoritarian leader style

leader who takes charge, makes all the decisions, and dictates strategies and work tasks This type of leadership is appropriate in military, sports, or crisis situations, or when time for discussion is short or when the stakes are high

democratic leader style

leader whose style is characterized by considerable input from group members Democratic leadership is the style we are most familiar with, and the one that seems to work best in many group situations.

Relationship-oriented leadership style

leaders are more effective when leader-member relations are good and members are able to work independently.

"repair" stage

many couples experience a "repair" stage where they try to improve their relationship prior to moving on to termination

rationally

meaning that they communicate with their bosses through reasoning, bargaining, coalition building, and assertiveness

"doing mode"

means working hard to achieve material gain, even if it means sacrificing time with family and friends.

mass media

mediated communication intended for a large audience

Plurality Nation

no single ethnic group will be the majority

media event

occasions or catastrophes that interrupt regular programming

Openness

occurs when communicators are willing to share their ideas and listen to others in a way that avoids conveying negative or disconfirming feedback

Supervisor-subordinate communication

occurs when one person has the formal authority to regulate the behavior of another.

intrinsic motivation

occurs when people experience satisfaction in performing their jobs well, find their jobs to be enriching, and are, therefore, dedicated to their organizations or professions

upward distortion

occurs when subordinates are hesitant to communicate negative news and present information to superiors in a more positive light than is warranted

formal structure

officially designated channels of communication, reflecting explicit or desired patterns of interaction

A third ethical guideline to strengthen small-group relationships is to maintain

open channels of communication (maintaining contact with other group members, contacting others when needed, and responding to others in a timely manner).

introduction

opening material of a speech from which the audience members gain a first impression of the speech's content and of the speaker

active agents

or active seekers, of various media messages and resisters of others.

Overt rejection

or the expression of disdain by an accused partner during an argument can precipitate relationship violence

media activism

or the practice of organizing to communicate displeasure with certain media images and messages, as well as to advocate for change in future media texts.

political economy

or the ways in which media institutions produce texts in a capitalist system and the legal and regulatory frameworks that shape their options for doing so.

coercive power

or threats, to get others to do what they want.

there are several phases that seem to represent the communication that occurs in effective problem-solving groups:

orientation, conflict, emergence, and reinforcement

Ingratiation

refers to behavior and communication designed to increase liking

attractiveness is a broad concept. It is composed of

physical attractiveness, social attractiveness, task attractiveness

social position

place in the social hierarchy, which comes from the way society is structured

mass-market paperbacks

popular books addressed to a large audience and widely distributed

analysis paralysis

potential pitfall in small group interaction; occurs when excessive analysis prevents a group from moving toward a solution

Mediated communication

refers to communication that is transmitted through a channel, such as television, film, radio, and print.

Depth

refers to how deep or personal communication exchanges are;

social attractiveness

refers to how friendly, outgoing, warm, and sociable one is perceived to be,

Three primary forces of attraction theory:

proximity interpersonal attractiveness similarity

Two types of sexual harassment

quid pro quo and hostile work environment

logos

rational appeals; the use of rhetoric to help the audience see the rationale for a particular conclusion

A more contemporary way to define structure is

recurring patterns of interaction among members

structure

recurring patterns of interaction among organizational members

rhetorical critic

refers to an informed consumer of rhetorical discourse who is prepared to analyze rhetorical texts.

rhetorical event

refers to any event that generates a significant amount of public discourse.

Globalization

refers to the increasing connectedness of the world in economic, political, and cultural realms

Pathos

refers to the rhetorical use of emotions to affect audience decision making.

The fourth motivation, the entertainment motivation

refers to the use of media for pleasure, or the desire simply to be entertained.

media violence

representations of violent acts in media

hostile work environment

results when a coworker or supervisor engages in unwelcome and inappropriate, sexually based behavior and creates an intimidating, hostile, or offensive atmosphere.

individual role

role that focuses more on individuals' own interests and needs than on those of the group

Task roles

roles that are directly related to the accomplishment of group goals

relational roles

roles that help establish a group's social atmosphere

Assertive

subordinates who can express their opinions forcefully without offending or challenging their bosses

extrinsic or external motivators

such as pay raises, bonuses, promotions, titles, and benefits.

The two basic trajectories for ending romantic relationships as well as friendships are called

sudden death and passing away

Supportive

supervisors provide their subordinates with access to information and resources.

task attractiveness

task attractiveness refers to how desirable people are as coworkers or task partners

To better understand communication processes in small groups, it is helpful to think of its two primary dimensions:

task communication and relational communication

Leadership experts describe the essence of good leadership as

the capacity to "energize" potential followers by connecting with people at a personal, sometimes emotional, level so that they become motivated, engaged, and empowered to help achieve the shared vision

Assimilation

the communicative, behavioral, and cognitive processes that influence individuals to join, identify with, become integrated into, and (occasionally) exit an organization

Grouphate

the distaste and aversion that people feel toward working in groups

One other element, leadership, is particularly important in virtual teams:

the effective leader needs to ensure that expectations are set and understood

Power distance

the fifth value orientation A value orientation that refers to the extent to which less powerful members of institutions and organizations within a culture expect and accept an unequal distribution of power.

reinforcement phase

the final phase of the decision-making process when group members reach consensus, and members feel a sense of accomplishment

individualistic orientation

the first value orientation A value orientation that respects the autonomy and independence of individuals.

collectivistic orientation

the first value orientation both are first A value orientation that stresses the needs of the group.

human-nature value orientation

the fourth value orientation The perceived relationship between humans and nature.

function

the goals and effects of communication

Selective exposure theories

the idea that people seek media messages or interpret media texts in ways that confirm their beliefs and, conversely, resist or avoid messages that challenge their beliefs

uses and gratifications studies

the idea that people use media messages and find various types of gratifications in some media texts rather than in others

mass media effects

the influence that media have on people's everyday lives

supporting materials

the materials used to support a speaker's ideas

group processes

the methods, including communication, by which a group accomplishes a task

agenda-setting capacity

the power of media coverage to influence individuals' view of the world

delivery

the presentation of a speech to an audience

hegemony

the process by which we consent to social constructions, rather than having them imposed on us

indulgence vs. restraint orientation

the sixth value orientation A value orientation that reflects a subjective feeling of happiness. The indulgence orientation emphasizes relatively free gratification of basic and natural human drives related to enjoying life and having fun. Restraint emphasizes suppressing gratification of needs and regulates it by means of strict social norms.

—long-term versus short-term orientation.

the sixth value orientation The dimension of a society's value orientation that reflects its attitude toward virtue or truth.

Organizational identification

the stage of assimilation that occurs when an employee's values overlap with the organization's values

emergence phase

the third phase of the decision-making process; occurs when group members express a cooperative attitude

view of human nature

the third value orientation A value orientation that expresses whether humans are fundamentally good, evil, or a mixture.

epideictic rhetoric

the type of rhetoric that reaffirms cultural values through praising and blaming

Deliberative rhetoric

the type of rhetoric used to argue what courses of action a society should do in the future, is deeply embedded in the democratic process.

primary tension

the uncertainty commonly felt in the beginning phase of decision making

Style Theory

theory that asserts that a leader's manner or style determines his or her success

general systems theory

theory that organizations are a system composed of many subsystems and embedded in larger systems, and that organizations should develop communication strategies that serve both

forensic rhetoric

this form addresses events that happened in the past, with the goal of setting things right after an injustice has occurred.

rhetorical audience

those people who can take the appropriate action in response to a message

One can be a border dweller in three ways:

through travel through socialization (co-cultural groups) and through participation in an intercultural relationship.

brainstorm

to generate as many ideas as possible without critiquing them

The great Roman orator Cicero identified three objectives for public speaking:

to inform, to persuade, and to entertain

the three "pitfalls" of inauthentic communication:

topic avoidance, meaning denial, and disqualification.

signposts

transitions in a speech that help an audience understand the speaker's organization, making it easier for them to follow

The third motivation, integration and social interaction,

underscores the role that media can play in helping people connect with others,

informal structure

unspoken but understood channels of communication, reflecting patterns that develop spontaneously

individual perspective

viewing ethical failures as resting on the shoulders of specific individuals within the organization.

specific purpose

what a speaker wants to inform or persuade an audience about, or the type of feelings the speaker wants to evoke

motivation

when they feel personally invested in accomplishing a specific activity or goal

"being mode"

which emphasizes the importance of experiencing life and the people around them fully and "working to live" rather than "living to work"

general purpose

whichever of three goals - to inform, persuade, or entertain - dominates a speech

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